Mindfulness Training among Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease: Neurobehavioral Effects
Open accessAbstract
Objective. To investigate possible neurobehavioral changes secondary to a mindfulness based intervention (MBI) training for individuals living with Parkinson's disease (PD). Background. In the context of complementary medicine, MBIs are increasingly being used for stress reduction and in patient populations coping with chronic illness. The use of alternative and complementary medicine may be higher in patients with chronic conditions such as PD. However, behavioral effects of mindfulness training in PD have not yet been reported in the literature and this points to an unmet need and warrants further examination. Methods. A total of 27 out of 30 PD patients completed a randomized controlled longitudinal trial. Questionnaires and the UPDRS I-IV were obtained at baseline and 8-week follow-up. Results. Significant changes after the MBI were found including a 5.5 point decrease on the UPDRS motor score, an increase of 0.79 points on Parkinson's disease questionnaire (PDQ-39) pain item, and a 3.15 point increase in the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire observe facet. Conclusions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first quantitative analysis of neurobehavioral effects of MBI in PD.
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Three recent small randomised control trials (n = 29, 30, and 14) showed a significant decrease in reported motor symptoms after mindfulness-based intervention for people with Parkinson's disease.
“Three recent small randomised control trials (n = 29, 30, and 14) showed a significant decrease after the mindfulness-based intervention in reported motor symptoms [15, 16]”
From Distant delivery of a mindfulness-based intervention for people with Parkinson's disease: The study protocol of a randomised pilot trial (2017) · cites this paper as [15]
The Participants section reports one randomized trial with 30 people with Parkinson’s disease, and the Results section reports a significant decrease in the intervention group’s UPDRS motor score. This paper does not establish the sentence’s claim about three trials with sample sizes of 29, 30, and 14. The Discussion also describes the motor score as specialist-rated, not patient-reported symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA small effectiveness trial (15 in each arm) of MBI versus TAU found no differences in BDI-II.
“a small effectiveness trial (15 in each arm) of MBI versus TAU found no differences in BDI-II (Pickut et al., 2015).”
From A Systematic Review of Third-Wave Therapies to Reduce Distress and Improve Wellbeing and Quality of Life in People with Parkinson's Disease. (2025) · cites this paper as Pickut et al., 2015
Materials and Methods (§2.1) reports 15 participants randomized to each of the MBI and usual-care arms, and Results (§3) says the Beck Depression Inventory result did not reach significance. The paper calls the measure BDI, not BDI-II, so our copy does not establish the specific version named in the claim. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn Pickut et al., 2015, there was significant improvement for the intervention group in mindfulness levels.
“Significant improvement for the intervention group in mindfulness levels.”
From Psychological interventions for people with Parkinson's disease in the early 2020s: Where do we stand? (2021) · cites this paper as Pickut et al., 2015
The Results report a significant increase in the intervention group on the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire’s observe facet (F = 11.07, p < .01). They also state that no other mindfulness facets showed significant effects, so the claim is too broad if “mindfulness levels” means mindfulness overall. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe sample size of the current study is above the average of existing MBI clinical trials for PD patients (mean sample size = 50).
“Nevertheless, the sample size of the current study is above the average of existing MBI clinical trials for PD patients (number of studies = 7; range = 13–138; mean sample size = 50)12,32–37.”
From A randomized clinical trial of mindfulness meditation versus exercise in Parkinson’s disease during social unrest (2023) · cites this paper as [32]
Pickut et al. (2015) is a pilot study.
“This is a pilot | study”
From A Systematic Review of Third-Wave Therapies to Reduce Distress and Improve Wellbeing and Quality of Life in People with Parkinson's Disease. (2025) · cites this paper as Pickut et al. (2015)
Current evidence on using mindfulness techniques to improve depression in PD consists of four RCTs and three uncontrolled pretest-posttest studies, and shows mixed results.
“The current evidence on using mindfulness techniques to improve depression in PD consists of four RCTs (Kwok et al., 2019; Pickut et al., 2015; Rodgers et al., 2019; Son & Choi, 2018) and three uncontrolled pretest-posttest studies (Birtwell et al., 2017; Cash et al., 2015; Dissanayaka et al., 2016), and shows mixed results.”
From Psychological interventions for people with Parkinson's disease in the early 2020s: Where do we stand? (2021) · cites this paper as Pickut et al., 2015
A total of 10 intervention studies have adopted approaches based on mindfulness to target psychological difficulties in PD, of which five were RCTs.
“A total of 10 intervention studies have adopted approaches based on mindfulness to target psychological difficulties in PD. Of these, five were RCTs (Advocat et al., 2016; Kwok et al., 2019; Pickut et al., 2015; Rodgers et al., 2019; Son & Choi, 2018).”
From Psychological interventions for people with Parkinson's disease in the early 2020s: Where do we stand? (2021) · cites this paper as Pickut et al., 2015
Among RCTs, only one showed significant improvements in QoL compared to waitlist with an MBSR exercise programme, while two found no positive effect.
“Among the RCTs, only one (Son & Choi, 2018) showed significant improvements in quality of life compared to waitlist when adopting an MBSR exercise programme, while the other two found no positive effect for an 8-week mindfulness-based intervention (Pickut et al., 2015) or a group mindfulness-based lifestyle programme (Advocat et al., 2016).”
From Psychological interventions for people with Parkinson's disease in the early 2020s: Where do we stand? (2021) · cites this paper as Pickut et al., 2015
Mindfulness was the second most common psychotherapeutic model, with 10 studies adopting one of its variations, five of which were RCTs.
“The second most common psychotherapeutic model was mindfulness, with 10 studies adopting one of its many variations (e.g., MBCT, MBSR, mindfulness yoga), five of which were RCTs (Advocat et al., 2016; Kwok et al., 2019; Pickut et al., 2015; Rodgers et al., 2019; Son & Choi, 2018).”
From Psychological interventions for people with Parkinson's disease in the early 2020s: Where do we stand? (2021) · cites this paper as Pickut et al., 2015
In Pickut et al., 2015, there were no significant differences for depression and QoL.
“No significant differences for depression and QoL”
From Psychological interventions for people with Parkinson's disease in the early 2020s: Where do we stand? (2021) · cites this paper as Pickut et al., 2015
Preliminary face-to-face mindfulness interventions in Parkinson's disease have demonstrated short-term improvements in motor symptoms.
“Preliminary face-to-face mindfulness interventions in PD have demonstrated short-term improvements in motor symptoms (Pickut et al., 2015”
From Remote delivery of psychological interventions for Parkinson's disease. (2018) · cites this paper as Pickut et al., 2015
MBIs may not directly improve motor function in Parkinson's disease.
“MBIs may not be effective in directly improving motor function in people with Parkinson’s disease [34,35]”
From Mindfulness and physical disease: a concise review (2019) · cites this paper as [34]
Evidence shows MBI-related gains in quality of life, daily pain, stress management, coping, and activities of daily living in Parkinson's disease.
“evidence of MBI-related improvement in QoL, including daily experience of pain [34], stress management, coping ability [35,36], and activities of daily living [35,37], has been shown.”
From Mindfulness and physical disease: a concise review (2019) · cites this paper as [34]
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Anxiety in Parkinson’s Disease
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Philosophical Hazards in the Neuroscientific Study of Religion
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Methodological Hazards in the Neuroscientific Study of Religion
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Phenomenology, Neurology, Psychiatry and Religious Commitment
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- Authors
- Pickut, B., Vanneste, S., Hirsch, M. A., Van Hecke, W., Kerckhofs, E., Mariën, P., Parizel, P. M., Crosiers, D., & Cras, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Antwerp (BE)
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Carolinas Rehabilitation, 1100 Blythe Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA
- icoMetrix, Tervuursesteenweg 244, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (BE)
- Antwerp University Hospital (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Pickut, Barbara
- ORCID
- Venue
- Parkinson's Disease
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015
- Volume
- 2015
- Pages
- 1-6
- ISSN
- 2042-0080 (ISSN-L)
- 2090-8083
- PMC
- PMC4460233
- OpenAlex
- W1507816681
- Cited by
- 80
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 7.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Parkinson s Disease (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Keywords
- mindfulness-based interventions, neurobehavioral effects, UPDRS motor score, PDQ-39, pain, Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, complementary therapy, motor symptoms
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