A pyramid architecture-based deep learning framework for breast cancer detection
Open accessAbstract
Breast cancer diagnosis is a critical step in clinical decision making, and this is achieved by making a pathological slide and gives a decision by the doctors, which is the method of final decision making for cancer diagnosis. Traditionally, the doctors usually check the pathological images by visual inspection under the microscope. Whole-slide images (WSIs) have supported the state-of-the-art diagnosis results and have been admitted as the gold standard clinically. However, this task is time-consuming and labour-intensive, and all of these limitations make low efficiency in decision making. Medical image processing protocols have been used for this task during the last decades and have obtained satisfactory results under some conditions; especially in the deep learning era, it has exhibited the advantages than those in the shallow learning period. In this paper, we proposed a novel breast cancer region mining framework based on deep pyramid architecture from multilevel and multiscale breast pathological WSIs. We incorporate the tissue- and cell-level information together and integrate these into a LSTM model for the final sequence modelling, which successfully keeps the WSIs' integration and is not mentioned by the prevalence frameworks. The experiment results demonstrated that our proposed framework greatly improved the detection accuracy than that only using tissue-level information.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Groups have reported deep learning for breast cancer diagnosis and subtyping from H&E slides and for quantifying features such as mitotic cell counting.
“groups have reported on the use of deep learning for breast cancer diagnosis and subtyping from H&E slides (49)(50)(51), and quantifying other clinically relevant features such as mitotic cell counting (52,53).”
From Artificial Intelligence in Oncology: Current Landscape, Challenges, and Future Directions (2024) · cites this paper as [49]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
A survey on deep learning in medical image analysis
Litjens, G., Kooi, T., Bejnordi, B. E., Setio, A. A. A., Ciompi, F., Ghafoorian, M., van der Laak, J. A. W. M., van Ginneken, B., & Sánchez, C. I. (2017) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.media.2017.07.005 · Cited by 15,332 · see citing works
A Dataset for Breast Cancer Histopathological Image Classification
Spanhol, F. A., Oliveira, L. S., Petitjean, C., & Heutte, L. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2015.2496264 · Cited by 1,885 · see citing works
Stacked Sparse Autoencoder (SSAE) for Nuclei Detection on Breast Cancer Histopathology Images
Xu, J., Xiang, L., Liu, Q., Gilmore, H., Wu, J., Tang, J., & Madabhushi, A. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/tmi.2015.2458702 · Cited by 854 · see citing works
Bandi, P., Geessink, O., Manson, Q., Van Dijk, M., Balkenhol, M., Hermsen, M., Ehteshami Bejnordi, B., Lee, B., Paeng, K., Zhong, A., et al. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/tmi.2018.2867350 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Cruz-Roa, Á., Gilmore, H. L., Basavanhally, A. N., Feldman, M. D., Ganesan, S., Shih, N. N. C., Tomaszewski, J., Gonzalez, F. A., & Madabhushi, A. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep46450 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Steiner, D. F., MacDonald, R., Liu, Y., Truszkowski, P., Hipp, J. D., Gammage, C., Thng, F., Peng, L., & Stumpe, M. C. (2018) · American Journal of Surgical Pathology · doi:10.1097/pas.0000000000001151 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Assessment of algorithms for mitosis detection in breast cancer histopathology images
Veta, M., van Diest, P. J., Willems, S. M., Wang, H., Madabhushi, A., Cruz-Roa, Á., Gonzalez, F. A., Larsen, A., Vestergaard, J. S., Dahl, A. B., et al. (2014) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.media.2014.11.010 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Kohlberger, T., Norouzi, M., Dahl, G. E., Smith, J. L., Mohtashamian, A., Olson, N. H., Peng, L. H., Hipp, J., & Stumpe, M. C. (2018) · Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.5858/arpa.2018-0147-oa · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Couture, H. D., Williams, L. A., Geradts, J., Nyante, S. J., Butler, E. N., Marron, J. S., Perou, C. M., Troester, M. A., & Niethammer, M. (2018) · npj Breast Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41523-018-0079-1 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Predicting breast tumor proliferation from whole-slide images: The TUPAC16 challenge
Veta, M., Heng, Y. J., Stathonikos, N., Bejnordi, B. E., de Beça, F. F., Wollmann, T., Rohr, K., Shah, M., Wang, D., Rousson, M., et al. (2019) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.media.2019.02.012 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Tellez, D., Balkenhol, M., Otte-Höller, I., van de Loo, R., Vogels, R., Bult, P., Wauters, C., Vreuls, W., Mol, S., Karssemeijer, N., et al. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/tmi.2018.2820199 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence in digital breast pathology: Techniques and applications
Ibrahim, A., Gamble, P., Jaroensri, R., Abdelsamea, M. M., Mermel, C. H., Chen, P.-H. C., & Rakha, E. A. (2020) · The Breast · doi:10.1016/j.breast.2019.12.007 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
DeepMitosis: Mitosis detection via deep detection, verification and segmentation networks
Li, C., Wang, X., Liu, W., & Latecki, L. J. (2018) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.media.2017.12.002 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Self-citationFuture-proofing pathology: the case for clinical adoption of digital pathology
Williams, B. J., Bottoms, D., & Treanor, D. E. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1136/jclinpath-2017-204644 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Rexhepaj, E., Brennan, D. J., Holloway, P., Kay, E. W., McCann, A. H., Landberg, G., Duffy, M. J., Jirström, K., & Gallagher, W. M. (2008) · Breast Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/bcr2187 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Shamai, G., Binenbaum, Y., Slossberg, R., Duek, I., Gil, Z., & Kimmel, R. (2019) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.7700 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Gomes, D. S., Porto, S., Balabram, D., & Gobbi, H. (2014) · Diagnostic Pathology · doi:10.1186/1746-1596-9-121 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Yuan, Y. (2014) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2014.1153 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Romo‐Bucheli, D., Janowczyk, A. R., Gilmore, H. L., Romero, E., & Madabhushi, A. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep32706 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Allison, K. H., Reisch, L. M., Carney, P. A., Weaver, D. L., Schnitt, S. J., O’Malley, F. P., Geller, B. M., & Elmore, J. G. (2014) · Histopathology · doi:10.1111/his.12387 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Veta, M., Kornegoor, R., Huisman, A., Verschuur‐Maes, A. H. J., Viergever, M. A., Pluim, J. P. W., & van Diest, P. J. (2012) · Modern Pathology · doi:10.1038/modpathol.2012.126 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Large-Scale medical image analytics: Recent methodologies, applications and Future directions
Zhang, S., & Metaxas, D. (2016) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.media.2016.06.010 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Chen, H., Wei, Y., Zhao, P., Cao, J., Fan, X., Lou, X., Liu, H., Hou, J., Han, X., et al. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32239-7_40 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Humphries, M. P., Hynes, S. O., Bingham, V., Cougot, D., James, J. A., Patell-Socha, F., Parkes, E. E., Blayney, J. K., O’Rorke, M. A., Irwin, G. W., et al. (2018) · Journal of Oncology · doi:10.1155/2018/2937012 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Breast cancer histologic grading using digital microscopy: concordance and outcome association
Rakha, E. A., Aleskandarani, M., Toss, M. S., Green, A. R., Ball, G., Ellis, I. O., & Dalton, L. W. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1136/jclinpath-2017-204979 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
HD-Net: Hybrid Discriminative Network for Prostate Segmentation in MR Images
Jia, H., Song, Y., Huang, H., Cai, W., & Xia, Y. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32245-8_13 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Rectified Cross-Entropy and Upper Transition Loss for Weakly Supervised Whole Slide Image Classifier
Chen, H., Han, X., Fan, X., Lou, X., Liu, H., Huang, J., & Yao, J. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32239-7_39 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Madekivi, V., Boström, P. J., Karlsson, A., Aaltonen, R. L., & Salminen, E. K. (2020) · Acta Oncologica · doi:10.1080/0284186x.2020.1736332 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Dual Adaptive Pyramid Network for Cross-Stain Histopathology Image Segmentation
Hou, X., Liu, J., Xu, B., Liu, B., Chen, X., Ilyas, M., Ellis, I. O., Garibaldi, J. M., & Qiu, G. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32245-8_12 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Sahiner, B., Tozbikian, G. H., Lozanski, G., Gürcan, M. N., & Şenaras, Ç. (2018) · SPIE Medical Imaging: Digital and Computational Pathology · doi:10.1117/12.2294999 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Hue-preserving and saturation-improved color histogram equalization algorithm
Song, K. S., Kang, H. E., & Kang, M. G. (2016) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.33.001076 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Cell Encoding for Histopathology Image Classification
Shi, X., Xing, F., Xie, Y., Su, H., & Yang, L. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-66185-8_4 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Artificial intelligence in histopathology: enhancing cancer research and clinical oncology
Shmatko, A., Ghaffari Laleh, N., Gerstung, M., & Kather, J. N. (2022) · Nature Cancer · doi:10.1038/s43018-022-00436-4 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Early Cancer Diagnosis
Hunter, B., Hindocha, S., & Lee, R. W. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14061524 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence in Oncology: Current Landscape, Challenges, and Future Directions
Lotter, W., Hassett, M. J., Schultz, N., Kehl, K. L., Van Allen, E. M., & Cerami, E. (2024) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-23-1199 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Deep Learning Application for Effective Classification of Different Types of Psoriasis
Aijaz, S. F., Khan, S. J., Azim, F., Shakeel, C. S., & Hassan, U. (2022) · Journal of Healthcare Engineering · doi:10.1155/2022/7541583 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Recent advances of Transformers in medical image analysis: A comprehensive review
Xia, K., & Wang, J. (2023) · MedComm – Future Medicine · doi:10.1002/mef2.38 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Karthik, R., Menaka, R., & Siddharth, M. V. (2022) · Journal of Applied Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.bbe.2022.07.006 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Publicly available datasets of breast histopathology H&E whole-slide images: A scoping review
Tafavvoghi, M., Bongo, L. A., Shvetsov, N., Busund, L., & Møllersen, K. (2024) · Journal of Pathology Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jpi.2024.100363 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
MRI ‐Based Artificial Intelligence in Rectal Cancer
Wong, C., Fu, Y., Li, M., Mu, S., Chu, X., Fu, J., Lin, C., & Zhang, H. (2022) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.28381 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Chu, X., Sun, B., Chu, X., Wang, L., Bao, K., & Chen, N. (2024) · Information Fusion · doi:10.1016/j.inffus.2024.102636 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Delphi-based visual scenarios: An innovative use of generative adversarial networks
Zio, S. D., Calleo, Y., & Bolzan, M. (2023) · Futures · doi:10.1016/j.futures.2023.103280 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Chakrabarti, P., Krishnan, S. B., & Choudhary, S. (2023) · International Conference on Technological Advancements in Computational Sciences (ICTACS) · doi:10.1109/ictacs59847.2023.10389840 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Liu, S., Hu, R., Wu, J., Zhang, X., He, J., Zhao, H., Wang, H., & Li, X. (2021) · International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology · doi:10.1002/ima.22676 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Patel, V., & Chaurasia, V. (2024) · International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology · doi:10.1002/ima.23050 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Sabry, M., Balaha, H. M., Ali, K. M., Soliman, T. H. A., Gondim, D. D., Ghazal, M. A., Alghamdi, N. S., & El-Baz, A. S. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3570840 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Li, F., Ma, J., Wen, T., Tian, Z., & Liang, H. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38410 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationMagnifying Networks for Histopathological Images with Billions of Pixels
Dimitriou, N., Arandjelović, O., & Harrison, D. J. (2024) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics14050524 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Faa, G., Lai, E., Cau, F., Coghe, F., Rugge, M., Suri, J. S., Codipietro, C., Congiu, B., Graziano, S., Tiwari, E., et al. (2026) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers18071184 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Sabry, M., Balaha, H. M., Ali, K. M., Mahmoud, A. H., Gondim, D. D., Ghazal, M. A., Soliman, T. H. A., & El-Baz, A. S. (2026) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers18081305 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Robustness of Deep Learning Models to Adversarial Attacks in Lung X-ray Classification
Li, X., Pang, Y., & Li, Y. (2025) · International Conference on Machine Learning, Pattern Recognition and Automation Engineering (MLPRAE) · doi:10.1109/mlprae67267.2025.11290762 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Integrating Dendritic Learning with DenseNet for Accurate Brain Tumor Detection on MRI and CT Scans
Liu, Z., Cao, Y., Niu, W., Li, J., Wang, J., Li, X., & Gao, S. (2025) · International Conference on Advanced Cloud and Big Data · doi:10.1109/cbd69312.2025.00046 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Albuhadeed, M. A., Huddin, A. B., Hashim, F. H., & Alani, A. S. (2026) · PeerJ Computer Science · doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.3712 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Systematic Review: Intellectual Detection and Prediction of Cancer using DL Techniques
Abinaya, K., & Sivakumar, B. (2022) · International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI) · doi:10.1109/icoei53556.2022.9777101 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Breast Tumor Detection Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Algorithm
Kiruthika, V., Aasthikka, G., Archana, K. D., Harane, T. K., & Malavika, V. S. E. (2023) · International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI) · doi:10.1109/iccci56745.2023.10128239 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
An Automated Breast Cancer Diagnosis Framework using a Proficient PVSS-CGRNN Classification ModelPreprint
Kavishree (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3176862/v1
Ensemble Regularized Polynomial Regression for Diagnosing Breast Cancer Subtypes
Shan, X., Gao, F., & Li, J. (2023) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-6847-3_38
Subramanian, E. A. R. (2023) · International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication · doi:10.17762/ijritcc.v11i10.8465
Research Progress of Deep Learning Methods in the Diagnosis of Breast Cancer Medical Images
崔, 文. (2025) · Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Research · doi:10.12677/airr.2025.146123
AI in Early Diagnosis and Risk Prediction
Vashishtha, A., Singh, A. K., Kaushik, G., Sharma, P., Kumar, V., Singh, S., & Sah, A. K. (2025) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-3196-6.ch002
Guntumadugu, V. K. (2026) · International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (CICN) · doi:10.1109/cicn70047.2026.11594352
- Authors
- Sui, D., Liu, W., Chen, J., Zhao, C., Ma, X., Guo, M., & Tian, Z.
- Affiliations
- Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture (CN)
- Changhai Hospital (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Sui, Dong
- Tian, Zhaofeng
- Venue
- BioMed Research International
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 2021
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 2567202-2567202
- ISSN
- 1110-7243 (ISSN-L)
- 2314-6133
- 2314-6141
- PMC
- PMC8500767
- OpenAlex
- W3201755143
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 1.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- BioMed Research International (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture (X20040, JDYC20200318)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (62031003, 61702026)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › AI in cancer detection
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging
- Keywords
- breast cancer detection, whole slide images, pyramid architecture, multiscale image analysis, breast histopathology, LSTM, computer-aided diagnosis
- MeSH terms
- Deep Learning, Algorithms, Breast Neoplasms, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review