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Tumor-Produced Interleukin-8 Attracts Human Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and Elicits Extrusion of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)
Published version of a preprint
Abstract
Purpose: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are considered an important T-cell immunosuppressive component in cancer-bearing hosts. The factors that attract these cells to the tumor microenvironment are poorly understood. IL8 (CXCL8) is a potent chemotactic factor for neutrophils and monocytes. Experimental Design: MDSC were characterized and sorted by multicolor flow cytometry on ficoll-gradient isolated blood leucokytes from healthy volunteers (n = 10) and advanced cancer patients (n = 28). In chemotaxis assays, sorted granulocytic and monocytic MDSC were tested in response to recombinant IL8, IL8 derived from cancer cell lines, and patient sera. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation was assessed by confocal microscopy, fluorimetry, and time-lapse fluorescence confocal microscopy on short-term MDSC cultures. Results: IL8 chemoattracts both granulocytic (GrMDSC) and monocytic (MoMDSC) human MDSC. Monocytic but not granulocytic MDSC exerted a suppressor activity on the proliferation of autologous T cells isolated from the circulation of cancer patients. IL8 did not modify the T-cell suppressor activity of human MDSC. However, IL8 induced the formation of NETs in the GrMDSC subset. Conclusions: IL8 derived from tumors contributes to the chemotactic recruitment of MDSC and to their functional control. Clin Cancer Res; 22(15); 3924–36. ©2016 AACR.
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“These cytokines could enhance migration of macrophages and MDSCs to the liver [64, 65] (Fig. 2).”
From Gut microbiota-mediated immunomodulation in tumor (2021) · cites this paper as [65]
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“dramatically when combined with the CXCR1/CXCR2 inhibitor reparixin, which is in clinical trials [26].”
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“Adipose tissue from obese patients with prostate cancer also mobilized IL‑8 [known as CXCL8 and an important chemoat‑ tractant for MDSCs (36)] to recruit adipose stromal cells into the TME and induce tumor growth and progression.”
BackgroundMesseha, S. S., Zarmouh, N. O., Mendonca, P., Cotton, C., & Soliman, K. F. A. (2020) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2020.11240 · Cited by 15
Jin, Y., Liao, L., Chen, Q., Tang, B.-F., Jiang, J., Zhu, J., & Bai, M. (2025) · Cancer Cell International · doi:10.1186/s12935-025-03643-y · Cited by 15
Zadian, S. S., Adcock, I. M., Salimi, B., & Mortaz, E. (2021) · PubMed Central · Cited by 14
Wang, Z., Hou, Y., Yao, Z., Zhan, Y.-Y., Chen, W., & Liu, Y. (2021) · Dose-Response · doi:10.1177/15593258211037127 · Cited by 14
“IL-8 derived from tumours contributes to the chemotactic recruitment of granulocytes.(12) Meanwhile, IL-8 exerts direct pro-tumorigenic effects, including the promotion of angiogenesis, tumour cell dedifferentiation, invasion and/or metastasis.”
BackgroundLarkin, R. M., Lopez, D. C., Robbins, Y. L., Lassoued, W., Canubas, K., Warner, A., Karim, B. O., Vulikh, K., Hodge, J. W., Floudas, C. S., et al. (2024) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-024-05339-9 · Cited by 16
Belluomini, L., Incani, U. C., Smimmo, A., Avancini, A., Sposito, M., Insolda, J., Scaglione, I. M., Gattazzo, F., Caligola, S., Adamo, A., et al. (2024) · Lung Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2024.107893 · Cited by 14
Jatczak‐Pawlik, I., Gorzkiewicz, M., Studzian, M., Zinke, R., Appelhans, D., Klajnert‐Maculewicz, B., & Pułaski, Ł. (2021) · Biomacromolecules · doi:10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00476 · Cited by 14
Casting a NET on cancer: the multiple roles for neutrophil extracellular traps in cancer
Wolach, O., & Martinod, K. (2021) · Current Opinion in Hematology · doi:10.1097/moh.0000000000000690 · Cited by 14
Seo, E., Namgung, J. H., Oh, C.-S., Kim, S., & Lee, S. H. (2018) · Immune Network · doi:10.4110/in.2018.18.e23 · Cited by 14
“Additionally, some evidence suggests that chemokine receptors are differentially expressed by Mo-MDSCs and PMNMDSCs, which aids in their differential recruitment by C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 1 (CXCR1), type 2 (CXCR2), and type 4 (CXCR4) (17,19-24).”
BackgroundImmunotherapy-associated hemostatic abnormalities: bleeding and thrombotic complications
Li, Y., Jiang, H., Luo, L., & Mei, H. (2025) · Annals of Hematology · doi:10.1007/s00277-025-06482-z · Cited by 14
“(2) Elevated levels of MDSCs and proinflammatory factors such as IL-8 in peripheral blood prior to treatment induce platelet activation and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps, increasing the risk of ICI-associated VTE [10, 65].”
Zhang, Z., Cui, D., Wang, H., Wu, L., & Liu, X. (2026) · Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy · doi:10.1007/s00262-025-04278-8 · Cited by 13
“To counteract this, CAR-T cells have been engineered to express chemokine receptors matching the tumor’s chemokine profile [127–129].”
Beliakova‐Bethell, N., Maruthai, K., Xu, R., Salvador, L. C. M., & Garg, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.894543 · Cited by 14
“Although the mechanism of IL-8 (CXCL8) mediated MMDSC expansion is not established, IL-8 facilitates differentiation and subsequent mobilization of MDSC in patients diagnosed with several types of cancers (91, 92).”
BackgroundLou, Y., Peng, P., Wang, S., Wang, J., Du, P., Zhang, Z., Zheng, J., Liu, P., & Xu, L. X. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1016776 · Cited by 14
Ma, Y.-T., Zheng, L., Zhao, C.-W., Zhang, Y., Xu, X., Wang, X., Niu, G., Man, Z.-S., Gu, F., & Chen, Y. (2024) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156555 · Cited by 13
Seman, B. G., Vance, J. K., Akers, S. M., & Robinson, C. M. (2021) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.252528 · Cited by 13
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Digestive Cancers: Warrior or Accomplice
Chen, Y., Han, L., Qiu, X., Wang, G., & Zheng, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2021.766636 · Cited by 12
“Glioblastoma (50) CXCR2 – IL-8 derived from patients’ plasma and culture medium of HT29 cell could provoke neutrophils to extrude NETs.”
BackgroundInfluentialBlood Biomarkers of Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Lage, Y., Olmedo, M. E., Rueda, A. G., Ballesteros, P. Á., Rodríguez, D. R., & Velasco, M. T. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11113245 · Cited by 15
Baci, D., Cekani, E., Imperatori, A. S., Ribatti, D., & Mortara, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.914890 · Cited by 12
“N2 TANS enhances the immunosuppressive milieu by expressing high levels of PD-L1, arginase-1 (ARG1), reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), IL-10, and TGFb1, shaping the tumor landscape and impairing T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity (42) The expression of both CXCL8 and Arg-1 by neutrophils is correlated with I…”
BackgroundInfluentialLurje, I., Gaisa, N. T., Dahl, E., Knüchel, R., Strnad, P., Trautwein, C., Tacke, F., Neumann, U. P., Czigány, Z., & Lurje, G. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-39487-7 · Cited by 12
Bozorgmehr, N., Syed, H., Mashhouri, S., Walker, J. W. T., & Elahi, S. (2023) · Molecular Oncology · doi:10.1002/1878-0261.13519 · Cited by 12
“The chemotactic effects of the IL-8/IL-18 signaling pathway on MDSCs, neutrophils, and other myeloid cells [75,76] may contribute to the acquired resistance against ICIs.”
BackgroundMuralidhar, A., Hernandez, R. T., Morris, Z. S., Rojas, H. C., Idrissou, M. B., Weichert, J. P., & McNeel, D. G. (2024) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2023-008760 · Cited by 13
Low‐Density Neutrophils: Enigmatic Cells in Health and Disease
Blanco-Camarillo, C., & Rosales, C. (2025) · Journal of Immunology Research · doi:10.1155/jimr/3037744 · Cited by 13
“Remarkably, in this study, the M-MDSC were found to suppress T-cell proliferation [88].”
Stenzel, A. E., Abrams, S. I., & Moysich, K. B. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01608 · Cited by 11
“IL-8 can be produced by cancer cells within the tumor, demonstrating the cancer’s ability to evade apoptosis through increasing these immunosuppressive MDSCs (14, 16).”
BackgroundNagatani, Y., Funakoshi, Y., Suto, H., Imamura, Y., Toyoda, M., Kiyota, N., Yamashita, K., & Minami, H. (2021) · Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics · doi:10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_1222_20 · Cited by 11
Suggested role for neutrophil extracellular trap formation in Ewing sarcoma immune microenvironment
Shukrun, R., Baron, S., Fidel, V., Shusterman, A., Sher, O., Kollender, N., Levin, D., Peled, Y., Gortzak, Y., Ben‐Shahar, Y., et al. (2023) · Cancer Science · doi:10.1111/cas.15992 · Cited by 12
Singh, R., Chakraborty, M., Gautam, A., Roy, S. K., Halder, I., Barber, J., & Garg, A. (2021) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104304 · Cited by 10
“Although the mechanism of CXCL8 mediated MDSC expansion is not established, CXCL8 facilitates differentiation and subsequent mobilization of MDSC in patients diagnosed with several types of cancers [52, 53].”
BackgroundTumor Microenvironment Onmyoji: Cytokines with Dual Protumor and Antitumor Roles
Wang, Y., Lin, A., Liu, Z., Cheng, Q., Zhang, J., & Luo, P. (2026) · 癌症:英文版 · doi:10.34133/cancomm.0008 · Cited by 10
“IL-8 is an important neutrophil chemokine that can be produced by various cells, including tumor cells, macrophages, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts [ 136 ].”
Chu, X., Ma, J., Li, S., Wang, M., Tian, Y., & Lv, C. (2026) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-026-02570-4 · Cited by 12
“Cytokines such as CXCL1, CXCL8, IL-8, and G-CSF have been shown to induce NET formation by activating chemokine receptors on neutrophils [126, 127].”
Smycz‐Kubańska, M., Stępień, S., Gola, J. M., Kruszniewska‐Rajs, C., Wendlocha, D., Królewska‐Daszczyńska, P., Strzelec, A., Strzelczyk, J., Szanecki, W., Witek, A., et al. (2022) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2022.12812 · Cited by 10
“Alfaro et al (35) reported that CXCL8 was also capable of attracting other cells that express its specific receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 on their surface.”
BackgroundZippoli, M., Ruocco, A., Novelli, R., Rocchio, F., Miscione, M. S., Allegretti, M., Cesta, M. C., & Amendola, P. G. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.947183 · Cited by 12
“Together with myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) represent the most abundant population (10, 11) of immune cells infiltrated in the TME, and many studies so far have highlighted the link between elevated TAN counts and increased risk of…”
BackgroundSelf-citationLi, S., Feng, W., Wu, J., Cui, H., Wang, Y., Liang, T., An, J., Chen, W., Guo, Z., & Lei, H. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25169096 · Cited by 10
“…of inflammatory bowel disease by encouraging tissue repair and suppressing inflammatory reactions by overexpressing Arg1, YM-1, and cytokines like IL-10 [364,365 An imbalance in M1/M2 macrophage polarization has been seen in the mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen in DSS-induced experimental colitis…”
BackgroundDual Nature of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)—From Cancer’s Ally to Therapeutic Target
Buszka, K., Dompé, C., Derwich, K., Pieścikowska, I., Nowicki, M. O., & Budna, J. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14151200 · Cited by 12
“This was initially observed in vitro, where supernatants from various primary melanoma and colon carcinoma cell lines induced NET formation in neutrophils from healthy volunteers and polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs) from cancer patients [124].”
Robilliard, L. D., Yu, J. J., Anchan, A., Finlay, G. J., Angel, C. E., & Graham, E. S. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232214164 · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Alfaro, C., Teijeira, A., Oñate, C., Pérez, G., Sanmamed, M. F., Andueza, M. P., Alignani, D., Labiano, S., Azpilikueta, A., Rodriguez-Paulete, A., Garasa, S., Fusco, J. P., Aznar, A., Inogés, S., De Pizzol, M., Allegretti, M., Medina-Echeverz, J., Berraondo, P., Perez-Gracia, J. L., & Melero, I.
- Affiliations
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra (ES)
- 1Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (ES)
- 5Dompé Farmaceutici SpA, L'Aquila, Italy.
- 2Department of Oncology, University Clinic of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Clinical Cancer Research
- Published
- 2016-07-31
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 3924-3936
- ISSN
- 1078-0432 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-3265
- OpenAlex
- W2298626553
- Cited by
- 417
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 13
- FWCI
- 18.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Cancer Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Neutrophil, Myeloperoxidase and Oxidative Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Keywords
- interleukin-8, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, neutrophil extracellular traps, tumor microenvironment, chemotaxis, granulocytic MDSCs, monocytic MDSCs, T cell suppression, tumor immunosuppression, tumor-derived cytokines
- MeSH terms
- Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells, Animals, Chemotaxis, Leukocyte, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Neoplasms, Neutrophils, Sulfonamides, Biomarkers, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, Interleukin-8, Mice, Knockout, Cell Line, Tumor, Mice, Extracellular Traps
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