The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale
Abstract
This study has focussed on a 10-item Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) subscale for the quantification of schizophrenic states. Seven psychiatrists interviewed jointly patients who all fulfilled the DSM-III criteria of schizophrenia, and in a subsequent pencil-and-paper procedure a judgment analysis was performed. The reliability analysis showed that less experienced BPRS raters made less consistent judgments implying the cautionary statement that the proper use of a scale for schizophrenia requires specialized training with the scale. The validity analysis showed that the BPRS items had an additive relationship implying that the sum of these items is a sufficient statistic for the measurement of severity of schizophrenic states. Finally, the results seem to indicate, that the underlying dimension defined by the 10-items BPRS subscale includes hierarchically the negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
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The BPRS has good inter-observer and intra-observer reliability, especially when the interviewer acquires special training and uses a structured interview guide.
“Studies have shown that the BPRS has good inter-observer and intra-observer reliability (30, 31) especially when the interviewer acquires special training (32) and uses a structured interview guide when conducting the interview (33).”
From Factors influencing subjective perceptions of everyday occupations: Comparing day centre attendees with non-attendees (2012) · cites this paper as [32]
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“On day 11, after obtaining another ECG and BPRS and CGI scores, the dose of xanomeline and placebo were increased to 75 mg t.i.d and three tablets three times a day, respectively.”
MethodInfluentialLlerena, K., Park, S. G., McCarthy, J. M., Couture, S. M., Bennett, M. E., & Blanchard, J. J. (2013) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.12.001 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
“The BPRS is used extensively in psychiatric research and has well-established psychometric properties [16,19,20].”
The InterSePT scale for suicidal thinking reliability and validity
Lindenmayer, J., Czobor, P., Alphs, L. D., Nathan, A.-M., Anand, R., Islam, Z., & Chou, J. C. Y. (2002) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(02)00335-3 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Dying Too Soon: Excess Mortality in Severe Mental Illness
de Mooij, L. D., Kikkert, M., Theunissen, J., Beekman, A. T. F., de Haan, L., Duurkoop, P. W. R. A., Van, H. L., & Dekker, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00855 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Aripiprazole in Schizophrenia With Cocaine Dependence
Beresford, T. P., Clapp, L., Martin, B., Wiberg, J. L., Alfers, J., & Beresford, H. F. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/01.jcp.0000169419.38899.5b · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Adjunctive Antipsychotic Treatment of Adolescents With Bipolar Psychosis
Kafantaris, V., Coletti, D. J., Dicker, R., PADULA, G., & Kane, J. M. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200112000-00016 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Eklund, M., & Leufstadius, C. (2007) · Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1177/000841740707400403 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“Good inter-observer and intra-observer reliability has been demonstrated, especially with specialised training (Andersen et al., 1989) and a structured interview guide (Crippa, Sanches, Hallak, Loureiro, & Zuardi, 2001), both measures that were taken for this study.”
MethodSala, M., Caverzasi, E., Lazzaretti, M., Morandotti, N., Vidovich, G. Z. D., Marraffini, E., Gambini, F., Isola, M., Bona, M. D., Rambaldelli, G., et al. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.11.036 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Crippa, J. A. S., Sanches, R. F., Hallak, J. E. C., Loureiro, S. R., & Zuardi, A. W. (2001) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.00185.x · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“Indeed, lower reliability coefficients have been reported with less experienced raters (4, 5).”
BackgroundVariability in BPRS definitions of positive and negative symptoms
Nicholson, I. R. (1995) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/0920-9964(94)00088-p · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Psychometric evaluation of a standardized and expanded Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale
Hafkenscheid, A. (1991) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1991.tb03147.x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Although preliminary results were encouraging, determination of interrater agreement has been restricted to small (7,26) or homogeneous (27) samples of mainly schizophrenic patients.”
ResultOccupational Balance in People With Schizophrenia
Bejerholm, U. (2010) · Occupational Therapy in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/01642120802642197 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Eklund, M., & Hansson, L. I. (2007) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764006074540 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Good inter-observer and intra-observer reliability has been demonstrated, especially with specialised training (Andersen et al., 1989) and a structured interview guide (Crippa et al., 2001), measures that were taken for this study.”
BackgroundHerinckx, H. A., Kinney, R. F., Clarke, G. N., & Paulson, R. I. (1997) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.48.10.1297 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Eklund, M., Bäckström, M., & Hansson, L. (2003) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00103.x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“Good inter-observer and intra-observer reliability has been demonstrated (26, 27).”
BackgroundHansson, L. I., Eklund, M., & Bengtsson‐Tops, A. (2001) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1023/a:1016790230228 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Good inter-observer and intra-observer reliability has been demonstrated, but the fact that worse psychometric properties have been obtained when the scale is used by less experienced BPRS raters [26] implies that proper use of the scale requires specialized training.”
BackgroundGuenther, W., & Breitling, D. (1985) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(85)90023-x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Victimisation in adults with severe mental illness: Prevalence and risk factors
de Mooij, L. D., Kikkert, M., Lommerse, N. M., Peen, J., Meijwaard, S. C., Theunissen, J., Duurkoop, P. W. R. A., Goudriaan, A. E., Van, H. L., Beekman, A. T. F., et al. (2015) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.143370 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Zhou, Y., Lan, X., Wang, C., Zhang, F., Liu, H., Fu, L., Li, W., Ye, Y., Hu, Z., Chao, Z., et al. (2023) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2023.05.031 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Eklund, M., Hansson, L. I., & Bengtsson‐Tops, A. (2004) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2003.07.008 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
A model of subjective quality of life for outpatients with schizophrenia and other psychoses
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“Good inter-observer and intra-observer reliability has been demonstrated, in this original 18-item version as well as in an extended version [22, 23].”
BackgroundBech, P., Lunde, M., Bech-Andersen, G., Lindberg, L., & Martiny, K. (2007) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039480601151238 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) was shown to have a valid subscale for the measurement of schizophrenic symptoms, confirmed by item-response theory models (49, 50).”
MethodSelf-citationSocial inclusion and relationship satisfaction of patients with a severe mental illness
Koenders, J., de Mooij, L. D., Dekker, J., & Kikkert, M. (2017) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764017737572 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“This instrument has a good interrater reliability (.74; Andersen et al., 1989).”
Kubera, K., Rashidi, M., Schmitgen, M., Barth, A., Hirjak, D., Sambataro, F., Calhoun, V., & Wolf, R. C. (2019) · Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.03.007 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Eklund, M., & Sandlund, M. (2011) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-011-9410-0 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
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Bech, P. (2009) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01445.x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationFactor structure of Bech's version of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale in Brazilian patients
Crippa, J. A. S., Sanches, R. F., Hallak, J. E. C., Loureiro, S. R., & Zuardi, A. W. (2002) · Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research · doi:10.1590/s0100-879x2002001000014 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“rience and using different methods (10-12).”
BackgroundNeuropsychological correlates of positive vs. negative schizophrenic symptomatology
Zakzanis, K. K. (1998) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(97)00102-3 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“phrenia researchers (Brier et al., 1991; Gurr, 1991; Tandon et al., 1990; Andersen, 1989; Guelfi et al., 1989; McGorry et al., 1988; Kulhara et al., 1987) have put forth their suggestions as to what constitutes a negative symptom and what constitutes a positive symptom on the BPRS, with some ambiguity and disagreement.”
BackgroundGeana, A., Barch, D. M., Gold, J. M., Carter, C. S., MacDonald, A. W., Ragland, J. D., Silverstein, S. M., & Frank, M. J. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.03.017 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Arumugam, A., Mani, R., & Raja, K. (2011) · Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2011.04.011 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Argentzell, E., Leufstadius, C., & Eklund, M. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.3109/11038128.2011.560963 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Vidovich, G. Z. D., Muffatti, R., Monaco, J., Caramia, N., Broglia, D., Caverzasi, E., Barale, F., & D'Angelo, E. U. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00582 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Schizophrenia: Measurements of Psychopathology
Lindenmayer, J., Harvey, P. D., Khan, A., & Kirkpatrick, B. W. (2007) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2007.04.005 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Eklund, M. (2001) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039480152693318 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“BPRS raters (23) implies that proper use of the scale requires specialized training.”
BackgroundClinical correlates of clozapine prescription for schizophrenia in China
Xiang, Y., Weng, Y., Leung, C. M., et al. (2006) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.821 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Fatores associados à qualidade de vida de pacientes com esquizofrenia
de Souza, L. A., & Coutinho, E. S. F. (2006) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462006000100011 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Doyle, M., Chorcoráin, A. N., Griffith, E., Trimble, T. J., & O’Callaghan, E. (2013) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.09.001 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Nygren, U., Markström, U., Svensson, B., Hansson, L. I., & Sandlund, M. (2011) · Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6712.2011.00869.x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Han, C., Lee, M., Pae, C., Ko, Y., Patkar, A. A., & Jung, I. (2007) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.04.017 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Relations between social skills and ward behavior in chronic schizophrenia
Penn, D. L., Mueser, K. T., Doonan, R. J., & Nishith, P. (1995) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/0920-9964(94)00084-l · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Schizophrenic Disorders among Turkish Migrants in Germany
Haasen, C., Yagdiran, O., Maß, R., & Krausz, M. R. (2001) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000049308 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Suicidality in Bipolar I Disorder
Johnson, S. L., McMurrich, S. L., & Yates, M. C. (2005) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2005.35.6.681 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Resting-state functional brain networks in first-episode psychosis: A 12-month follow-up study
Ganella, E. P., Seguin, C., Pantelis, C., Whittle, S., Baune, B. T., Olver, J. S., Amminger, G. P., McGorry, P. D., Cropley, V., Zalesky, A., et al. (2018) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867418775833 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Clinical symptoms were assessed using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS; Andersen et al., 1989), the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS; Andreasen, 1989) and the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS; Montgomery and Åsberg, 1979).”
MethodCzobor, P., & Volavka, J. (1996) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0010-440x(96)90037-1 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Kottaram, A., Johnston, L. A., Tian, Y., Ganella, E. P., Laskaris, L., Cocchi, L., McGorry, P. D., Pantelis, C., Ramamohanarao, K., Cropley, V., et al. (2020) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25020 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Positive and negative symptoms were assessed using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS; Andersen et al., 1989) and general cognitive ability was assessed using the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI; Wechsler, 1955).”
MethodCognitive memory control in borderline personality disorder patients
Sala, M., Caverzasi, E., Marraffini, E., Vidovich, G. Z. D., Lazzaretti, M., d'Allio, G., Isola, M., Balestrieri, M., D'Angelo, E. U., Thyrion, F. Z., et al. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708004145 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) – 24 items – (Hamilton, 1960) and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS; Andersen et al. 1989) were used to rate the clinical symptoms.”
MethodInfluentialJochems, E. C., Mulder, C. L., van Dam, A., Duivenvoorden, H. J., Scheffer, S. C. M., van der Spek, W., & Feltz-Cornelis, C. M. V. D. (2012) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-12-209 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“The BPRS has been used in various settings and has shown good psychometric properties [59].”
MethodAgreement in psychiatric assessment
Andersen, J., Kørner, A., Larsen, J. K., et al. (1993) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03343.x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationDistinct Volume Alterations of Thalamic Nuclei Across the Schizophrenia Spectrum
Thalhammer, M., Schulz, J., Scheulen, F., Oubaggi, M. E. M., Kirschner, M., Kaiser, S., Schmidt, A., Borgwardt, S., Avram, M., Brandl, F., et al. (2024) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbae037 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Picci, R. L., Versino, E., Oliva, F., Giaretto, R. M., Ostacoli, L., Trivelli, F., Venturello, S., & Furlan, P. M. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.08.043 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“BPRS is widely used for evaluate psychiatric symptoms specially in schizophrenia research and its reliability and validity has been demonstrated repeatedly (Hedlund and Wieweg, 1980; Andersen et al., 1989; Mortimer, 2007) also in dual diagnosis patients (Lykke et al., 2008).”
Aunjitsakul, W., McGuire, N., McLeod, H. J., & Gumley, A. I. (2021) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbab026 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Beaudoin, M., Potvin, S., Dellazizzo, L., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00301 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Eklund, M., & Östman, M. (2009) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764008101635 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Good inter-observer and intra-observer reliability has been demonstrated, especially in studies where the interviewers got special training (Andersen et al., 1989) and a structured interview guide was used (Crippa, Sanches, Hallak, Loureiro & Zuardi, 2001), and those procedures were followed in…”
MethodHjortsø, S., Butler, B., Clemmesen, L., Jepsen, P. W., Kastrup, M. C., Vilmar, T., & Bech, P. (1989) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1989.tb03036.x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial interaction among people with psychiatric disabilities – Does attending a day centre matter?
Argentzell, E., Leufstadius, C., & Eklund, M. (2013) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764013502318 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“…inter-observer and intra-observer reliability (Kolakowska, 1976; Overall & Gorham, 1962), in particular when the interviewer acquires special training (Andersen et al., 1989) and uses a structured interview guide when conducting the interview (Crippa, Sanches, Hallak, Loureiro, & Zuardi, 2001).”
BackgroundJeong, H., Lee, M., Lee, H.-Y., Ko, Y., Han, C., & Joe, S.-H. (2012) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0b013e328351c8c4 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“BPRS, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; CGI-S, Clinical Global Impression Scale for Severity; DIEPSS, the Drug-Induced Extra-Pyramidal Symptoms Scale; WHOQOL-BREF, the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment questionnaire.”
MethodInfluentialMeasurement by observations of aggressive behaviour and activities in clinical situations
Bech, P. (1994) · Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/cbm.1994.4.4.290 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationSánchez, R., Ibáñez, M. A., & Pinzón, A. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Xiang, M., Zheng, L., Pu, D., Lin, F., Ma, X., Ye, H., Pu, D., Zhang, Y., Wang, D., Wang, X., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.909729 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Kästner, D., Büchtemann, D., Warnke, I., Radisch, J., Baumgardt, J., Giersberg, S., Köpke, K.-H., Moock, J., Kawohl, W., & Wulf Rössler, A. (2015) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.04.003 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“This subscale consists of 10 items and has a satisfactory reliability among experienced raters, as well as proven validity [2].”
BackgroundShakir, M., Willems, A. E., van Harten, P. N., van Lutterveld, R., & Tenback, D. E. (2022) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2022.03.008 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Dimensionale Struktur der deutschen Version der Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS)
Maß, R., Burmeister, J., & Krausz, M. R. (1997) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s001150050119 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Homesick: residential and care patterns in patients with severe mental illness
de Mooij, L. D., Kikkert, M., Lommerse, N. M., Theunissen, J., de Koning, M. B., de Haan, L., Beekman, A. T. F., Duurkoop, P. W. R. A., & Dekker, J. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1137-6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Zhu, Z., Tomassetti, A. J., Dalal, R. S., Schrader, S. W., Loo, K., Sabat, I. E., Alaybek, B., Zhou, Y., Jones, C., & Fyffe, S. (2021) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/10944281211011529 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Gan, R., Zhao, Y., Wu, G., Zeng, J., Hu, Y., Xu, L., Wei, Y., Tang, X., Liu, X., Liu, H., et al. (2022) · Asia-Pacific Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/appy.12516 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“2.2.1 | Clinical assessments for psychotic symptoms FEP and PMD patients' symptoms were rated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (Kay et al., 1987) and brief psychiatric rating scale (Andersen et al., 1989).”
MethodInfluentialZhang, T., Gan, R., Zeng, J., et al. (2023) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-023-01556-3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Argentzell, E., & Eklund, M. (2013) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-2012-1474 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Sahoo, S., Malhotra, S., Basu, D., & Modi, M. (2016) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2016.07.001 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Additionally, BPRS had also shown good interrater reliability and consistency in assessing psychopathology in schizophrenia too (Andersen et al., 1989; Leucht et al., 2005).”
BackgroundLee, S., Kim, J. S., Jang, S.-K., Park, S., Yi, J.-S., Park, J.-K., Lee, J. S., & Choi, K. (2016) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s107775 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The Korean version of BPRS used in the present study has favorable reliability and validity.(24,25) The CDSS is a nine-item interview to evaluate depressive symptoms for patients with schizophrenia.”
Quality of life in institutionalized patients with schizophrenia
Kitic, A. P., & Јаnkovic, S. (2018) · Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna · doi:10.15557/pipk.2018.0001 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…measuring the severity of psychiatric symptoms, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) was used (24 items, the raw score ranges from 24 to 168) (Andersen et al., 1989), whilst for the evaluation of side effects of drugs we used the Udvalg for Kliniske Undersøgelser Side Effect Rating Scale…”
MethodSenín‐Calderón, C., Testal, J. F. R., & Garcelán, S. P. (2015) · Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología y Salud · doi:10.1016/j.rips.2015.10.004 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Assessment Instruments in Psychiatry: Description and Psychometric Properties
Salvador‐Carulla, L. (1996) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-80202-7_14 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Assessment of Negative Symptoms: Instruments and Evaluation Criteria
Stieglitz, R. (1991) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-76841-5_4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Yang, C.-Y., Zhou, R., Liu, Y., Wang, S., Hou, C., & Jia, F. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1522975 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Fabrazzo, M., Agnese, S., Cipolla, S., Vincenzo, M. D., Mancuso, E., Volpicelli, A., Perris, F., Sampogna, G., Catapano, F., Fiorillo, A., et al. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12080973 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Teetharatkul, T., Vittayanont, A., Liabsuetrakul, T., & Aunjitsakul, W. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03358-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Achieving High Research Reporting Quality Through the Use of Computational Ontologies
Zaveri, A. J., Cofiel, L., Shah, J. Y., et al. (2010) · Neuroinformatics · doi:10.1007/s12021-010-9079-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kubera, K. M., Rashidi, M., Schmitgen, M. M., Barth, A., Hirjak, D., Otte, M., Sambataro, F., Calhoun, V. D., & Wolf, R. C. (2023) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2023.03.001 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Family Psycho-Social Involvement Intervention for severe mental illness in Uganda
Alinaitwe, R., Musisi, S., Turiho, A. K., Bird, V. J., Priebe, S., & Sewankambo, N. K. (2024) · South African Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v30i0.2138 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) 18 was used to measure the SMI symptoms of anxiety, depression, mania, hallucinations, delusions and unusual behaviour.”
MethodOccupational Value and Associated Factors among People Attending Psychiatric Day Centres
Eklund, M., Argentzell, E., & Tjörnstrand, C. (2014) · Journal of Occupational Science · doi:10.1080/14427591.2014.986285 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Moussaoui, G., Rigas, C., Escobar, S., Torres-Platas, S. G., Castel, S., Yang, M. L., Inhaber, J., Novielli, J., Amsterdam, J. V., Sasi, N., et al. (2021) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522439.2021.1978530 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Literature has found that the inter-rater reliability of the BPRS varies and has been found to be lower when administered by less experienced raters (Anderson et al., 1989).”
BackgroundProblems in measuring quality of life in schizophrenia
Bech, P., & Hjortsø, S. (1990) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/08039489009096548 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationEdelman, E. M. (2010) · Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) · doi:10.7282/t3df6r88 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Tan, X. W., Oon, L. K., Tsang, Y. Y. T., Ong, H. S., & Tor, P. C. (2021) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/yct.0000000000000747 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Clinical target syndromes in psychiatry: latent structure analysisversusfactor analysis
Bech, P. (1991) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1017/s0924933800000420 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationInterpreting Results in Mental Health Research
Harman, J. S., Manning, W. G., Lurie, N., & Liu, C. (2001) · Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1023/a:1011564918552 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Application of decision tree method in the diagnosis of neuropsychiatric diseases
Gangwar, M., Mishra, R. B., & Yadav, R. S. (2014) · Asia-Pacific World Congress on Computer Science and Engineering (APWC on CSE) · doi:10.1109/apwccse.2014.7053880 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Occupational Perspectives on Health in People with Schizophrenia
Bejerholm, U. (2007) · Lund University Publications (Lund University) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Argentzell, E. (2012) · Lund University Publications (Lund University) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Network analysis of clinical features in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia
Li, W., Zhao, J., Hu, N., & Zhang, W. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1537418 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Measuring the Efficacy of Psychotropic Drugs: Clinical Symptoms and Rating Scales
Maier, W., & Bech, P. (1990) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-75370-1_8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationVerbal and visual learning and memory deficits as trait markers for psychosis in bipolar disorder
Sutton, G. P. (2020) · doi:10.34917/2197490 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Introduction: Rating Scales Versus DSM-III-R and ICD-10
Bech, P. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-77759-2_1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationArbete för alla? : Införande och resultat av supported employment i en svensk kommun
Markström, U., Nygren, U., & Sandlund, M. (2011) · DiVA at Umeå University (Umeå University) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Den kliniske betydning af negative og positive sympto-mer ved skizofreni
Bech, P. (1992) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/08039489209099706 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationRating Scales for Psychopathological States
Bech, P. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-77759-2_2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationFortuna, K. L., Myers, A. L., Bianco, C. L., Mois, G., Mbao, M., Morales, M. J., Brinen, A. P., Bartels, S. J., & Hamilton, J. (2021) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-021-09963-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The dimension of psychotic experiences
Bech, P. (2011) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01781.x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“In this standardization procedure, we do need to implement the response theory models to be sure that the total sum score of psychotic experiences is a sufficient statistic (4, 5).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationZhong, J., Jia, Y., Hong, Z., Wang, D., & Jia, H. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000752 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Andersen, J., Larsen, J. K., Schultz, V., Nielsen, B. M., Kørner, A., Behnke, K., Munk-Andersen, E., Butler, B., Allerup, P., & Bech, P.
- Affiliations
- Frederiksberg Hospital (DK)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychopathology
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2010-02-09
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 2-3
- Pages
- 168-176
- ISSN
- 0254-4962 (ISSN-L)
- 1423-033X
- OpenAlex
- W1995813852
- Cited by
- 123
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 4.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, schizophrenia, psychiatric rating scales, rater reliability, scale validity, severity measurement, negative symptoms, positive symptoms, DSM-III criteria
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Clinical Competence, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychiatry, Psychometrics, Schizophrenia
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