The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 29 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
Background/Aims: In 2008, the American Diabetes Association recommended low-carbohydrate or low-fat diets for weight management in patients with established type 2 diabetes (T2D), while the amount of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was not specified. This systematic review focused on the effects of diets high in MUFA versus diets low in MUFA on important risk factors of T2D (i.e. plasma glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and glycosylated haemoglobin, HbA1c). Methods: Nine randomized controlled intervention trials with a total of 1,547 participants and a running time of at least 6 months, comparing diets high versus low in MUFA among adults with abnormal glucose metabolism (T2D, impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistant), being overweight or obese, have been included in the meta-analysis. We performed a random effects meta-analysis to determine the weighted mean differences with 95% confidence intervals using the software package Review Manager 5.0.25 of the Cochrane Collaboration. Results: Significant differences in HbA1c were found (weighted mean difference –0.21%, 95% CI –0.40 to –0.02; p = 0.03), favouring the high MUFA groups. In contrast, fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin as well as the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance were not affected by the amounts of MUFA in the dietary protocols. Conclusions: In summary, this systematic review found that high MUFA diets appear to be effective in reducing HbA1c, and therefore, should be recommended in the dietary regimes of T2D.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This systematic review and meta-analysis of 9 long-term RCTs in people with abnormal glucose metabolism found that high-MUFA diets (≥12% of total energy) significantly lowered HbA1c compared with low-MUFA diets. Fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR did not differ significantly between high- and low-MUFA diets.
Key findings
- HbA1c was significantly reduced with high- vs low-MUFA diets: WMD −0.21% (95% CI −0.40 to −0.02; p = 0.03; 5 studies, 667 participants; I² = 15%). The high-MUFA vs low-fat subgroup also showed a significant reduction: WMD −0.28% (95% CI −0.52 to −0.03; p = 0.03).
- Fasting plasma glucose did not differ significantly: WMD −3.02 mg/dl (95% CI −6.66 to 0.63; p = 0.11; 9 studies, 1,545 participants; I² = 81%).
- Fasting plasma insulin did not differ significantly: WMD −0.05 (95% CI −1.60 to 1.49; p = 0.94; 9 studies, 1,547 participants; I² = 84%).
- HOMA-IR did not differ significantly: WMD −0.26 (95% CI −0.75 to 0.24; p = 0.31; 6 studies, 1,355 participants; I² = 86%).
Methods
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs in participants with abnormal glucose metabolism (IGT, T2D, IR), BMI ≥25, intervention/follow-up ≥6 months, and nutritional counselling by a dietician. Searches covered Medline (1966–May 2011), Embase (1980–May 2011), and the Cochrane Trial Register (until May 2011).
- Included 9 RCTs with 1,547 participants; intervention durations ranged from 6 months to 4 years. High-MUFA diets were defined as ≥12% of total energy content (TEC); low-MUFA diets as ≤12% TEC, including low-fat, low/high glycaemic index, high-protein, and control diets.
- Random-effects meta-analysis using Review Manager 5.0.25; outcomes were fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin, HOMA-IR, and HbA1c. Results reported as weighted mean differences (WMDs) with 95% CIs; heterogeneity assessed with Q and I²; funnel plots assessed publication bias; Jadad score assessed study quality.
Limitations
- Stated: unpublished data were not considered; included publications varied in diet types, MUFA definitions, study populations, intervention time, and follow-up protocols; drug regimens were not identical across participants; mixed IGT, IR, and T2D populations were included, and effects might be especially strong in T2D. The funnel plot for HbA1c showed little asymmetry/small potential publication bias.
- Evident: heterogeneity was substantial for fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin, and HOMA-IR (I² >80%), so those pooled null estimates should be interpreted cautiously; the significant HbA1c finding rests on 5 studies and 667 participants.
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Claims the paper makes
24 Not checked yet · 9 Own result · 6 Own method · 4 Own interpretation · 1 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pooled estimates of effects of high-versus low-MUFA diets on fasting plasma glucose were -3.02 mg/dl, which was statistically not significant (95% CI -6.66 to 0.63; p = 0.11).”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin as well as the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance were not affected by the amounts of MUFA in the dietary protocols.”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Outcome Measures Fasting Glucose
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Imputing the baseline standard deviation for one trial is a valid procedure because baseline and post-intervention standard deviations were similar in the other included trials.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Decreases in HOMA-IR did not differ significantly between high-and low-MUFA dietary protocols (WMD -0.26, 95% CI -0.75 to 0.24; p = 0.31).”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin as well as the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance were not affected by the amounts of MUFA in the dietary protocols.”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > HOMA Insulin Resistance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Imputing the baseline standard deviation for one trial is a valid procedure because baseline and post-intervention standard deviations were similar in the other included trials.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The post-hoc analyses showed that the HbA1c reduction was significant following a high-MUFA as compared to LF diets (WMD -0.28%, 95% CI -0.52 to -0.03; p = 0.03) ( fig. 1 ).”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Haemoglobin A1c
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Imputing the baseline standard deviation for one trial is a valid procedure because baseline and post-intervention standard deviations were similar in the other included trials.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fasting insulin was assessed in a total of 1,547 subjects.WMD for the effects of high-versus low-MUFA regimens was -0.05 mg/dl (95% CI -1.60 to 1.49; p = 0.94), which was not statistically significant.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin as well as the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance were not affected by the amounts of MUFA in the dietary protocols.”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Fasting Insulin
plainn = 1,547- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Imputing the baseline standard deviation for one trial is a valid procedure because baseline and post-intervention standard deviations were similar in the other included trials.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, we found heterogeneity across trials concerning fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin and HOMA-IR (I 2 1 80%).”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Heterogeneity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Significant differences in HbA1c were found (weighted mean difference -0.21%, 95% CI -0.40 to -0.02; p = 0.03), favouring the high MUFA groups.”
- Also stated in: § Haemoglobin A1c · plain
“High-MUFA diets were associated with significantly decreased values of HbA1c compared to low-MUFA settings (WMD -0.21%, 95% CI -0.40 to -0.02; p = 0.03).”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Imputing the baseline standard deviation for one trial is a valid procedure because baseline and post-intervention standard deviations were similar in the other included trials.
- Also stated in: § Haemoglobin A1c · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In relation to outcomes, the review demonstrated relatively homogeneous values between studies with regard to HbA1c (I 2 = 15%).”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Heterogeneity
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A total of 9 studies, recruiting 1,547 participants met the inclusion criteria [18,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] .”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Characteristics of Studies and Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]
plainn = 1,547- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Imputing the baseline standard deviation for one trial is a valid procedure because baseline and post-intervention standard deviations were similar in the other included trials.
In the paper
“The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) is an independent predictor of CVD in T2D [7] .”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To our knowledge, there is only one meta-analysis including only short-term trials dealing with the potential benefits of MUFA in patients with T2D.”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Introduction
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 12
- Probably not a substantial claim. 17
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The funnel plot with respect to effect size changes for HbA1c response to high-MUFA diets indicates little asymmetry, suggesting that there might be a small potential publication bias ( fig. 2 ).”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Publication Bias
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The funnel plot to effect size changes for HbA1c response to high-MUFA diets shows a small asymmetry, which indicates a reduced risk of publication bias.”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Limitations
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Kinsell et al. [10] reported that the type of fat consumed might influence insulin action in humans.”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The improvement in IR might have beneficial effects, not only on glucose control, but also on CVD in patients with T2D [7] .”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous meta-analyses, comparing diets with different amounts of fats in daily nutrition, reported an inconclusive impact of MUFA on biomarkers of CVD, which might be due to the fact that these meta-analyses included short-term intervention trials [12,13] .”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Attrition rates did not differ significantly between the intervention groups.”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Characteristics of Studies and Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In a retrospective study by Currie et al. [31] , investigating 47,970 patients with diabetes, HbA1c values 1 6.5% were correlated with an increased mortality rate.”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31]
plaincorrelationaln = 47,970- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Dietary composition could play a significant role in improving insulin sensitivity and reducing the risk of T2D as well as its associated complications [5] .”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subjects with IGT, IR as well as with T2D were included, and the effects of the intervention on glucose parameters might be especially strong in patients with T2D.”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, it is not surprising that the literature chosen for the present analysis varies regarding type(s) of diets used, definitions of MUFA diets, study population, intervention time as well as long-term followup protocols.”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This systematic review does not consider unpublished data, and it cannot be excluded that these results may have had at least a moderate impact on the effect size estimates.”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the drug regimen was not identical for all participants in the included studies.”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis of observational studies showed that chronic hyperglycaemia is associated with an increased risk of CVD in persons with T2D [9] .”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The outcome of this analysis shows that a high-MUFA diet had more favourable effects on glucose control in T2D than low-MUFA diets, while no effects on fasting insulin had been observed [12] .”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To consider heterogeneity, the random-effects model was used to estimate WMDs with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Data Extraction and Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In the Framingham Heart Study, impaired fasting glucose was associated with increased coronary heart disease risk in women [8] .”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Long-term inter-vention trials have demonstrated a significant correlation between substantial weight loss or increased physical activity and a reduced incidence of T2D [3,4] .”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Introduction
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Funnel plots were used to assess potential publication bias (i.e. the tendency for studies that yield statistically significant results to be more likely to be submitted and accepted for publication).”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Data Extraction and Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Esposito et al. [18] reported significant improvements in adiponectin levels in the high-MUFA group, compared with an LF protocol after a 4-year intervention period with a simultaneous reduction in the need for antihyperglycaemic medication in the high-MUFA group.”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Likewise, an HbA1c increase of 1 percentage point was associated with a relative risk for death from any cause of 1.24 in men and 1.28 in women [32] .”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data suggest that MUFA-based dietary strategies might provide cardiovascular benefits to persons at risk, by limiting lipid and insulin excursions, and may thereby contribute to optimal glycaemic control after meal challenges.”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, high levels of adiponectin have been shown to be associated with a reduced risk of T2D [38] .”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Specific recommendations for MUFA are given by the American Heart Association ( ^ 15% of TEC) and by the American Dietetic Association ( ! 20% of TEC) [40,41] , but not by the American Diabetes Association [11] .”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40]
- Not checked yetcites [41]
- Not checked yetcites [11] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a recently published review, Gillingham et al. [39] concluded that more and more epidemiological and human clinical trial data demonstrate the cardioprotective activity of the MUFA content of dietary fat.”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39]
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The authors concluded that the beneficial effect of dietary MUFA on insulin sensitivity is associated with a conserved IRS-1/PI3 kinase insulin signalling pathway, which was altered by saturated fatty acids [37] .”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Early pancreatic  -cell dysfunction causes IR and IGT [33,34] .”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33]
- Not checked yetcites [34]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Imputing the baseline standard deviation for one trial is a valid procedure because baseline and post-intervention standard deviations were similar in the other included trials.
“We assumed that this is a valid procedure, since the baseline and post-intervention SD were found to be similar within the other trials included in the metaanalysis.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Limitations
“Table 2 . Pooled estimates of effect size expressed as WMD for the effect of high versus low MUFA on plasma glucose, plasma insulin, HbA1c and insulin sensitivity (HOMA) in changes from baseline”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Data Extraction and Statistical Analysis
“between the post-intervention values of the intervention and control groups.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
“Esposito et al. [18] reported significant improvements in adiponectin levels”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > References
“18. Boulé NG, Haddad E, Kenny GP, Wells GA, Sigal RJ: Effects of exercise on glycemic con- trol and body mass index in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of controlled clini- cal trials.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Fasting Insulin
“WMD for the effects of high-versus low-MUFA regimens was -0.05 mg/dl”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Assessed Outcomes
“fasting plasma insulin ( U/ ml)”
Citations
Cites
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139
Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary?
Jadad, A. R., Moore, R. A., Carroll, D., Jenkinson, C., Reynolds, D. J. M., Gavaghan, D. J., & McQuay, H. J. (1996) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(95)00134-4 · Cited by 17,582
Diabetes Mellitus, Fasting Glucose, and Risk of Cause-Specific Death
The Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1008862 · Cited by 2,726
Lichtenstein, A. H., Appel, L. J., Brands, M., Carnethon, M., Daniels, S., Franch, H. A., Franklin, B., Kris-Etherton, P., Harris, W. S., Howard, B., et al. (2006) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.176158 · Cited by 2,705
Obesity and Diabetes in the Developing World — A Growing Challenge
Hossain, P., Kawar, B., & El Nahas, M. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp068177 · Cited by 2,200
Kahn, S. E. (2003) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-002-1009-0 · Cited by 2,166
Weight Loss with a Low-Carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or Low-Fat Diet
Shai, I., Schwarzfuchs, D., Henkin, Y., Shahar, D. R., Witkow, S., Greenberg, I., Golan, R., Fraser, D., Bolotin, A., Vardi, H., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0708681 · Cited by 2,143
Esposito, K., Marfella, R., Ciotola, M., Di Palo, C., Giugliano, F., Giugliano, G., D'Armiento, M., D'Andrea, F., & Giugliano, D. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.12.1440 · Cited by 2,126
Turner, R. C., Millns, H., Neil, H. A. W., Stratton, I. M., Manley, S. E., Matthews, D. R., & Holman, R. R. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.316.7134.823 · Cited by 2,014
Boulé, N. G., Haddad, E., Kenny, G. P., Wells, G. A., & Sigal, R. J. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.286.10.1218 · Cited by 1,889
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- 10.1007%2fs00125-003-1190-9 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mozaffarian, D. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.115.018585 · Cited by 2,216
“lowers glucose among those predisposed to insulin resistance.(354) Yet, total monounsaturated fat intake is not associated with lower incidence of diabetes mellitus(355); it is associated with trends toward greater CVD in some cohort studies(155);”
Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes
Evert, A. B., Boucher, J. L., Cypress, M., Dunbar, S. A., Franz, M. J., Mayer-Davis, E. J., Neumiller, J. J., Nwankwo, R., Verdi, C. L., Urbanski, P., et al. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-2042 · Cited by 1,129
Ryan, M. C., Itsiopoulos, C., Thodis, T., Ward, G., Trost, N., Hofferberth, S., O’Dea, K., Desmond, P. V., Johnson, N. A., & Wilson, A. M. (2013) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2013.02.012 · Cited by 778
“Previous studies have demonstrated that a MUFA-rich diet improves postprandial glucose, decreases oxidised LDL, LDL cholesterol, and TG concentrations without a concomitant increase in HDL cholesterol, and improves glyp-1 responses in insulin-resistant subjects [40–42].”
BackgroundNutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes
Evert, A. B., Boucher, J. L., Cypress, M., Dunbar, S. A., Franz, M. J., Mayer-Davis, E. J., Neumiller, J. J., Nwankwo, R., Verdi, C. L., Urbanski, P., et al. (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc14-s120 · Cited by 766
Schwingshackl, L., & HOFFMANN, G. E. (2014) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2014.03.003 · Cited by 612
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Schwingshackl, L., Strasser, B., & Hoffmann, G.
- Affiliations
- UMIT TIROL - Private University for Health Sciences and Health Technology (AT)
- Venue
- Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 290-296
- ISSN
- 0250-6807 (ISSN-L)
- 1421-9697
- OpenAlex
- W1973429542
- Semantic Scholar
- daac3f77ce897816a7166330a66056e99aa7339f
- Cited by
- 147
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Diet and metabolism studies
- Keywords
- monounsaturated fatty acids, glycemic control, type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, dietary fat composition, abnormal glucose metabolism, obesity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Hyperglycemia, Hypoglycemia, Insulin Resistance, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Glucose Intolerance, Overweight
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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