The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 29 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
Background/Aims: In 2008, the American Diabetes Association recommended low-carbohydrate or low-fat diets for weight management in patients with established type 2 diabetes (T2D), while the amount of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was not specified. This systematic review focused on the effects of diets high in MUFA versus diets low in MUFA on important risk factors of T2D (i.e. plasma glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and glycosylated haemoglobin, HbA1c). Methods: Nine randomized controlled intervention trials with a total of 1,547 participants and a running time of at least 6 months, comparing diets high versus low in MUFA among adults with abnormal glucose metabolism (T2D, impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistant), being overweight or obese, have been included in the meta-analysis. We performed a random effects meta-analysis to determine the weighted mean differences with 95% confidence intervals using the software package Review Manager 5.0.25 of the Cochrane Collaboration. Results: Significant differences in HbA1c were found (weighted mean difference –0.21%, 95% CI –0.40 to –0.02; p = 0.03), favouring the high MUFA groups. In contrast, fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin as well as the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance were not affected by the amounts of MUFA in the dietary protocols. Conclusions: In summary, this systematic review found that high MUFA diets appear to be effective in reducing HbA1c, and therefore, should be recommended in the dietary regimes of T2D.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This systematic review and meta-analysis of 9 long-term RCTs in people with abnormal glucose metabolism found that high-MUFA diets (≥12% of total energy) significantly lowered HbA1c compared with low-MUFA diets. Fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR did not differ significantly between high- and low-MUFA diets.
Key findings
- HbA1c was significantly reduced with high- vs low-MUFA diets: WMD −0.21% (95% CI −0.40 to −0.02; p = 0.03; 5 studies, 667 participants; I² = 15%). The high-MUFA vs low-fat subgroup also showed a significant reduction: WMD −0.28% (95% CI −0.52 to −0.03; p = 0.03).
- Fasting plasma glucose did not differ significantly: WMD −3.02 mg/dl (95% CI −6.66 to 0.63; p = 0.11; 9 studies, 1,545 participants; I² = 81%).
- Fasting plasma insulin did not differ significantly: WMD −0.05 (95% CI −1.60 to 1.49; p = 0.94; 9 studies, 1,547 participants; I² = 84%).
- HOMA-IR did not differ significantly: WMD −0.26 (95% CI −0.75 to 0.24; p = 0.31; 6 studies, 1,355 participants; I² = 86%).
Methods
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs in participants with abnormal glucose metabolism (IGT, T2D, IR), BMI ≥25, intervention/follow-up ≥6 months, and nutritional counselling by a dietician. Searches covered Medline (1966–May 2011), Embase (1980–May 2011), and the Cochrane Trial Register (until May 2011).
- Included 9 RCTs with 1,547 participants; intervention durations ranged from 6 months to 4 years. High-MUFA diets were defined as ≥12% of total energy content (TEC); low-MUFA diets as ≤12% TEC, including low-fat, low/high glycaemic index, high-protein, and control diets.
- Random-effects meta-analysis using Review Manager 5.0.25; outcomes were fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin, HOMA-IR, and HbA1c. Results reported as weighted mean differences (WMDs) with 95% CIs; heterogeneity assessed with Q and I²; funnel plots assessed publication bias; Jadad score assessed study quality.
Limitations
- Stated: unpublished data were not considered; included publications varied in diet types, MUFA definitions, study populations, intervention time, and follow-up protocols; drug regimens were not identical across participants; mixed IGT, IR, and T2D populations were included, and effects might be especially strong in T2D. The funnel plot for HbA1c showed little asymmetry/small potential publication bias.
- Evident: heterogeneity was substantial for fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin, and HOMA-IR (I² >80%), so those pooled null estimates should be interpreted cautiously; the significant HbA1c finding rests on 5 studies and 667 participants.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pooled estimates of effects of high-versus low-MUFA diets on fasting plasma glucose were -3.02 mg/dl, which was statistically not significant (95% CI -6.66 to 0.63; p = 0.11).”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin as well as the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance were not affected by the amounts of MUFA in the dietary protocols.”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Outcome Measures Fasting Glucose
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: Imputing the baseline standard deviation for one trial is a valid procedure because baseline and post-intervention standard deviations were similar in the other included trials.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Decreases in HOMA-IR did not differ significantly between high-and low-MUFA dietary protocols (WMD -0.26, 95% CI -0.75 to 0.24; p = 0.31).”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin as well as the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance were not affected by the amounts of MUFA in the dietary protocols.”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > HOMA Insulin Resistance
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: Imputing the baseline standard deviation for one trial is a valid procedure because baseline and post-intervention standard deviations were similar in the other included trials.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The post-hoc analyses showed that the HbA1c reduction was significant following a high-MUFA as compared to LF diets (WMD -0.28%, 95% CI -0.52 to -0.03; p = 0.03) ( fig. 1 ).”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Haemoglobin A1c
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: Imputing the baseline standard deviation for one trial is a valid procedure because baseline and post-intervention standard deviations were similar in the other included trials.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fasting insulin was assessed in a total of 1,547 subjects.WMD for the effects of high-versus low-MUFA regimens was -0.05 mg/dl (95% CI -1.60 to 1.49; p = 0.94), which was not statistically significant.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin as well as the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance were not affected by the amounts of MUFA in the dietary protocols.”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Fasting Insulin
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 1,547Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: Imputing the baseline standard deviation for one trial is a valid procedure because baseline and post-intervention standard deviations were similar in the other included trials.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, we found heterogeneity across trials concerning fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin and HOMA-IR (I 2 1 80%).”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Heterogeneity
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Significant differences in HbA1c were found (weighted mean difference -0.21%, 95% CI -0.40 to -0.02; p = 0.03), favouring the high MUFA groups.”
- Also stated in: § Haemoglobin A1c · plain
“High-MUFA diets were associated with significantly decreased values of HbA1c compared to low-MUFA settings (WMD -0.21%, 95% CI -0.40 to -0.02; p = 0.03).”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: Imputing the baseline standard deviation for one trial is a valid procedure because baseline and post-intervention standard deviations were similar in the other included trials.
- Also stated in: § Haemoglobin A1c · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In relation to outcomes, the review demonstrated relatively homogeneous values between studies with regard to HbA1c (I 2 = 15%).”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Heterogeneity
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“A total of 9 studies, recruiting 1,547 participants met the inclusion criteria [18,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] .”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Characteristics of Studies and Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: Imputing the baseline standard deviation for one trial is a valid procedure because baseline and post-intervention standard deviations were similar in the other included trials.
In the paper
“The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) is an independent predictor of CVD in T2D [7] .”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To our knowledge, there is only one meta-analysis including only short-term trials dealing with the potential benefits of MUFA in patients with T2D.”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Introduction
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 12
- Probably not a substantial claim. 17
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The funnel plot with respect to effect size changes for HbA1c response to high-MUFA diets indicates little asymmetry, suggesting that there might be a small potential publication bias ( fig. 2 ).”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Publication Bias
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The funnel plot to effect size changes for HbA1c response to high-MUFA diets shows a small asymmetry, which indicates a reduced risk of publication bias.”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Limitations
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Kinsell et al. [10] reported that the type of fat consumed might influence insulin action in humans.”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The improvement in IR might have beneficial effects, not only on glucose control, but also on CVD in patients with T2D [7] .”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous meta-analyses, comparing diets with different amounts of fats in daily nutrition, reported an inconclusive impact of MUFA on biomarkers of CVD, which might be due to the fact that these meta-analyses included short-term intervention trials [12,13] .”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Introduction
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Attrition rates did not differ significantly between the intervention groups.”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Characteristics of Studies and Participants
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In a retrospective study by Currie et al. [31] , investigating 47,970 patients with diabetes, HbA1c values 1 6.5% were correlated with an increased mortality rate.”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Dietary composition could play a significant role in improving insulin sensitivity and reducing the risk of T2D as well as its associated complications [5] .”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subjects with IGT, IR as well as with T2D were included, and the effects of the intervention on glucose parameters might be especially strong in patients with T2D.”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Limitations
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, it is not surprising that the literature chosen for the present analysis varies regarding type(s) of diets used, definitions of MUFA diets, study population, intervention time as well as long-term followup protocols.”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This systematic review does not consider unpublished data, and it cannot be excluded that these results may have had at least a moderate impact on the effect size estimates.”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Limitations
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the drug regimen was not identical for all participants in the included studies.”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis of observational studies showed that chronic hyperglycaemia is associated with an increased risk of CVD in persons with T2D [9] .”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The outcome of this analysis shows that a high-MUFA diet had more favourable effects on glucose control in T2D than low-MUFA diets, while no effects on fasting insulin had been observed [12] .”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To consider heterogeneity, the random-effects model was used to estimate WMDs with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Data Extraction and Statistical Analysis
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In the Framingham Heart Study, impaired fasting glucose was associated with increased coronary heart disease risk in women [8] .”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Long-term inter-vention trials have demonstrated a significant correlation between substantial weight loss or increased physical activity and a reduced incidence of T2D [3,4] .”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Introduction
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Funnel plots were used to assess potential publication bias (i.e. the tendency for studies that yield statistically significant results to be more likely to be submitted and accepted for publication).”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Data Extraction and Statistical Analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Esposito et al. [18] reported significant improvements in adiponectin levels in the high-MUFA group, compared with an LF protocol after a 4-year intervention period with a simultaneous reduction in the need for antihyperglycaemic medication in the high-MUFA group.”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Likewise, an HbA1c increase of 1 percentage point was associated with a relative risk for death from any cause of 1.24 in men and 1.28 in women [32] .”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data suggest that MUFA-based dietary strategies might provide cardiovascular benefits to persons at risk, by limiting lipid and insulin excursions, and may thereby contribute to optimal glycaemic control after meal challenges.”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, high levels of adiponectin have been shown to be associated with a reduced risk of T2D [38] .”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Specific recommendations for MUFA are given by the American Heart Association ( ^ 15% of TEC) and by the American Dietetic Association ( ! 20% of TEC) [40,41] , but not by the American Diabetes Association [11] .”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40]
- Not checked yetcites [41]
- Not checked yetcites [11] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a recently published review, Gillingham et al. [39] concluded that more and more epidemiological and human clinical trial data demonstrate the cardioprotective activity of the MUFA content of dietary fat.”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39]
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The authors concluded that the beneficial effect of dietary MUFA on insulin sensitivity is associated with a conserved IRS-1/PI3 kinase insulin signalling pathway, which was altered by saturated fatty acids [37] .”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Early pancreatic  -cell dysfunction causes IR and IGT [33,34] .”
§ Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33]
- Not checked yetcites [34]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Imputing the baseline standard deviation for one trial is a valid procedure because baseline and post-intervention standard deviations were similar in the other included trials.
“We assumed that this is a valid procedure, since the baseline and post-intervention SD were found to be similar within the other trials included in the metaanalysis.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Table describes change scores, but methods specify endpoint values
MajorTable 2 says its pooled effects are changes from baseline, whereas the methods say the meta-analysis compared post-intervention values. These are different outcome measures.
“Table 2 . Pooled estimates of effect size expressed as WMD for the effect of high versus low MUFA on plasma glucose, plasma insulin, HbA1c and insulin sensitivity (HOMA) in changes from baseline”
“between the post-intervention values of the intervention and control groups.”
Esposito citation points to a different author
MinorThe discussion identifies reference [18] as an Esposito study, but entry 18 in the reference list is by Boulé and colleagues.
“Esposito et al. [18] reported significant improvements in adiponectin levels”
“18. Boulé NG, Haddad E, Kenny GP, Wells GA, Sigal RJ: Effects of exercise on glycemic con- trol and body mass index in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of controlled clini- cal trials.”
Fasting insulin is reported in incompatible units
MinorThe assessed-outcomes section specifies U/ml for fasting plasma insulin, but the fasting-insulin result reports its mean difference in mg/dl.
“WMD for the effects of high-versus low-MUFA regimens was -0.05 mg/dl”
“fasting plasma insulin ( U/ ml)”
Citations
Cites
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139
Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary?
Jadad, A. R., Moore, R. A., Carroll, D., Jenkinson, C., Reynolds, D. J. M., Gavaghan, D. J., & McQuay, H. J. (1996) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(95)00134-4 · Cited by 17,582
Diabetes Mellitus, Fasting Glucose, and Risk of Cause-Specific Death
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Mozaffarian, D. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.115.018585 · Cited by 2,216
“lowers glucose among those predisposed to insulin resistance.(354) Yet, total monounsaturated fat intake is not associated with lower incidence of diabetes mellitus(355); it is associated with trends toward greater CVD in some cohort studies(155);”
Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes
Evert, A. B., Boucher, J. L., Cypress, M., Dunbar, S. A., Franz, M. J., Mayer-Davis, E. J., Neumiller, J. J., Nwankwo, R., Verdi, C. L., Urbanski, P., et al. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-2042 · Cited by 1,129
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“Previous studies have demonstrated that a MUFA-rich diet improves postprandial glucose, decreases oxidised LDL, LDL cholesterol, and TG concentrations without a concomitant increase in HDL cholesterol, and improves glyp-1 responses in insulin-resistant subjects [40–42].”
BackgroundNutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes
Evert, A. B., Boucher, J. L., Cypress, M., Dunbar, S. A., Franz, M. J., Mayer-Davis, E. J., Neumiller, J. J., Nwankwo, R., Verdi, C. L., Urbanski, P., et al. (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc14-s120 · Cited by 766
Schwingshackl, L., & HOFFMANN, G. E. (2014) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2014.03.003 · Cited by 612
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“All funnel plots indicate little to moderate asymmetry, suggesting that publication bias cannot be completely excluded as a factor of influence on the present meta-analysis (Additional file 1: Figures S1, Table 1 General study characteristics of the included cohort studies Author, year Cohort name country Outcomes Pop…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationHarvie, M., Wright, C., Pegington, M., McMullan, D., Mitchell, E., Martin, B., Cutler, R. G., Evans, G., Whiteside, S., Maudsley, S., et al. (2013) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114513000792 · Cited by 431
“The higher total fat (37 % energy) and MUFA intake (14 % energy) with the IECR þ PF diet would be expected to exert either a neutral or beneficial effect on insulin sensitivity((43,44)).”
BackgroundChanges in Plasma Free Fatty Acids Associated with Type-2 Diabetes
Sobczak, A. I. S., Blindauer, C. A., & Stewart, A. J. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11092022 · Cited by 314
“Similar beneficial effects have been observed in several other studies [32,66], but other recent reviews report no associations with diabetes incidence [34,67].”
ResultSchwingshackl, L., & HOFFMANN, G. E. (2012) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu4121989 · Cited by 317
“…controlled trials, ≥6 months, isocaloric and hypocaloric diets; subgroup analysis MUFA vs. LF, PUFA, LGI, HGI, Controls analyzed 1966– 2011 13 Schwingshackl et al. 2011 [58] Comparing high MUFA (>12% of TEC) vs. low MUFA (≤12% MUFA of TEC) on glycemic control in subjects with abnormal…”
BackgroundSelf-citationSchwingshackl, L., Chaimani, A., Hoffmann, G., Schwedhelm, C., & Boeing, H. (2018) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-017-0352-x · Cited by 273
Self-citationQian, F., Korat, A. A., Malik, V., & Hu, F. B. (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc16-0513 · Cited by 222
“(3) that reported significant reductions in HbA1c when comparing high-MUFA to highCHO diets and nonsignificant reductions in plasma insulin, plasma glucose, and HOMA-insulin resistance.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGrosso, G., Yang, J., Marventano, S., Micek, A., Galvano, F., & Kales, S. N. (2015) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.099515 · Cited by 225
“Their unique fatty acid composition is considered one of the key features responsible for nuts’ health benefits of nuts, for instance in relation to their lipid-lowering and glucose metabolism ameliorating effects (4, 32).”
BackgroundSchwingshackl, L., Lampousi, A.-M., Portillo, M. P., Romaguera, D., HOFFMANN, G. E., & Boeing, H. (2017) · Nutrition and Diabetes · doi:10.1038/nutd.2017.12 · Cited by 225
Self-citationSchwingshackl, L., & Hoffmann, G. (2013) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2013.07.010 · Cited by 218
Self-citationImpact of Nutritional Changes on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Perdomo, C. M., Frühbeck, G., & Escalada, J. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11030677 · Cited by 222
“However, in certain subpopulations (i.e., obesity, type 2 diabetes [T2D]) the estimated prevalence of NAFLD is significantly higher, ranging from 43–92%.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCurrent Evidence Supporting the Link Between Dietary Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease
Hammad, S. S., Pu, S., & Jones, P. J. H. (2015) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-015-4113-x · Cited by 208
Papakonstantinou, E., Oikonomou, C., Nychas, G., & Dimitriadis, G. D. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14040823 · Cited by 199
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“Outcomes: The two proposed analyses will assess a set of outcomes related to a different area of cardiometabolic control: (1) glycemic control (glycated blood proteins[HbA1c, fructosamine, glycated albumin], fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMAIR]) and (2)…”
BackgroundInfluentialLipid Droplet-Derived Monounsaturated Fatty Acids Traffic via PLIN5 to Allosterically Activate SIRT1
Najt, C. P., Khan, S. A., Heden, T. D., Witthuhn, B. A., Perez, M., Heier, J. L., Mead, L. E., Franklin, M. P., Karanja, K. K., Graham, M. J., et al. (2019) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2019.12.003 · Cited by 163
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Table olives and health: a review
Rocha, J., Borges, N., & Pinho, O. (2020) · Journal of Nutritional Science · doi:10.1017/jns.2020.50 · Cited by 108
“In fact, it was observed that a high MUFA diet is associated with a decrease of about 0·21 % in haemoglobin A1c and an improvement in insulin sensitivity((35,48)).”
BackgroundGonçalves-de-Albuquerque, C. F., de Moraes, I. M. M., Oliveira, F. M. D. J., Burth, P., Bozza, P. T., Faria, M. V. C., Silva, A. R., & Castro-Faria-Neto, H. C. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153607 · Cited by 96
“Previous reports have indicated that MUFA might represent a useful tool in the design of dietary regimens for obesity, cardiovascular diseases [22] and type 2 diabetes [23].”
BackgroundResultThomsen, M. N., Skytte, M. J., Samkani, A., Carl, M. H., Weber, P., Astrup, A., Chabanova, E., Fenger, M., Frystyk, J., Hartmann, B., et al. (2022) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-021-05628-8 · Cited by 90
“such as fibre (higher in the CD diet) and monounsaturated fat (higher in the CRHP diet) may have affected glycaemic control [22, 41, 42] and hepatic fat accumulation [31] independently of the macronutrient distribution.”
BackgroundJacobo-Cejudo, M. G., Valdés-Ramos, R., Guadarrama-López, A. L., Pardo-Morales, R.-V., Martínez-Carrillo, B. E., & Harbige, L. S. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9060573 · Cited by 88
“monounsaturated fat and protein can affect some of the parameters we have measured (leptin and glycosylated hemoglobin) and in the same direction we observed for the placebo group [48,49].”
BackgroundMohan, V., Gayathri, R., Jaacks, L. M., Lakshmipriya, N., Anjana, R. M., Spiegelman, D. L., Jeevan, R. G., Balasubramaniam, K. K. G., Shobana, S., Jayanthan, M., et al. (2018) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxx001 · Cited by 86
“A recent systematic review (53) reported that studies with MUFA intake >12% of energy conferred a significant reduction in HbA1c.”
BackgroundExercise and diet in the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Mahady, S. E., & George, J. (2015) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2015.10.032 · Cited by 73
Schwingshackl, L., & HOFFMANN, G. E. (2014) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114514000464 · Cited by 61
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“Fatty acids are dynamic molecules capable of in fl uencing a wide range of cell signaling pathways and potentially modulating lipid metabolism, 4,42,43 glucose homeostasis, 44,45 blood pressure, 46 – 48 in fl ammatory response, 49 – 51 and endothelial function.”
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EMAS position statement: Diet and health in midlife and beyond
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MUFA in metabolic syndrome and associated risk factors: is MUFA the opposite side of the PUFA coin?
Sheashea, M., Xiao, J., & Farag, M. A. (2021) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d1fo00979f · Cited by 49
Mediterranean Diet and Workplace Health Promotion
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Nutrients other than carbohydrates: their effects on glucose homeostasis in humans
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“A recent meta-analysis of the existing literature on low-carbohydrate and high-fat diets suggests that these diets, unlike high-carbohydrate and high glycaemic index diets, may be effective in improving glycaemic control, weight, and lipid profiles [30].”
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“[32] Schwingshackl L, Strasser B, Hoffmann G.”
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“MUFA FBG ↓, HbA1c ↓ [29,30] GFR decline ↑ [36] Albuminuria ↓ [33,34] GFR decline ↓ [33,34]”
BackgroundZhuang, P., Mao, L., Wu, F. L., Wang, J., Jiao, J., & Zhang, Y. (2020) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxaa103 · Cited by 40
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“g/day) can improve flow mediated dilation and cardiovascular health [33].”
BackgroundRos, E., López‐Miranda, J., Picó, C., Rubio, M. Á., Babió, N., Sala‐Vila, A., Pérez‐Jiménez, F., Escrich, E., Bulló, M., Solanas, M., et al. (2015) · PubMed · doi:10.3305/nh.2015.32.2.9202 · Cited by 40
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“Protective impacts of higher MUFA intakes on established risk factors for specific diseases, including CHD and T2D, two of the global leading causes of mortality and substantial societal burden, are acknowledged.(88,89) It is thus reasonable that reductions in the incidence of these diseases following increased adhere…”
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High-MUFA Diets Reduce Fasting Glucose in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Schwingshackl, L., & Strasser, B. (2012) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000335162 · Cited by 34
Self-citationDietary Fatty Acids: Is it Time to Change the Recommendations?
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Total Fat Intake Is Associated with Decreased Mortality in Japanese Men but Not in Women
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Asoudeh, F., Fallah, M., Aminianfar, A., Djafarian, K., Shirzad, N., Clark, C. C. T., Larijani, B. A., & Esmaillzadeh, A. (2023) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-023-02027-1 · Cited by 29
“Indeed, numerous studies have shown that replacing saturated fatty acids with MUFA could yield beneficial effects, including improving lipid profiles, blood pressure, insulin sensitivity, as well as reduction of inflammatory factors [42–44].”
BackgroundLi, S., Ding, L., & Xiao, X. (2021) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2021/8521756 · Cited by 28
“Moreover, although the evidence for total fat intake is disputable, there is a mushrooming number of research supporting the value of fat quality [40] for the prevention of CVD.”
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Nut consumption for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease
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“For example, monounsaturated fat (MUFA) has been shown to be protective in some studies [4–5] but neutral [6–7] in others.”
BackgroundNaughton, S., Hanson, E. D., Mathai, M. L., & McAinch, A. J. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10101376 · Cited by 23
“A meta-analysis comparing low- and high-MUFA diets found that a high MUFA intake correlated with a decrease in HbA1c in diabetic individuals [45], with another study finding that a high-MUFA diet decreases fasting blood glucose when compared to high-PUFA diets [46].”
BackgroundDehghani, F., Morvaridzadeh, M., Pizarro, A. B., Rouzitalab, T., Khorshidi, M., Izadi, A., Shidfar, F., Omidi, A., & Heshmati, J. (2021) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2021.02.017 · Cited by 23
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“They are capable of influencing a wide range of cell signaling pathways and have been implicated in the regulation of several processes involved in the etiology of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including lipid metabolism (2–4), glucose homeostasis (5,6), blood pressure (7–9), inflammatory response (10–12) and endoth…”
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“Unexpectedly, we found lower consumption of MUFA in the LFD group, but we did not consider it plausible that it contributed to decrease waist circumference or fasting blood glucose, since the decrease in MUFA, with similar decrease in total fat and calories, either worsens [16] or has a neutral effect on IR [17].”
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Oleic Acid in the Diet and What It Does: Implications for Diabetes and Its Complications
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“In diabetes condition excessive intake of protein and low insulin level may cause increase in conversion of proteins to glucose, which may cause negative impact on blood glucose control [129,130]”
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“Additionally, evidence has been reported that a MUFA-rich diet instead of a high carbohydrate diet enhances the glucose tolerance of type 2 diabetes patients [11].”
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“One meta-analysis including long-term trials with duration of at least 6 months comparing high-MUFA (>12% of total energy content) versus low-MUFA (≤12% of total energy content) diets on glycemic control in participants with abnormal glucose metabolism found that high MUFA diets appear to be effective in reducing HbA1…”
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“However, findings have been inconsistent, including protective (32, 33), harmful (34), and null associations (33).”
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Does the Mediterranean diet reduce the odds of diabetic nephropathy in women? A case–control study
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“Several studies have demonstrated that a high intake of monounsaturated fat improves postprandial glucose, decreases oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL), LDL cholesterol, and triacylglycerol concentrations, particularly for a diet in which monounsaturated fats replace both saturated fat and high levels of carbohydr…”
Backgroundde Barros, C. R., Cezaretto, A., Curti, M. L. R., Monfort‐Pires, M., Folchetti, L. D., Siqueira-Catania, A., & Ferreira, S. R. G. (2014) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/1758-5996-6-136 · Cited by 12
“It remains unclear whether beneficial effects on glucose metabolism are independent of body weight [9,10].”
BackgroundFree fatty acid profile in Type 2 diabetic subjects with different control of glycemia
Mandal, Š., Causevic, A., Džudžević-Čančar, H., & Semiz, S. (2017) · World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-4166-2_117 · Cited by 12
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“Canola oil is a rich source of MUFAs, whose ameliorating effect on HbA1c has been demonstrated by a meta-analysis study [38].”
BackgroundDietary Fatty Acids and the Metabolic Syndrome: A Personalized Nutrition Approach
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What the Latest Evidence Tells Us About Fat and Cardiovascular Health
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“Mediterranean Eating Pattern The current ADA nutrition therapy guidelines state that, “in people with type 2 diabetes, a Mediterranean, MUFA-rich eating pattern may benefit glycemic control and CVD risk factors and can therefore be recommended as an effective alternative to a lower-fat, higher-carbohydrate eating patt…”
BackgroundOleate Ameliorates Palmitate-Induced Impairment of Differentiative Capacity in C2C12 Myoblast Cells
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“Several RCT meta analyses showed that high monounsaturated fat diet can improve some indicators of the metabolism such as blood sugar, blood fat, and blood pressure compared with high-carbohydrate diets [41–44].”
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“A detailed description of the method for capturing dietary intake has previously been published [25].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWood, A. C., Senn, M. K., & Rotter, J. I. (2023) · Journal of Diabetes Mellitus · doi:10.4236/jdm.2023.132010 · Cited by 9
“Nonetheless, previous meta-analyses have shown that the associations of MUFAs and olive oil (an oil rich in MUFAs) with better glucose control are stronger in those with dysglycemia than normoglycemics, and stronger still in those with T2D [10] [12] [33].”
BackgroundNjike, V. Y., Costales, V. C., Petraro, P., Annam, R., Yarandi, N., & Katz, D. L. (2018) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/0890117118791120 · Cited by 8
Efficacy of a meal sequence in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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“Meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials demonstrated that high-MUFA diets were effective in reducing glycated Hb (HbA1c) among individuals with glucose metabolism disorders(6) and improving metabolic risk factors including fasting plasma glucose among T2D patients(7).”
BackgroundSenn, M. K., Goodarzi, M. O., Ramesh, G., Allison, M., Graff, M., Young, K. L., Talavera, G. A., McClain, A. C., Garcia, T. P., Rotter, J. I., et al. (2023) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2023.08.002 · Cited by 8
“However, lending weight to the notion that diet-glycemia associations differ by glycemia status ([13,14]), this finding was only significant in those with prediabetes at baseline, not in those with normoglycemia [17].”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Schwingshackl, L., Strasser, B., & Hoffmann, G.
- Affiliations
- UMIT TIROL - Private University for Health Sciences and Health Technology (AT)
- Venue
- Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 290-296
- ISSN
- 0250-6807 (ISSN-L)
- 1421-9697
- OpenAlex
- W1973429542
- Semantic Scholar
- daac3f77ce897816a7166330a66056e99aa7339f
- Cited by
- 147
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Diet and metabolism studies
- Keywords
- monounsaturated fatty acids, glycemic control, type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, dietary fat composition, abnormal glucose metabolism, obesity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Hyperglycemia, Hypoglycemia, Insulin Resistance, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Glucose Intolerance, Overweight
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