The DOI matches its Crossref record; 11 of the 11 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are essential for the maintenance of homeostasis and enable the organism to prepare for, respond to and manage stress, either physical or emotional. Cortisol, the principal GC in humans, is synthesized in the adrenal cortex. It is released in the circulation in a pulsatile and circadian pattern. GC secretion is governed by hypothalamus and pituitary. The hypothalamus senses changes in the external and internal environment that may disrupt the homeostatic balance of the organism (i.e. stressors), and responds by releasing corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) from parvocellular neurons projecting from the paraventricular nucleus to the median eminence. These neurohormones are released into the anterior pituitary where they act synergistically via specific receptors (CRH-R1 and V1B receptor, respectively) to trigger the release of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the corticotrope cells into the systemic circulation. In turn, ACTH exerts its actions on the adrenal cortex via specific receptors, type 2 melanocortin receptors (MC2-R), to initiate the synthesis of cortisol, which is released immediately into the systemic circulation by diffusion. Hypothalamic CRH and AVP, pituitary ACTH and adrenal GCs comprise the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In this brief review, the HPA axis and the various factors that regulate its function are described.
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Citations
Cites
Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: central role of the brain
McEwen, B. S. (2007) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00041.2006 · Cited by 5,429 · cited 1×
“GCs, along with catecholamines (the end-product of sympathetic nervous system activation) secreted by the adrenal medulla and sympathetic nerves, orchestrate the ‘fight or flight’ response, which is the first stage of the general adaptation syndrome [”
BackgroundPhysiological functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacological actions
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The Concepts of Stress and Stress System Disorders: Overview of Physical and Behavioral Homeostasis
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The Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis and Immune-Mediated Inflammation
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Corticosteroid inhibition of acth secretion
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The pathophysiology and genetics of congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia
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“Every nucleated cell in the body expresses GR; hence the widespread effects of GCs on practically every system of the body (e.g. metabolic, endocrine, nervous, cardiovascular, immune). It is of interest that in the CNS there exist two receptors for GCs: the GR type I, or mineralocorticoid receptor, and the classic GR…”
BackgroundCota, D., Steiner, M.-A., Marsicano, G., Cervino, C., Herman, J. P., Grübler, Y., Stalla, J., Pasquali, R., Lutz, B., Stalla, G. K., et al. (2007) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2005-1649 · Cited by 205 · cited 1×
“the endocannabinoids appear to negatively regulate basal and stimulated ACTH release at multiple levels of the HPA axis [”
Backgroundβ-Endorphin Suppresses Adrenocorticotropin and Cortisol Levels in Normal Human Subjects
TAYLOR, T., DLUHY, R. G., & WILLIAMS, G. H. (1983) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-57-3-592 · Cited by 108
Cited by
Sheng, J. A., Bales, N. J., Myers, S. A., Bautista, A. I., Roueinfar, M., Hale, T. M., & Handa, R. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2020.601939 · Cited by 418
Gonadal steroid hormones and the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis
Handa, R. J., & Weiser, M. J. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.11.001 · Cited by 408
Measuring cortisol in serum, urine and saliva—Are our assays good enough?
El-Farhan, N., Rees, D. A., & Evans, C. (2017) · Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1177/0004563216687335 · Cited by 395
Role of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in developmental programming of health and disease
Xiong, F., & Zhang, L. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.11.002 · Cited by 177
Hewagalamulage, S. D., Lee, T. K., Clarke, I. J., & Henry, B. A. (2016) · Domestic Animal Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.03.004 · Cited by 167
Metadata
- Authors
- Papadimitriou, A., & Priftis, K. N.
- Venue
- Neuroimmunomodulation
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2009
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 265-271
- ISSN
- 1021-7401 (ISSN-L)
- 1423-0216
- OpenAlex
- W2049670746
- Cited by
- 366
- References
- 11
- FWCI
- 7.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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