Nutritional Applications of Species of Spirulina and Chlorella in Farmed Fish: A Review

Alagawany, Mahmoud; Taha, Ayman E.; Noreldin, Ahmed; El-Tarabily, Khaled A.; Abd El-Hack, Mohamed E.

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736841

Cited by 152Aquaculture Nutrition and GrowthAlgal biology and biofuel productionAquaculture disease management and microbiota

Nutritional Applications of Species of Spirulina and Chlorella in Farmed Fish: A Review

Alagawany, Mahmoud, Taha, Ayman E., Noreldin, Ahmed, El-Tarabily, Khaled A., Abd El-Hack, Mohamed E.·2021·Aquaculture

DOI 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736841

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Abstract

Microalgae contain 50% crude protein value, which is comparable with the amino acid profile of fish meal, and high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids make their use in animal feeding and nutrition extremely effective. Owing to the high price of fish meal and fish oil, cheaper suitable alternatives are being sought, and species of Spirulina and Chlorella could be a major plant protein source in farmed fish nutrition. Many studies have assessed the suitability of these microalgae in the diet of various fish species. This review highlights the influence of Spirulina on the growth enhancement of different fish species. Numerous beneficial effects of microalgae supplementation have been reported, including growth promotion in carp (Labeo rohita) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), stimulation of immunity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and enhancement of reproductive performance in yellowtail cichlid (Pseudotropheus acei). Novel investigations have concluded that Spirulina could be utilized in the treatment of wastewater containing outflow from fish culture activities because of its effectiveness in eliminating heavy metals and metabolising excess feed present in water outflow. The aquaculture industry could integrate the treatment of water outflow with production of Spirulina as an additive to fish diets.

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Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. have the potential to replace fish oil and fish meal in diets, enhancing growth and meat quality, stimulating immunity, and improving the pigmentation in various fish species.
“Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. have the potential to replace fish oil and fish meal in diets, enhancing growth and meat quality, stimulating immunity, and improving the pigmentation in various fish species [26,51,52,53,54,55].”
From Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. (2023) · cites this paper as [52]
Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. stimulate phagocytosis, increase white blood cell count, and enhance the expression of cytokine genes, playing a crucial role in immune response.
“More precisely, Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. stimulate phagocytosis, increase white blood cell count, and enhance the expression of cytokine genes, playing a crucial role in immune response.”
From Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. (2023) · cites this paper as [52]
Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. improves reproductive performance by increasing egg production and hatching rates.
“It also improves reproductive performance by increasing egg production and hatching rates [52].”
From Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. (2023) · cites this paper as [52]
Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp., rich in carotenoids, enhances pigmentation in fish and neutralizes the toxicity of heavy metals, particularly copper and arsenic.
“Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp., rich in carotenoids, enhances pigmentation in fish and neutralizes the toxicity of heavy metals, particularly copper and arsenic [51,52,55].”
From Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. (2023) · cites this paper as [52]
Cultivation of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. does not compete with terrestrial crops for arable land, and it can be efficiently carried out using water recirculation or even wastewaters.
“Notably, their cultivation does not compete with terrestrial crops for arable land, and it can be efficiently carried out using water recirculation or even wastewaters [1,52].”
From Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. (2023) · cites this paper as [52]

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Effect of environmental factors on growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
El-Hack, M. E. A., El‐Saadony, M. T., Nader, M. M., Salem, H. M., El-Tahan, A. M., Soliman, S. M., & Khafaga, A. F. (2022) · International Journal of Biometeorology · doi:10.1007/s00484-022-02347-6 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Functional Properties of Bioactive Compounds from Spirulina spp.: Current Status and Future Trends
Bortolini, D. G., Maciel, G. M., Fernandes, I. D. A. A., Pedro, A. C., Rubio, F. T. V., Branco, I. G., & Haminiuk, C. W. I. (2022) · Food Chemistry: Molecular Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.fochms.2022.100134 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp.
Abreu, A. P., Martins, R., & Nunes, J. (2023) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering10080955 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Microalgae trends toward functional staple food incorporation: Sustainable alternative for human health improvement
Gohara-Beirigo, A. K., Matsudo, M. C., Cezare-Gomes, E. A., de Carvalho, J. C. M., & Danesi, E. D. G. (2022) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2022.04.030 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Overview of single cell protein: Production pathway, sustainability outlook, and digital twin potentials
Aidoo, R., Kwofie, E. M., Adewale, P., Lam, E., & Ngadi, M. O. (2023) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2023.07.003 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Improvement of fish production and water quality in a recirculating aquaculture pond enhanced with bacteria-microalgae association
Wang, C., Jiang, C., Gao, T., Peng, X., Ma, S., Sun, Q., Xia, B., Xie, X., Bai, Z., Xu, S., et al. (2021) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737420 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Antiviral Activities of Algal-Based Sulfated Polysaccharides
Panggabean, J. A., Adiguna, S. P., Rahmawati, S. I., Ahmadi, P., Zainuddin, E. N., Bayu, A., & Putra, M. Y. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27041178 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Fishmeal Dietary Replacement Up to 50%: A Comparative Study of Two Insect Meals for Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Melenchón, F., de Mercado, E., Pula, H. J., Cardenete, G., Barroso, F. G., Fabrikov, D., Lourenço, H. M., Pessoa, M. F., Lagos, L. X., Weththasinghe, P., et al. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12020179 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Effects of fish meal replacement with Chlorella meal on growth performance, pigmentation, and liver health of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)
Xi, L., Lu, Q., Liu, Y., Su, J., Chen, W., Gong, Y., Han, D. H., Yang, Y., Zhang, Z., Jin, J., et al. (2022) · Animal nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2022.03.003 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The Potential of Marine Microalgae for the Production of Food, Feed, and Fuel (3F)
Mahata, C., Das, P., Khan, S., Thaher, M. I., Quadir, M. A., Nagappan, S., & Jabri, H. M. S. J. A. (2022) · Fermentation · doi:10.3390/fermentation8070316 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Chlorella vulgaris as a food substitute: Applications and benefits in the food industry
Wang, C., Onyeaka, H., Miri, T., & Soltani, F. (2024) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/1750-3841.17529 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
MicroRNAs mediated environmental stress responses and toxicity signs in teleost fish species
Raza, S. H. A., Abdelnour, S. A., Alotaibi, M. A., AlGabbani, Q., Naiel, M. A. E., Shokrollahi, B., Noreldin, A. E., Jahejo, A. R., Shah, M. A., Alagawany, M. M., et al. (2021) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737310 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citation
Chlorella in aquaculture: challenges, opportunities, and disease prevention for sustainable development
Aly, S. M., ElBanna, N. I., & Fathi, M. (2023) · Aquaculture International · doi:10.1007/s10499-023-01229-x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Metabolomics in salmonid aquaculture research: Applications and future perspectives
Lulijwa, R., Alfaro, A. C., & Young, T. (2021) · Reviews in Aquaculture · doi:10.1111/raq.12612 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Dietary Chlorella vulgaris modulates the performance, antioxidant capacity, innate immunity, and disease resistance capability of Nile tilapia fingerlings fed on plant-based diets
Abdel‐Tawwab, M., Mousa, M. A. A., Mamoon, A., Abdelghany, M. F., Abdel-Hamid, E. A. A., Abdel‐Razek, N., Ali, F. S., Shady, S. H. H., & Gewida, A. G. A. (2021) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115181 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Removal of nitrate and phosphate from simulated agricultural runoff water by Chlorella vulgaris
Vazirzadeh, A., Jafarifard, K., Ajdari, A., & Yusuf Chisti, B. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149988 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Benefits of the microalgae Spirulina and Schizochytrium in fish nutrition: a meta-analysis
Trevi, S., Webster, T. M. U., Consuegra, S., & de Leániz, C. G. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-29183-x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Micro-algae: Revolutionizing food production for a healthy and sustainable future
Naik, B., Mishra, R., Kumar, V., Mishra, S., Gupta, U., Rustagi, S., Gupta, A. K., Preet, M. S., Bhatt, S. C., & Rizwanuddin, S. (2024) · Journal of Agriculture and Food Research · doi:10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100939 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Growth kinetics and quantification of carbohydrate, protein, lipids, and chlorophyll of Spirulina platensis under aqueous conditions using different carbon and nitrogen sources
Rosero-Chasoy, G., Rodríguez-Jasso, R. M., Aguilar, C. N., Buitrón, G., Chairez, I., & Ruiz, H. A. (2022) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126456 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Microalgae as fishmeal alternatives in aquaculture: current status, existing problems, and possible solutions
Gao, S., Chen, W., Cao, S., Sun, P., & Gao, X. (2024) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-024-32143-1 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Effect of Spirulina Meal Supplementation on Growth Performance and Feed Utilization in Fish and Shrimp: A Meta-Analysis
Li, L., Liu, H., & Zhang, P. (2022) · Aquaculture Nutrition · doi:10.1155/2022/8517733 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Spirulina-enriched Substrate to Rear Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Prepupae as Alternative Aquafeed Ingredient for Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Diets: Possible Effects on Zootechnical Performances, Gut and Liver Health Status, and Fillet Quality
Ratti, S., Zarantoniello, M., Chemello, G., Giammarino, M., Palermo, F. A., Cocci, P., Mosconi, G., Tignani, M. V., Pascon, G., Cardinaletti, G., et al. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13010173 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Dietary Feeding Lycopene, Citric Acid, and Chlorella Alleviated the Neurotoxicity of Polyethylene Microplastics in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
Hamed, M., Soliman, H. A. M., Eid, Z., Naggar, Y. A., & Sayed, A. E. H. (2022) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2022.869727 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Protective effects of Chlorella vulgaris as a feed additive on growth performance, immunity, histopathology, and disease resistance against Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Pacific white shrimp
Eissa, E. H., Aljàrari, R. M., Elfeky, A., El‐Aziz, Y. M. A., Munir, M. B., Jastaniah, S. D. S., Alaidaroos, B. A., Shafi, M. E., El-Hamed, N. N. B. A., AL-Farga, A. M., et al. (2023) · Aquaculture International · doi:10.1007/s10499-023-01298-y · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Effective valorization of Chlorella biomass and Brewers spent grain substituting fish meal and soybean meal in the diet of herbivorous fish Cirrhinus reba for higher growth, digestibility and sustainable cultivation
Chattaraj, S., Behera, B. K., & MOHAPATRA, P. K. D. (2023) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-023-03106-9 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Effects of spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) as a fishmeal replacer in practical diets on growth performance, proximate composition, and amino acids profile of pabda catfish (Ompok pabda)
Akter, T., Hossain, A., Islam, M. R., Hossaın, M. A., Das, M., Rahman, M., Aye, A. T., & Abdel‐Tawwab, M. (2021) · Journal of Applied Aquaculture · doi:10.1080/10454438.2021.1936740 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Use of rice protein concentrates inOreochromis niloticusdiets and its effect on growth, intestinal morphology, biochemical indices and ghrelin gene expression
Rahman, A. N. A., Maricchiolo, G., El‐fattah, A. H. A., Alagawany, M. M., & Reda, R. M. (2021) · Aquaculture Nutrition · doi:10.1111/anu.13361 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics as an Alternative to Antibiotics on Growth and Blood Profile of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Munni, M. J., Akther, K. R., Ahmed, S., Hossain, M. A., & Roy, N. C. (2023) · Aquaculture Research · doi:10.1155/2023/2798279 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Diets containing Arthrospira platensis increase growth, modulate lipid metabolism, and reduce oxidative stress in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) exposed to ammonia
Carneiro, W. F., Castro, T. F. D., Reichel, T., Uzeda, P. L. D. C., Martínez-Palacios, C. A., & Murgas, L. D. S. (2021) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737402 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Effect of dietary Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) on the growth performance, immune‐related gene expression and resistance toVibrio anguillarumin European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax)
Güroy, B., Güroy, D., Bi̇len, S., Kenanoğlu, O. N., Şahin, I., Terzi, E., Karadal, O., & Mantoğlu, S. (2022) · Aquaculture Research · doi:10.1111/are.15745 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Physiological response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to graded levels of novel Chlorella sorokiniana meal as a single fishmeal alternative or combined with black soldier fly larval meal
Liu, Y., Chang, H., Lv, W., Ma, S., Qiu, G., Lu, S., Han, S., Wang, C., Han, D., Zhang, Y., et al. (2022) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738715 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Growth, carcass criteria, and blood biochemical parameters of growing quails fed Arthrospira platensis as a feed additive
Elzaher, H. A. A., Ibrahim, Z. A., Ahmed, S. A., Salah, A. S., Osman, A., Swelum, A. A., Suliman, G. M., Téllez‐Isaías, G., Alagawany, M. M., & El-Hack, M. E. A. (2023) · Poultry Science · doi:10.1016/j.psj.2023.103205 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citation
Algae Application for Treating Wastewater Contaminated with Heavy Metal Ions
Beni, A. A., Haghmohammadi, M., Asl, S. D., Hakimzadeh, S. M., & Nezarat, A. (2024) · Environmental science and engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-2371-3_12 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Effects of varying dietary microalgae levels on performance, egg quality, fertility, and blood biochemical parameters of laying Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix Japonica)
El-Hack, M. E. A., Majrashi, K. A., Fakiha, K. G., Roshdy, M., Kamal, M., Saleh, R. M., Khafaga, A. F., Othman, S. I., Rudayni, H. A., Allam, A. A., et al. (2024) · Poultry Science · doi:10.1016/j.psj.2024.103454 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citation
Spirulina Maxima as a Valuable Ingredient: Determination of Broad Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Profiles and Nutritional Quality and Anti-Amylase Capacity
Tavakoli, Z., Kavoosi, G., Siahbalaei, R., & Karimi, J. (2025) · Applied Food Research · doi:10.1016/j.afres.2025.100741 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
High replacement of fishmeal by Chlorella meal affects intestinal microbiota and the potential metabolic function in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)
Zhang, Z., Xi, L., Liu, H., Jin, J., Yang, Y., Zhu, X., Han, D. H., & Xie, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.1016662 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Improvement of the probiotic growth-stimulating capacity of microalgae extracts by pulsed electric fields treatment
Ricós-Muñoz, N., Rivas, A., Castagnini, J. M., Moral, R., Barba, F. J., & Pina-Pérez, M. C. (2022) · Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1016/j.ifset.2022.103256 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Nanomagnetic approach applied to microalgae biomass harvesting: advances, gaps, and perspectives
Barizão, A. C. D. L., de Oliveira, J. P., Gonçalves, R. F., & Cassini, S. T. A. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-15260-z · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Challenging problems of applying microalgae for aquaculture environment protection and nutrition supplementation: A long road traveled and still a far way to go
Lu, Q., Lu, Y., & Yang, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2023.1151440 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Effects of partial replacement of fishmeal with Spirulina platensis powder and addition of Spirulina platensis polysaccharide on growth, nutrition, antioxidant capacity and gut microbiota of Micropterus salmoides
Zhang, W., Deng, Y., Yang, Z., Kong, Q., Liu, P., Liao, H., & Tang, H. (2024) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2024.740802 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Chlorella vulgaris as unconventional protein source in fish feed: A review
Albaqami, N. M. (2024) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2024.741404 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Enhancing Rearing of European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in Aquaponic Systems: Investigating the Effects of Enriched Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Prepupae Meal on Fish Welfare and Quality Traits
Zarantoniello, M., Oliveira, A., Şahin, T., Freddi, L., Torregiani, M., Tucciarone, I., Chemello, G., Cardinaletti, G., Gatto, E., Parisi, G., et al. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13121921 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Retrospect of fishmeal substitution in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides): a review
Liu, Y., Pu, C., Pei, Z., Zhang, W., Wei, Z., Chen, H., & Huang, Y. (2024) · Fish Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10695-024-01429-z · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Consumer preference for altered color of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillet induced by Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis)
Rosenau, S., Wolgast, T., Altmann, B. A., & Risius, A. (2023) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.739522 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Effect of cheese whey on phycobiliproteins production and FAME profile by Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina): Promoting the concept of a circular bio-economy
Cavallini, A., Torre, S., Usai, L., Casula, M., Fais, G., Nieri, P., Concas, A., & Lutzu, G. A. (2024) · Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.scp.2024.101625 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Spirulina in fish immunity development: find the black box
Rana, M., Mandal, S., & Kabita, S. (2024) · Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries · doi:10.1007/s11160-023-09832-0 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Environmentally Friendly Technologies for Wastewater Treatment in Food Processing Plants: A Bibliometric Analysis
Zapata-Mendoza, P. C. O., Berrios-Tauccaya, O. J., Tirado-Kulieva, V. A., Gonzales-Malca, J. A., Ricse-Reyes, D. R., Berrios-Zevallos, A. A., & Sanz, R. S. S. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su142214698 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Nanosynthesis, phycochemical constituents, and pharmacological properties of cyanobacterium Oscillatoria sp.
Bishoyi, A. K., Mandhata, C. P., Sahoo, C. R., Paidesetty, S. K., & Padhy, R. N. (2023) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-023-02719-8 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Combined Dietary Spirulina platensis and Citrus limon Essential Oil Enhances the Growth, Immunity, Antioxidant Capacity and Intestinal Health of Nile Tilapia
Abdo, S. E., Nahas, A. F. E., Abdellatif, R. E., Mohamed, R. A., Helal, M. A., Azzam, M. M., Cerbo, A. D., & El‐Kassas, S. (2024) · Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3390/vetsci11100474 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Acrylamide exposure induces growth retardation, neurotoxicity, stress, and immune/antioxidant disruption in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): The alleviative effects of Chlorella vulgaris diets
Edrees, A., Shaban, N. S., Hassan, N. E.-H. Y., Abdel‐Daim, A. S. A., Sobh, M. S., & Ibrahim, R. E. (2024) · Fish & Shellfish Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109411 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Dairy Wastewaters to Promote Mixotrophic Metabolism in Limnospira (Spirulina) platensis: Effect on Biomass Composition, Phycocyanin Content, and Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Profile
Baraldi, L., Usai, L., Torre, S., Fais, G., Casula, M., Dessì, D., Nieri, P., Concas, A., & Lutzu, G. A. (2025) · Life · doi:10.3390/life15020184 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Amelioration of hypoxia and cold stress in Nile tilapia: comparative effect of Chlorella vulgaris and its nanoparticle dietary supplementation on performance, antioxidant, hepatic functions, and meat quality
Youssuf, H. A., Soror, E. I., Shehab, A., El-daim, A. M., Abo-Gamil, Z., Ahmed-Farid, O. A.-H., Hamad, A. M. A., Edris, S. N., & Matter, A. F. (2024) · Aquaculture International · doi:10.1007/s10499-024-01739-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Effect of Sargassum siliquastrum Supplementation on Growth Performance, Cecal Fermentation, Intestine Histomorphology, and Immune Response of Japanese Quails
Hafsa, S. A. A., & Hassan, A. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12040432 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Combined Effects of Spirulina platensis and Pediococcus acidilactici on the Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Antioxidative Status, and Immune Genes in Zebrafish
Ahmadifar, M., Esfahani, D. E., Ahmadifar, E., Sheikhzadeh, N., Mood, S. M., & Moradi, S. Z. (2023) · Annals of Animal Science · doi:10.2478/aoas-2023-0019 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris in poultry nutrition - a review of current research and potential opportunities
Wlaźlak, S., & Biesek, J. (2025) · Poultry Science · doi:10.1016/j.psj.2025.105456 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Algae as a sustainable feed resource: revolutionizing animal nutrition
Kazemi, M. (2025) · Aquaculture International · doi:10.1007/s10499-025-02195-2 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Effects of substituting fish meal with Chlorella meal on growth performance, whole-body composition, pigmentation, and physiological health of marbled eel (Anguilla marmorata)
Huang, K., Liu, X., Ma, R., Wang, B., Ho, S., Chen, J., & Xie, Y. (2024) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2024.103523 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Schizochytrium sp. can improve feed utilization, fillet DHA content, and non-specific immunity of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed fish oil free diet
Peng, D., Zhang, X., Zhu, F., Wen, H., Dong, L., Tian, J., Zhang, J., Yang, C., Xiao, J., Duan, X., et al. (2024) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-024-03334-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Effects of supplementing the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diet with Spirulina and Chlorella on the tissue's cadmium detoxification capacity, growth performance, fatty acid composition, antioxidant defense system and liver histology
Harmantepe, F. B., Gündoğdu, A., Karslı, Z., & Sağır, D. (2024) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2024.741687 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Toward sustainable food systems: can spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) become a sustainable source of protein to enhance the nutritional benefits of cultured Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)?
Soma, K., Kals, J., Opiyo, M. A., Ndambi, A., García-Cubero, R., Barbosa, M. J., Rurangwa, E., & Vernooij, A. G. (2024) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2024.1283150 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Improving the water quality of fish aquaculture effluents after treatment by microalgae
Farrag, M. M. S., Abdelmgeed, A. M., Moustafa, M. A., & Osman, A. G. M. (2024) · Desalination and Water Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100155 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) supplementation: Impact on growth, metabolism, and antioxidant status in zebrafish
Coli, A., Carneiro, W. F., da Silva, K. C. D., Castro, T. F. D., de Oliveira, J. P. L., Martins, M. S. D. A., & Murgas, L. D. S. (2024) · Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition · doi:10.1111/jpn.13964 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Effects of Substituting Fish Meal by Chlorella Meal in Practical Diet on Growth, Feed Utilization, and Flesh Quality of Pacific White Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei)
Li, M., Li, X., Yao, W., Wang, Y., Li, L. M., & Leng, X. (2024) · Aquaculture Nutrition · doi:10.1155/2024/9969518 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Phycocyanin: A potential bioresource for functional food product development
Chhirang, P., Gahlawat, V. K., & Singh, B. P. (2024) · South African Journal of Botany · doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2024.08.047 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Unveiling the Potential of Silymarin, Spirulina platensis, and Chlorella vulgaris towards Cardiotoxicity via Modulating Antioxidant Activity, Inflammation, and Apoptosis in Rats
El-Gendy, H. F., Khalifa, H. K., Omran, A., Korany, R. M. S., Selim, S., Hussein, E. A., Alhotan, R. A., Ayyoub, A., & Masoud, S. R. (2024) · Life · doi:10.3390/life14101289 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Box–Behnken design based statistical modelling to study the effects of spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) incorporation on nutritional standards of vegan snack product
Pandey, V. K., Singh, P., Srivastava, S., Zanwar, S., Dar, A. H., Singh, R., & Lal, A. (2023) · Journal of Agriculture and Food Research · doi:10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100700 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Effect of supercritical CO2 extraction as pretreatment to obtain C-phycocyanin from spirulina (Arthrospira maxima)
López-Limón, J. A., Hernández-Cázares, A. S., Hidalgo‐Contreras, J. V., la Vega, G. R.-D., Mellado-Pumarino, R. D. A., & Ríos-Corripio, M. A. (2024) · The Journal of Supercritical Fluids · doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106428 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Critical assessment of metabolism and related growth and quality traits in trout fed spirulina-supplemented plant-based diets
Roques, S., Deborde, C., Skiba, S., Cala, O., Marchand, Y., Moing, A., & Fauconneau, B. (2022) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738033 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
In Pursuit of Fish-Free Feeds: A Multi-Species Evaluation
Campbell, K. B., McLean, E., & Barrows, F. T. (2022) · Fishes · doi:10.3390/fishes7060336 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Outbreak simulation of Litopenaeus vannamei recovery rate with oral alginate and spirulina diet supplementation against Vibrio parahaemolyticus AHPND
Azhar, N., & Yudiati, E. (2023) · Aquaculture International · doi:10.1007/s10499-023-01050-6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
A Study on the Dietary Yeast Polysaccharide Supplementation in Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, and Immunity of Juvenile Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)
Qin, J., Mi, H., Ren, M., Huang, D., Liang, H., Zhang, L., Teng, T., & Heng, Y. (2025) · Fishes · doi:10.3390/fishes10010026 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Exploring the biotechnological applications of Spirulina maxima: a comprehensive review
Jacuinde-Ruíz, J. C., & González‐Hernández, J. C. (2024) · Brazilian Journal of Biology · doi:10.1590/1519-6984.287134 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Spirulina (Arthrospira), as feed additive in finfish and shellfish aquaculture
Ringø, E. (2025) · Aquaculture and Fisheries · doi:10.1016/j.aaf.2025.06.005 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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Authors: Alagawany, M., Taha, A. E., Noreldin, A., El-Tarabily, K. A., & Abd El-Hack, M. E.
Affiliations: Zagazig University (EG)
Alexandria University (EG)
Damanhour University (EG)
Murdoch University (AU)
Corresponding author: Alagawany, Mahmoud
El-Tarabily, Khaled A.
ORCID: Alagawany, Mahmoud
Taha, Ayman E.
Noreldin, Ahmed
El-Tarabily, Khaled A.
Abd El-Hack, Mohamed E.
Venue: Aquaculture
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2021-09
Volume: 542
Pages: 736841
ISSN: 0044-8486 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736841
OpenAlex: W3157582944
Cited by: 152
References: 172
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 11
FWCI: 2.55
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
Locations: Aquaculture (publishedVersion)
Murdoch University Research Portal (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Aquaculture disease management and microbiota
Keywords: Spirulina, Chlorella, microalgae, fish nutrition, fish meal replacement, plant proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, fish growth promotion, immunostimulation, reproductive performance, Labeo rohita, Oreochromis niloticus, rainbow trout, heavy metal removal, wastewater treatment, aquaculture wastewater, feed additives

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Nutritional Applications of Species of Spirulina and Chlorella in Farmed Fish: A Review

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