Factors influencing subjective perceptions of everyday occupations: Comparing day centre attendees with non-attendees

May combine two claims.

Self-reported diagnosis and positive symptoms did not affect occupational value or satisfaction with everyday occupation.

“No other socio-demographic variables, such as gender, type of housing, civil status, educational level or living with children or not, seemed to affect the perception of occupational value or satisfaction with everyday occupation; nor did self-reported diagnosis or positive symptoms.”

May combine two claims.

In a logistic regression model with satisfaction with daily occupation as the dependent variable and seven independent variables (activity level, self-mastery, age, positive, negative, depressive and general symptoms), the model explained 27.9% (Nagelkerke R Squared) of the variance in satisfaction with daily occupation and correctly classified 73.5% of cases.

“The model explained 27.9 % (Nagelkerke R Squared) of the variance in satisfaction with daily occupation and 73.5 % of the cases seemed to be correctly classified.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The non-attendees contained a greater proportion of people with schizophrenia than the day centre group.

“the fact that the nonattendees contained a greater proportion of people with schizophrenia than the day centre group could make the comparisons unreliable.”

May combine two claims.

High level of self-mastery was the strongest indicator of being satisfied with daily occupations, associated with a fourfold chance of belonging to the high group of satisfaction with daily occupation.

“The strongest indicator of being satisfied with daily occupations was having a high level of self-mastery, which was associated with a fourfold chance of belonging to the high group of satisfaction with daily occupation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Participants were rated as generally having a moderate level of psychopathology.

“being as the participants were rated as generally having a moderate level of psychopathology”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The ValMO model suggests that perception of occupational value promotes a sense of meaning, which contributes to health and well-being.

“The model suggests that the perception of occupational value also promotes a sense of meaning, which in turn contributes to health and well being (13).”

• cites [13] Persson D, 2001, Scand J Occup Ther sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

There is limited research regarding how attendees experience day centres and the effect of this rehabilitation on people with psychiatric disabilities.

“There is, however, limited research regarding how attendees experience the day centres they visit and the effect this type of rehabilitation has on people with PD (8-9).”

• cites [8] Catty JS, 2007, Cochrane Database Syst RevNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [9] Bryant W, 2004, Can J Occup Ther sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Younger people with psychiatric disabilities spent more time socializing than older persons.

“For example, Shimitras et al. (17) showed that younger people with PD spent more time socializing than older persons.”

• cites [17] Shimitras L, 2003, Br J Occup Ther sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In a healthy sample, no gender differences were identified on occupational value.

“No studies seem to have been reported regarding gender differences on occupational value among people with PD, but in a study of a healthy sample no gender differences were identified (27).”

• cites [27]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Eklund, Hansson and Bejerholm did not find differences between men and women regarding satisfaction with daily occupation.

“Eklund, Hansson and Bejerholm (26) did not find any differences between men and women regarding satisfaction with daily occupation.”

• cites [26] Eklund M, 2001, Soc Psychiatr Epidemiol sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

People with psychiatric disabilities spend more time sleeping and resting than people who are mentally well.

“Activity level has been addressed in time use studies, showing mainly that people with PD spend more time sleeping and resting than people who are mentally well (17).”

• cites [17] Shimitras L, 2003, Br J Occup Ther sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A recent study showed that having a sense of control and daily occupational structure and maintaining mental health were crucial to derive meaning in everyday occupations among people with psychiatric disabilities.

“A recent study by Argentzell, Håkansson and Eklund (11), examining the specific criteria that bring meaning in everyday occupations among people with PD, showed that having a sense of control and daily occupational structure and maintaining mental health were crucial in order to derive meaning.”

• cites [11]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

People with psychiatric disabilities had a lower activity level than people who were mentally well.

“Moreover, Eklund and Gunnarsson (18) found that people with PD had a lower activity level than people who were mentally well.”

• cites [18] Eklund M, 2008, Br J Occup Ther sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

People who have a psychiatric diagnosis perceive a lower level of satisfaction compared to people who are mentally well.

“Regarding clinical factors' relationship to subjective perceptions of occupation those few reports that exist indicate that people who have a psychiatric diagnosis perceive a lower level of satisfaction as compared to people who are mentally well (14, 18).”

• cites [14] Eklund M, 2003, Can J Occup Ther sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [18] Eklund M, 2008, Br J Occup Ther sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A high level of involvement in occupation was related to better quality of life and higher levels of self-mastery in people diagnosed with schizophrenia.

“In a study based on people diagnosed with schizophrenia, Bejerholm and Eklund (3) found that a high level of involvement in occupation was related to better quality of life and higher levels of self-mastery.”

• cites [3] Bejerholm U, 2007, Am J Occup Ther sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The ValMO model suggests that both gender and age variations in occupational value are likely.

“The ValMO model, however, suggests that both gender and age variations are likely (13) and age differences have been found regarding other aspects of daily occupations.”

• cites [13] Persson D, 2001, Scand J Occup Ther sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Young persons who recently had fallen mentally ill were without sufficient support and were in need of mobilizing coping skills and might also need support for all occupations in everyday life.

“Merryman and Riegel (41) showed that young persons who recently had fallen mentally ill were without sufficient support and were in need of mobilizing coping skills and might also need support for all occupations in everyday life.”

• cites Merryman and Riegel (41) Merryman B, 2007, Occup Ther Mental Health sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The study was comparative and cross-sectional in nature and therefore no causal relationships could be explained.

“The study was comparative and cross-sectional in nature and therefore no causal relationships could be explained.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Pearlin Mastery Scale has shown satisfactory psychometric properties concerning both validity and reliability.

“The Mastery Scale has shown satisfactory psychometric properties concerning both validity and reliability (20, 21)”

• cites [20] Pearlin LI, 1981, J Health Soc Behaviour sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [21] Marshall G, 1990, J Personality Soc Psychol sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The SDO has shown good internal consistency, good test-retest reliability, good validity and acceptable ability to discriminate between different psychiatric samples.

“The SDO was developed specifically for people with mental illness and has shown good internal consistency, good test-retest reliability, good validity and acceptable ability to discriminate between different psychiatric samples (15, 18).”

• cites [15] Eklund M, 2004, Scand J Occup Ther sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [18] Eklund M, 2008, Br J Occup Ther sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Social skills training has been recommended to strengthen people's self-mastery, since it increased with higher levels of social interaction.

“Moreover, social skills training has been recommended to strengthen people's self-mastery, since it increased with higher levels of social interaction (43)”

• cites [43] Bengtsson-Tops A, 2001, Int J Soc Psychiatry sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Younger people should be highlighted as a risk group for low levels of valued occupations.

“The findings also indicate that younger people should be highlighted as a risk group for low levels of valued occupations.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Older people with PD generally seemed more content with their community-based care and gradually had become more active in their own rehabilitation process.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Self-mastery has been emphasized as a factor of importance for health-related aspects, empowerment and recovery, and a high activity level among people with PD.

“Self-mastery has also been emphasized as a factor of importance for health-related aspects (22), empowerment and recovery (24) and a high activity level (35) among people with PD.”

• cites [22] Bengtsson-Tops A, 2004, J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [24] Fava GA, 2001, J Affect Disord sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [35] Leufstadius C, 2006, Occup Ther Int sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Self-mastery is seen as a self-variable, not so easily influenced by the external life situation.

“For example, self-mastery is seen as a self-variable (20), not so easily influenced by the external life situation.”

• cites [20] Pearlin LI, 1981, J Health Soc Behaviour sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

It is possible that the participants registered at the outpatient units did similar occupations as the day centre group, on their own, which may explain few differences found.

“It is possible that the participants registered at the outpatient units did similar occupations as the day centre group, on their own hand, which may explain few differences found.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

More mature participants might have come to terms with their life situation to a greater extent than younger ones, who might recently have had to face the difficulties of a mental illness.

“indicates that the more mature participants might have come to terms with their life situation to a greater extent than the younger ones, who might recently have had to face the difficulties of a mental illness.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

At one outpatient unit, the waiting room principle was used instead of random sampling.

“However, at one unit the information included in the register did not allow for this and the waiting room principle was used, i.e a contact person asked eligible people in the waiting room at the out-patient units if they would like to participate in the study .”

May combine two claims.

The sample size of 93 participants in the day centre group and 82 participants in the outpatient group was regarded large enough to detect statistically significant differences of clinical interest, corresponding to effect sizes of about 0.5.

“The sample size of 93 participants in the day centre group and 82 participants in the out patient group was regarded large enough to detect statistically significant differences of clinical interest (37), corresponding to effect sizes of about 0.5.”

• cites [37] Wampold BE. The great psychotherapy debate: Models, methods, and findings. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2001.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The OVal-pd has been shown to have good validity and reliability.

“The OVal-pd has been shown to have good validity and reliability (29).”

• cites [29] Eklund M, 2009, Scand J Occup Ther sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The BPRS has good inter-observer and intra-observer reliability, especially when the interviewer acquires special training and uses a structured interview guide.

“Studies have shown that the BPRS has good inter-observer and intra-observer reliability (30, 31) especially when the interviewer acquires special training (32) and uses a structured interview guide when conducting the interview (33).”

• cites [30] Overall JE, 1962, Psychol Rep sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [31] Kolakowska T. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Oxford, UK: Oxford University.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [32] Andersen J, 1989, Psychopathology sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The present study's naturalistic design provides a way of studying the target group without manipulating or intruding into these people's lives more than necessary.

“The present study's naturalistic design provides, however, a way of studying the target group without manipulating or intruding into these people's lives more than necessary, which is seen as positive (38) and must be consider a strength of the study.”

• cites [38] Medical Research Council. Riktlinjer för etisk värdering av medicinsk humanforskning. Forskningsetisk policy och organisation i Sverige [Guidelines for ethical evaluation of medical research. Research ethical policy and organization in Sweden]. Sweden: Author; 2000.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The scenario of independent and dependent variables assumed in this study was in line with the theory behind the variables.

“However, the scenario of independent and dependent variables assumed in this study was in line with the theory behind the variables.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The scenario of independent and dependent variables assumed in this study was in line with the theory behind the variables.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There was limited knowledge of how the non-attendees from the outpatient units spent their days.

“Another limitation was the limited knowledge of how the non-attendees from the outpatient units spent their days.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Random sampling was used for selecting outpatient participants at all units but one, where this was not feasible.

“Random sampling was used for selecting out patient participants at all units, but one, where this was not feasible.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Because of the lack of research in the field, no specific power calculations were made, and it could be that larger samples would have been needed to detect important differences between the groups regarding such naturally occurring phenomena.

“However, because of the lack of research in the field, no specific power calculations were made, and it could be that larger samples would have been needed to detect important differences between the groups regarding such naturally occurring phenomena.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The independent factors influenced the subjective perceptions of occupation, and these perceptions may have influenced some of the independent factors, such as activity level, self-mastery and psychopathology; thus, a circular relationship is possible.

“just as well, the independent factors influenced the subjective perceptions of occupation, these perceptions may have influenced some of the independent factors, such as activity level, self-mastery and psychopathology. Thus, a circular relationship is possible.”

May combine two claims.

The day centre group was given the opportunity to engage in different types of occupations, and hence perceived concrete value, which the non-attendees might lack.

“The day centre group was given the opportunity to engage in different types of occupations, and hence perceived, for example, concrete value, which the group of nonattendees might lack.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Day centre attendees are presented with occupations at the day centre from which they can get the immediate perception of value.

May combine two claims.

Many people with PD lack community integration and everyday occupations that they perceive as meaningful.

“This would be in line with reports showing that many people with PD lack community integration and everyday occupations that they perceive as meaningful (7, 39).”

• cites [7] National Board of Health and Welfare. Kommunernas insatser för personer med psykiska funktionshinder. Slutrapport från en nationell tillsyn 2002–2004 [Community achievement for people with mental disability. Final report. In Swedish]. Stockholm: Author; 2005.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [39] Rebeiro KL, 1999, Psychiatric Rehab Services sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The target group, along with perceiving worsening mental problems, decrease their engagement in social contacts and everyday occupations.

“could indicate that the target group, along with perceiving worsening mental problems, decrease their engagement in social contacts and everyday occupations, as reported elsewhere (36).”

• cites [36] Chugg A, 2002, Br J Occup Ther sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Previous research found that diagnosis made by psychiatrists did not show to be an important factor for subjective perceptions of occupation.

“This is in line with previous research, where diagnosis made by psychiatrists did not show to be an important factor for subjective perceptions of occupation (10).”

• cites [10] Eklund M, 2004, Community Ment Health J sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

At the outpatient units, random sampling was used.

“At the outpatient units, random sampling was used. All eligible outpatients were listed and selected by a random number generator.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

It is more likely that the outpatient group did things that were different in character compared to the day centres but gave similar satisfaction.

“it is more likely that the outpatient group did things that were different in character compared to the day centres but gave similar satisfaction.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Few or no alternatives to day centres were available in the studied areas.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The measure of activity level has been shown to have good test-retest reliability.

“The measure of activity level has been shown to have good test-retest reliability (18).”

• cites [18] Eklund M, 2008, Br J Occup Ther sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The data collection was carried out by project assistants who were occupational therapists trained in using the instruments.

“The data collection was carried out in a private room at the day centre or outpatient unit by project assistants, which were occupational therapists trained in using the instruments.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The great importance of peer support has been addressed.

“The great importance of peer support has been addressed as well (44), and Grant (45) highlighted the value of engaging consumer survivors as educators in community services.”

• cites [44] Happell B, 2008, Int J Ment Health Nurs sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Grant (45) Grant G, 2008, Qual Soc Work sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The day centres seemed to meet some, but not all, of the visitors' occupational needs.

“Thus, the day centres seemed to meet some, but not all, of the visitors' occupational needs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The study highlighted the importance of enhancing the target group's sense of self-mastery.

“Further, the study highlighted the importance of enhancing the target group's sense of self-mastery, which could be accomplished by, for example, working in an empowerment promoting manner.”