Glucocorticoid action networks and complex psychiatric and/or somatic disorders
Open accessAbstract
Glucocorticoids contribute fundamentally to the maintenance of basal and stress-related homeostasis in all higher organisms. These hormones influence a large percentage of the expressed human genome and their effects spare almost no organs or tissues. Glucocorticoids influence many functions of the central nervous system, such as arousal, cognition, mood and sleep, the activity and direction of intermediary metabolism, the maintenance of a normal cardiovascular tone, the activity and quality of the immune and inflammatory reaction, including the manifestations of the sickness syndrome, as well as growth and reproduction. The numerous actions of glucocorticoids are mediated by a set of at least 16 glucocorticoid receptor (GR) isoforms forming homo- or hetero-dimers. The GRs consist of multifunctional domain proteins operating as ligand-dependent transcription factors that interact with many other cell signaling systems. The presence of multiple GR monomers and dimers expressed in a cell-specific fashion at different quantities with quantitatively and qualitatively different transcriptional activities suggests that the glucocorticoid signaling system is highly stochastic. Based on ample evidence, we present our conception that glucocorticoids are heavily involved in human pathophysiology and influence life expectancy. Common psychiatric and/or somatic complex disorders, such as anxiety, depression, insomnia, chronic pain and fatigue syndromes, obesity, the metabolic syndrome, essential hypertension, diabetes type 2, atherosclerosis with its cardiovascular sequelae, and osteoporosis, as well as autoimmune inflammatory and allergic disorders, all appear to have a glucocorticoid component.
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The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is affected by experimental sleep restriction.
“Because the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulates a wide range of physiologic processes and is affected by experimental sleep restriction, it is a putative key mediator of the adverse health effects of insufficient sleep (3–11).”
From Adverse effects of two nights of sleep restriction on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in healthy men (2014) · cites this paper as [11]
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulates a wide range of physiologic processes.
“Because the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulates a wide range of physiologic processes and is affected by experimental sleep restriction, it is a putative key mediator of the adverse health effects of insufficient sleep (3–11).”
From Adverse effects of two nights of sleep restriction on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in healthy men (2014) · cites this paper as [11]
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is a putative key mediator of the adverse health effects of insufficient sleep.
“Because the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulates a wide range of physiologic processes and is affected by experimental sleep restriction, it is a putative key mediator of the adverse health effects of insufficient sleep (3–11).”
From Adverse effects of two nights of sleep restriction on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in healthy men (2014) · cites this paper as [11]
The increase in evening cortisol levels indicates that insufficient sleep may have an impact on the multitude of physiological processes modulated by circulating glucocorticoids.
“The increase in evening cortisol levels indicates that insufficient sleep may have an impact on the multitude of physiological processes modulated by circulating glucocorticoids (11).”
From Adverse effects of two nights of sleep restriction on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in healthy men (2014) · cites this paper as [11]
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“It is known that stress can be harmful when it is chronic or long lasting [1; 34; 35; 36], however, it is often overlooked that a stress response has salubrious adaptive effects in the short run [32; 37].”
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“…in both of these systems have been associated with depression and anxiety disorders (Heim & Nemeroff, 1999 ; McEwen, 2003 ; Goodyer, 2007) and with a range of physical disorders mediated by metabolic, cardiovascular and immune systems (McEwen, 1998 ; Chrousos & Kino, 2007 ; Cohen et al. 2007).”
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“For example, different GR polymorphisms can significantly affect individuals’ responses to GCs,([35,64]) and alternative splicing of the GR mRNA can lead to different GR isoforms with different actions in different tissues.([65,66]) Furthermore, early life events, such as childhood abuse, can epigenetically reprogram…”
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“Besides being efficient in combating inflammation, GCs display pleiotropic effects in the regulation of protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism; innate and adaptive immune systems; stress homeostatic regulation; reproductive processes; and growth and brain functions such as memory and behavior (175).”
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Intraindividual stability of hair cortisol concentrations
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“…et al., 2000), repeated d. activation of the HPA axis and long-term changes to basal cortisol secretion, such as under conditions of chronic stress, can have harmful consequences and have been linked to an increased susceptibility to various diseases (see Chrousos & Kino, 2007; Chrousos, 2009).”
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Stress, Endocrine Physiology and Pathophysiology -- Endotext
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Cortisol in Hair and the Metabolic Syndrome
Tobias Stalder, A., Kirschbaum, C., Alexander, N., Bornstein, S. R., Gao, W., Miller, R. E., Stark, S., Bosch, J. A., & Fischer, J. E. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2013-1056 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
“Surprisingly, the results of adjusted analyses even revealed a small inverse relationship between hairF and LDL-C, which is at variance with previous evidence (2) and needs to be treated with caution until corroborated by future research.”
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“regulating everything from cell growth and development, metabolism, and even apoptosis (4).”
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Charmandari, E., Kino, T., Ichijo, T., & Chrousos, G. P. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0040 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Self-citationGlucocorticoid Signaling in the Cell
Chrousos, G. P., & Kino, T. (2009) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04988.x · Cited by 188 · see citing works
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“In addition, steroid hormones can have nongenomic effects, occurring rapidly, over the timeframe of seconds to minutes, and are mediated by direct actions at cell surface receptors, such as the GABA-A, NMDA, and sigma receptors.7,28,29,51,171,197–201 Steroid hormones with these properties in the central nervous system…”
InfluentialMu, D.-L., Wang, D., Li, L., Shan, G., Li, J., Yu, Q., & Shi, C. (2010) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc9393 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
“It has long been observed that high levels of circulating glucocorticoids might have harmful effects on the brain and cause psychiatric symptoms [19-21].”
BackgroundCortisol in hair, body mass index and stress-related measures
Tobias Stalder, A., Steudte‐Schmiedgen, S., Alexander, N., Miller, R. E., Gao, W., Dettenborn, L., & Kirschbaum, C. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.03.010 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Role of chronic stress and depression in periodontal diseases
Warren, K. R., Postolache, T. T., Groer, M. E., Pinjari, O. F., Kelly, D. L., & Reynolds, M. A. (2013) · Periodontology 2000 · doi:10.1111/prd.12036 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“There is also evidence of limbic–hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activation and release of glucocorticoids in the face of ongoing inflammation (27).”
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Corticotropin-releasing hormone, stress and human reproduction: an update
Kalantaridou, S., Zoumakis, E., Makrigiannakis, A., LAVASIDIS, L. G., Vrekoussis, T., & Chrousos, G. P. (2010) · Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jri.2010.02.005 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“components of the metabolic syndrome (Chrousos and Kino, 2007).”
Glucocorticoid Dysregulations and Their Clinical Correlates: From Receptors to Therapeutics
Marques, A. H., Silverman, M. N., & Sternberg, E. M. (2009) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04987.x · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Oliveira, G. S. D., Ahmad, S., Fitzgerald, P. C., Marcus, R.-J. L., Altman, C., Panjwani, A., & McCarthy, R. J. (2011) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1093/bja/aer156 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
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“The glucocorticoid receptor mediates the prolongation of DSI by stress Many effects of stress in the CNS occur because the increase in circulating corticosteroid (CORT) concentrations is enough to fully activate CNS GRs (Chrousos and Kino, 2007; McEwen, 2008).”
BackgroundThe adrenal peripheral clock: Glucocorticoid and the circadian timing system
Son, G. H., Chung, S., & Kim, K. (2011) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.07.003 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“As the final effector of the stress-responsive neuroendocrine axis, GC exerts widespread effects which enable organisms to respond to and to cope with physical and emotional stress [36,176].”
Galliher-Beckley, A. J., Williams, J. G., Collins, J. B., & Cidlowski, J. A. (2008) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.00808-08 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Salivary alpha-amylase response to acute psychosocial stress: The impact of age
Almela, M., Hidalgo, V., Villada, C., van der Meij, L., López, L. E., Gómez-Amor, J., & Salvador, A. (2011) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.05.008 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Dinel, A., Joffre, C., Trifilieff, P., Aubert, A., Foury, A., Ruyet, P. L., & Layé, S. (2014) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-014-0155-x · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“Several studies demonstrated that certain subsets of depression could be due to glucocorticoid resistance associated with impairment of GR function [65,66].”
BackgroundPsychological stress and immunoprotection versus immunopathology in the skin
Dhabhar, F. S. (2012) · Clinics in Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2011.11.003 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Guyon, A., Balbo, M., Morselli, L. L., Tasali, E., Leproult, R., L'Hermite-Balériaux, M., Van Cauter, E., & Spiegel, K. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2013-4254 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Comorbidity of pain and anxiety disorders
Gureje, O. (2008) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-008-0051-0 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Adžić, M., Djordjevic, J., Djordjevic, A. D., Niciforovic, A. P., Demonacos, C., Radojcic, M. B., & Krstic–Demonacos, M. (2009) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe-08-0509 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“Such alterations were observed under conditions of chronic stress (Chrousos & Kino 2007).”
BackgroundNew insights into corticosteroid-binding globulin and glucocorticoid delivery
Henley, D. E., & Lightman, S. L. (2011) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.02.053 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
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“Role of corticosteroids on stress-induced inhibition of HU210 responses Many effects of stress in the nervous system are secondary to the activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and to the subsequent increase in plasma concentrations of corticosteroids (Piazza and Le Moal, 1998; Chrousos and Kino, 2007).”
BackgroundKino, T. (2015) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2015.00230 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Upon maturation, these cells also extend dendrites covered with spines into the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus and receive input signals from the entorhinal cortex, which represents the majority of excitatory synapses on these cells (Zhao et al., 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationStress and the Neuroendocrinology of Anxiety Disorders
Pêgo, J. M., Sousa, J. C., Almeida, O., & Sousa, N. (2009) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2009_13 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
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“Mental stress initiates the release of cortisol by activating corticotropinreleasing factor and arginine vasopressin neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (6).”
BackgroundGlucocorticoid Receptor Polymorphisms in Major Depression
Spijker, A. T., & van Rossum, E. F. C. (2009) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04985.x · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Houdenhove, B. V., Eede, F. V. D., & Luyten, P. (2009) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2008.11.044 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“ate [48–51].”
Glucocorticoids and their receptors: Insights into specific roles in mitochondria
Lee, S., Kim, H. K., Song, I.-S., Youm, J., Dizon, L. A., Jeong, S.-H., Ko, T.-H., Heo, H.-J., Ko, K. S., Rhee, B. D., et al. (2013) · Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2013.04.001 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Bosscher, K. D., Craenenbroeck, K. V., Meijer, O. C., & Haegeman, G. (2008) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.11.076 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Psychosocial Stress, Cortisol Levels, and Maintenance of Vaginal Health
Amabebe, E., & Anumba, D. O. C. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00568 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Nader, N., Ng, S. S. M., Lambrou, G. Ι., Pervanidou, P., Wang, Y., Chrousos, G. P., & Kino, T. (2010) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/me.2010-0192 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Understanding neurobehavioral effects of acute and chronic stress in zebrafish
Demin, K. A., Taranov, A. S., Ilyin, N. P., Lakstygal, A. M., Volgin, A. D., de Abreu, M. S., Strekalova, T. V., & Kalueff, A. V. (2020) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2020.1724948 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Multilevel Interactions of Stress and Circadian System: Implications for Traumatic Stress
Agorastos, A., Nicolaides, N. C., Bozikas, V. P., Chrousos, G. P., & Pervanidou, P. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.01003 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Depletion of the neural precursor cell pool by glucocorticoids
Yu, S., Patchev, A. V., Wu, Y., Lu, J., Holsboer, F., Zhang, J., Sousa, N., & Almeida, O. F. X. (2009) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21812 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Kuriyama, K., Soshi, T., & Kim, Y. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.015 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Ho, C. S. H., Feng, L., Fam, J., Mahendran, R., Kua, E. H., & Ng, T. P. (2014) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610214000611 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“…systems leads to increased levels of glucocorticoids and catecholamines that have been found to be associated with depression (Goodyer, 2007) and a range of medical conditions mediated by cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune systems (Chrousos and Kino, 2007; Cohen et al., 2007; McEwen, 1998).”
BackgroundGumy, C., Chandsawangbhuwana, C., Dzyakanchuk, A. A., Kratschmar, D. V., Baker, M. E., & Odermatt, A. (2008) · Nature Precedings · doi:10.1038/npre.2008.2312.1 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Takeuchi, T., Nakao, M., Nomura, K., Inoue, M., Tsurugano, S., Shinozaki, Y., & Yano, E. (2009) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.1041 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Prenatal Maternal Cortisol Has Sex-Specific Associations with Child Brain Network Properties
Kim, D., Davis, E. P., Sandman, C. A., Sporns, O., O’Donnell, B. F., Buß, C., & Hetrick, W. P. (2016) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhw303 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“(Chrousos and Kino 2007) and regulates physiological functions that maintain basal and stress-related homeostasis that are involved in cellular, molecular, and physiological networks serving growth, reproduction, immune, and central nervous”
BackgroundBali, A., & Jaggi, A. S. (2013) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2013.07.004 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Role of stress in the pathogenesis of cancer (Review)
Lempesis, I. G., GEORGAKOPOULOU, V. E., Papalexis, P., Chrousos, G. P., & Spandidos, D. A. (2023) · International Journal of Oncology · doi:10.3892/ijo.2023.5572 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Sionov, R. V., Spokoini, R., Kfir‐Erenfeld, S., Cohen, O., & Yefenof, E. (2008) · Advances in cancer research · doi:10.1016/s0065-230x(08)00406-5 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“At the cellular level, GC changes many functions of neuronal cells, such as electrical activity, synthesis and secretion of neurotransmitters, and affect cell generation or death (Chrousos and Kino, 2007; Herman and Seroogy, 2006).”
BackgroundKino, T., & Chrousos, G. P. (2010) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2010.12.001 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“In addition, several autoimmune/allergic/inflammatory disorders, the metabolic syndrome, septic conditions and even infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type-1, have been associated with alterations in the responsiveness of specific organs and tissues to glucocorticoids (Kino et al., 2003; Webster et al., 2…”
BackgroundDysregulation of the stress response in asthmatic children
Priftis, K. Ν., Papadimitriou, A., Nicolaidou, P., & Chrousos, G. P. (2008) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01948.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“The Childhood Origins of Asthma project (95) evaluated children from birth to 3 years, who were at high risk for asthma, to study the relationships among environmental, genetic factors, and the development of atopic diseases.”
BackgroundBose, S. K., Hutson, I., & Harris, C. A. (2016) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2016-1615 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Social status and parasitism in male and female vertebrates: a meta-analysis
Habig, B., Doellman, M. M., Woods, K., Olansen, J., & Archie, E. A. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-21994-7 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Early-Life Stress: From Neuroendocrine Mechanisms to Stress-Related Disorders
Pervanidou, P., & Chrousos, G. P. (2018) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000488468 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Mentis, A. A., Dardiotis, E., Efthymiou, V., & Chrousos, G. P. (2021) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01873-7 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Silverman, M. N., Mukhopadhyay, P., Belyavskaya, E., Tonelli, L. H., Revenis, B. D., Doran, J. H., Ballard, B. E., Tam, J., Pacher, P., & Sternberg, E. M. (2013) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2012.131 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Filipović, D., Zlatković, J., Inta, D., Bjelobaba, I. M., Stojiljković, M., & Gass, P. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.22687 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“maladaptive central nervous system (CNS) responses involves different cellular pathways (Chrousos and Kino, 2007).”
BackgroundReber, S. O., & Neumann, I. D. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1410.003 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Chrousos syndrome: from molecular pathogenesis to therapeutic management
Nicolaides, N. C., & Charmandari, E. (2015) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.12426 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Transcranial electrical stimulation modifies the neuronal response to psychosocial stress exposure
Antal, A., Fischer, T., Saiote, C., Miller, R. E., Chaieb, L., Wang, D. J. J., Plessow, F., Paulus, W., & Kirschbaum, C. (2013) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22434 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Glucocorticoids, for their part, are known to play a key role in stress-related somatic and mental disorders [Chrousos and Kino, 2007].”
BackgroundBasic Concepts and Hormonal Regulators of the Stress System
Kazakou, P., Nicolaides, N. C., & Chrousos, G. P. (2022) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000523975 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Chronic subordination stress phase advances adrenal and anterior pituitary clock gene rhythms
Razzoli, M., Karsten, C. A., Yoder, J. M., Bartolomucci, A., & Engeland, W. C. (2014) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00101.2014 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Adrenal peripheral oscillator in generating the circadian glucocorticoid rhythm
Chung, S., Son, G. H., & Kim, K. (2011) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05923.x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Stress Biomarkers in Medical Students Participating in a Mind Body Medicine Skills Program
MacLaughlin, B. W., Wang, D., Noone, A., Liu, N., Harazduk, N., Lumpkin, M. D., Haramati, A., Saunders, P., Dutton, M., & Amri, H. (2010) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1093/ecam/neq039 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“The HPA axis plays a major role in conveying the central stress response to the peripheral body systems to maintain a homeostatic balance.”
BackgroundUsui, T., Yoshikawa, T., Orita, K., Ueda, S.-Y., Katsura, Y., Fujimoto, S., & Yoshimura, M. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-1830-6 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“The stress system includes brain nuclei, such as the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and the locus ceruleus, and powerful peripheral neuroendocrine limb, the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis (Chrousos and Kino 2007).”
BackgroundManagement of stress in inflammatory bowel disease: a therapeutic option?
Goodhand, J., Wahed, M., & Rampton, D. S. (2009) · Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1586/egh.09.55 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Kino, T., & Chrousos, G. P. (2010) · Endocrine development · doi:10.1159/000321232 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“components of the metabolic syndrome, such as central obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and hypertension, and, hence, are at an increased risk of developing cardiovascular complications [40, 41] (Figure 3).”
BackgroundPapadopoulou, A., Siamatras, T., Delgado‐Morales, R., Amin, N. D., Shukla, V. K., Zheng, Y.-L., Pant, H. C., Almeida, O. F. X., & Kino, T. (2015) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2015.72 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in asthmatic children
Priftis, K. Ν., Papadimitriou, A., Nicolaidou, P., & Chrousos, G. P. (2008) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2007.10.005 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Nicolaides, N. C., & Charmandari, E. (2017) · Hormones · doi:10.14310/horm.2002.1728 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
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Herbison, C. E., Henley, D., Marsh, J. A., Atkinson, H. C., Newnham, J. P., Matthews, S. G., Lye, S. J., & Pennell, C. E. (2016) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2016.1146672 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Dysregulation of the biological stress response system via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been implicated in the development of cardiovascular, metabolic, and mental health problems (Arlt & Stewart, 2005; Chrousos & Kino, 2007).”
BackgroundHu, X., Li, X., Xiao, C., Kong, L., Zhu, Q., & Song, Z. (2021) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.681858 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“GC, which are end products of the HPA axis, regulate the basal and stress-related homeostasis (6, 7) and stimulate the appetite in the central nervous system (CNS), facilitating nutrient uptake (8).”
BackgroundHair cortisol in relation to job stress and depressive symptoms
Janssens, H., Clays, E., Fiers, T., Verstraete, A., Bacquer, D. D., & Braeckman, L. (2016) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqw114 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
- Authors
- Chrousos, G. P., & Kino, T.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chrousos, George P.
- Venue
- Stress
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2007-01
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 213-219
- ISSN
- 1025-3890 (ISSN-L)
- 1607-8888
- OpenAlex
- W2117077354
- Cited by
- 292
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 9.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Stress (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Keywords
- glucocorticoids, glucocorticoid receptor isoforms, glucocorticoid signaling, mental illness, somatic diseases, anxiety, depression, insomnia, chronic pain, fatigue syndrome, obesity, metabolic syndrome, essential hypertension, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, allergic diseases, transcriptional regulation, life expectancy
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Receptors, Glucocorticoid, Stress, Psychological, Metabolic Syndrome
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