Ranking the Harm of Alcohol, Tobacco and Illicit Drugs for the Individual and the Population
Abstract
Drug policy makers continuously face a changing pattern of drug use, i.e. new drugs appear on the market, the popularity of certain drugs changes or drugs are used in another way or another combination. For legislative purposes, drugs have mostly been classified according to their addictive potency. Such classifications, however, lack a scientific basis. The present study describes the results of a risk assessment study where 19 recreational drugs (17 illicit drugs plus alcohol and tobacco) used in the Netherlands have been ranked by a Dutch expert panel according to their harm based on the scientific state of the art. The study applies a similar approach as recently applied by Nutt et al. [Lancet 2007;369:1047–1053], so that the results of both studies could be compared. The harm indicators scored are acute and chronic toxicity, addictive potency and social harm. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the legal classification of drugs in the Netherlands corresponds with the ranking of the drugs according to their science-based ranking of harm. Based on the results, recommendations are formulated about the legal classification of recreational drugs at national and international level which serves a rational approach for drug control.
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Serotonergic psychedelics are not associated with addiction.
“are not associated with addiction [9, 11, 12]”
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Moan, I. S., & Brunborg, G. S. (2021) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2021.1928215 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- van Amsterdam, J., Opperhuizen, A., Koeter, M., & van den Brink, W.
- Affiliations
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (NL)
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Venue
- European Addiction Research
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 202-207
- ISSN
- 1022-6877 (ISSN-L)
- 1421-9891
- OpenAlex
- W2035199049
- Cited by
- 191
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 9.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Addiction Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Rivm Repository (Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Law and Policy
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
- Keywords
- recreational drugs, illicit drugs, alcohol, tobacco, drug classification, drug policy, risk assessment, acute and chronic toxicity, social harm, expert panel, Netherlands
- MeSH terms
- Alcohol Drinking, Ethanol, Drug and Narcotic Control, Humans, Netherlands, Public Health, Illicit Drugs, Policy
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