Effect of Spirulina Meal Supplementation on Growth Performance and Feed Utilization in Fish and Shrimp: A Meta-Analysis
Open accessAbstract
The application potential of spirulina meal in aquaculture feeds has been well summarized in several descriptive reviews. Nevertheless, they converged on compiling results from all possible relevant studies. Little available quantitative analysis regarding the pertinent topics has been reported. This quantitative meta-analysis was performed to investigate the influences of dietary spirulina meal (SPM) addition on responsive variables in aquaculture animals, including final body weight (FBW), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), condition factor (CF), and hepatosomatic index (HSI). The pooled standardized mean difference (Hedges’ g ) and 95% confidence limit were computed to quantify the primary outcomes based on random-effects model. The sensitivity and subgroup analyses were carried out to evaluate the validity of the pooled effect size. The meta-regression analysis was conducted to investigate the optimal inclusion of SPM as a feed supplement and the upper threshold of SPM usage for substituting fishmeal in aquaculture animals. The results indicated that on the whole, dietary SPM addition significantly improved FBW, SGR, and PER; statistically decreased FCR of animals; had no significant influence on CF and HSI. The growth-enhancing effect of SPM inclusion in the form of feed additive was significant; however, the effect was indistinctive in the form of feedstuff. Furthermore, the meta-regression analysis displayed that the optimal levels of SPM as a feed supplement in fish and shrimp diets were 1.46%-2.26% and 1.67%, respectively. Additionally, up to 22.03%-24.53% and 14.95%-24.85% of SPM as fishmeal substitute did not have a negative effect on growth and feed utilization in fish and shrimp, respectively. Therefore, SPM is a promising fishmeal substitute and a growth-promoting feed additive for sustainable aquaculture of fish and shrimp.
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Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. have the potential to replace fish oil and fish meal in diets, enhancing growth and meat quality, stimulating immunity, and improving the pigmentation in various fish species.
“Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. have the potential to replace fish oil and fish meal in diets, enhancing growth and meat quality, stimulating immunity, and improving the pigmentation in various fish species [26,51,52,53,54,55].”
From Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. (2023) · cites this paper as [54]
The Introduction describes Spirulina as a fishmeal substitute and discusses studies of its growth, immunoprotective and pigmentation effects; the Discussion reports improved growth on average, while noting variation among studies. The paper does not establish the full claim for Chlorella or show improved meat quality, and its mention of alternatives to fish oil is not evidence that these algae can replace it. The indexed passages have section labels but no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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- Authors
- Li, L., Liu, H., & Zhang, P.
- Affiliations
- Hebei Normal University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Zhang, Peiyu
- Venue
- Aquaculture Nutrition
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2022-11-03
- Volume
- 2022
- Pages
- 1-15
- ISSN
- 1353-5773 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2095
- PMC
- PMC9973199
- OpenAlex
- W4308071573
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9
- FWCI
- 0.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Aquaculture Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (C2022205034, QN2022125, HBCT2018170205, HBCT2018180205, L2020B23, 21326703D)
- Science and Technology Project of Hebei Education Department (C2022205034, QN2022125, HBCT2018170205, HBCT2018180205, L2020B23, 21326703D)
- Hebei MATRT (C2022205034, QN2022125, HBCT2018170205, HBCT2018180205, L2020B23, 21326703D)
- Hebei Normal University (C2022205034, QN2022125, HBCT2018170205, HBCT2018180205, L2020B23, 21326703D)
- S&T Program of Hebei (C2022205034, QN2022125, HBCT2018170205, HBCT2018180205, L2020B23, 21326703D)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Aquaculture disease management and microbiota
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Keywords
- aquaculture feed, fishmeal substitution, feed additives, fish growth, shrimp, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, specific growth rate, hepatosomatic index, condition factor, sustainable aquaculture
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