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Cited by 71Genetics and Neurodevelopmental DisordersImmunodeficiency and Autoimmune DisordersTryptophan and brain disorders

Cytokine Dysregulation in MECP2- and CDKL5-Related Rett Syndrome: Relationships with Aberrant Redox Homeostasis, Inflammation, and ω-3 PUFAs

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Leoncini, Silvia, De Felice, Claudio, Signorini, Cinzia, Zollo, Gloria, Cortelazzo, Alessio, Durand, Thierry, Galano, Jean-Marie, Guerranti, Roberto +3 more·2015·Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
DOI 10.1155/2015/421624PMC PMC4510261
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Abstract

An involvement of the immune system has been suggested in Rett syndrome (RTT), a devastating neurodevelopmental disorder related to oxidative stress, and caused by a mutation in the methyl-CpG binding protein 2 gene (MECP2) or, more rarely, cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5). To date, it is unclear whether both mutations may have an impact on the circulating cytokine patterns. In the present study, cytokines involved in the Th1-, Th2-, and T regulatory (T-reg) response, as well as chemokines, were investigated in MECP2- (MECP2-RTT) (n=16) and CDKL5-Rett syndrome (CDKL5-RTT) (n=8), before and after ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) supplementation. A major cytokine dysregulation was evidenced in untreated RTT patients. In MECP2-RTT, a Th2-shifted balance was evidenced, whereas in CDKL5-RTT both Th1- and Th2-related cytokines (except for IL-4) were upregulated. In MECP2-RTT, decreased levels of IL-22 were observed, whereas increased IL-22 and T-reg cytokine levels were evidenced in CDKL5-RTT. Chemokines were unchanged. The cytokine dysregulation was proportional to clinical severity, inflammatory status, and redox imbalance. Omega-3 PUFAs partially counterbalanced cytokine changes, as well as aberrant redox homeostasis and the inflammatory status. RTT is associated with a subclinical immune dysregulation as the likely consequence of a defective inflammation regulatory signaling system.

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  • Inflammation is a component of pathology in both typical and atypical cases of RTT.

    “Additionally, abnormal lipid metabolism is directly linked to inflammation [204], which is a component of pathology in both typical and atypical cases of RTT [205].”

    From Rett syndrome: a neurological disorder with metabolic components (2018) · cites this paper as [205]

    The Discussion reports a significant proinflammatory status in typical MECP2-RTT. It also reports cytokine dysregulation in CDKL5-RTT, but says this did not increase inflammatory marker levels and that its inflammatory status remains unclear. The claim therefore overstates the evidence for atypical CDKL5-RTT. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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Authors
Leoncini, S., De Felice, C., Signorini, C., Zollo, G., Cortelazzo, A., Durand, T., Galano, J.-M., Guerranti, R., Rossi, M., Ciccoli, L., & Hayek, J.
Affiliations
  • University of Siena (IT)
  • Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital, AOUS, Policlinico “S. M. alle Scotte”, 53100 Siena, Italy
  • École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (FR)
  • Respiratory Pathophysiology and Rehabilitation Unit, University Hospital, AOUS, Policlinico “S. M. alle Scotte”, 53100 Siena, Italy
  • Ospedale Santa Maria alle Scotte (IT)
Corresponding author
Leoncini, Silvia
ORCID
Venue
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2015
Volume
2015
Pages
1-18
ISSN
  • 1942-0994 (ISSN-L)
  • 1942-0900
DOI
10.1155/2015/421624
PMC
PMC4510261
OpenAlex
W2111993591
Cited by
71
References
7
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 1
FWCI
4.81
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
  • Use Siena air (University of Siena) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunodeficiency and Autoimmune Disorders
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
Keywords
Rett syndrome, MeCP2, CDKL5, cytokine imbalance, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, redox homeostasis, oxidative stress, inflammation, Th1/Th2 balance, regulatory T cells, IL-22, chemokines, immune dysregulation, neurodevelopmental disorders
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Blood Sedimentation, Child, Child, Preschool, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Erythrocytes, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Severity of Illness Index, Rett Syndrome, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Cytokines, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Th1 Cells, Th2 Cells, Dietary Supplements, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory, Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2, Young Adult

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