Safety and efficacy of oxandrolone in growth hormone-treated girls with Turner syndrome: evidence from recent studies and recommendations for use
Open accessAbstract
There has been no consensus regarding the efficacy and safety of oxandrolone (Ox) in addition to growth hormone (GH) in girls with Turner syndrome (TS), the optimal age of starting this treatment, or the optimal dose. This collaborative venture between Dutch, UK and US centers is intended to give a summary of the data from three recently published randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind studies on the effects of Ox. The published papers from these studies were reviewed within the group of authors to reach consensus about the recommendations. The addition of Ox to GH treatment leads to an increase in adult height, on average 2.3–4.6 cm. If Ox dosages<0.06 mg/kg/day are used, side effects are modest. The most relevant safety concerns are virilization(including clitoromegaly and voice deepening) and a transient delay of breast development. We advise monitoring signs of virilization breast development and possibly blood lipids during Ox treatment, in addition to regular follow-up assessments for TS. In girls with TS who are severely short for age, in whom very short adult stature is anticipated,or in whom the growth rate is modest despite good compliance with GH, adjunctive treatment with Ox at a dosage of 0.03–0.05 mg/kg/day starting from the age of 8–10 years onward scan be considered.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so the self-check wasn’t run.
Cites
RADIOGRAPHIC ATLAS OF SKELETAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE HAND AND WRIST
GREULICH, W. W., & Pyle, S. I. (1959) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/00000441-195909000-00030 · Cited by 5,598 · see citing works
Growth curve for girls with Turner syndrome.
Lyon, A., Preece, M. A., & Grant, D. B. (1985) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.60.10.932 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
SITAR—a useful instrument for growth curve analysis
Cole, T. J., Donaldson, M., & Ben‐Shlomo, Y. (2010) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyq115 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Self-citationPubertal development in The Netherlands 1965–1997
Mul, D., Fredriks, A. M., van Buuren, S., Oostdijk, W., Verloove-Vanhorick, S. P., & Wit, J. M. (2001) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/00006450-200110000-00010 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Self-citationGrowth hormone therapy of Turner's syndrome: beneficial effect on adult height
Rosenfeld, R. G., Attie, K. M., Frane, J., Brasel, A., Burstein, S., Cara, J. F., Chernausek, S., Gotlin, R. W., Kuntze, J., Lippe, B. M., et al. (1998) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(98)70452-4 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Improved final height in girls with Turner's syndrome treated with growth hormone and oxandrolone
NILSSON, K. O., Albertsson-Wikland, K. G., Alm, J., Aronson, S., Gustafsson, J.-Å., Hagenäs, L., Häger, A., Ivarsson, S. A., KARLBERG, J. P. E., Kriström, B., et al. (1996) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.81.2.8636281 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Reference values for height, height velocity and weight in Turner's Syndrome
Rongen‐Westerlaken, C., Corel, L. J. A., den Broeck, J. V., Massa, G., KARLBERG, J. P. E., Albertsson-Wikland, K. G., Næraa, R. W., & Wit, J. M. (1997) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1997.tb15174.x · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationIncreased fracture rates in Turner's syndrome: a nationwide questionnaire survey
Gravholt, C. H., Vestergaard, P., Hermann, A. P., Mosekilde, L., Brixen, K., & Christiansen, J. S. (2003) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01807.x · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Efficacy and safety of oxandrolone in growth hormone-treated girls with Turner syndrome
Menke, L. A., Sas, T. C. J., de Muinck Keizer-Schrama, S. M. P. F., Zandwijken, G. R. J., de Ridder, M. A. J., Odink, R. J., Jansen, M., Delemarre-van de Waal, H. A., Stokvis-Brantsma, W. H., Waelkens, J. J., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-1821 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationBakalov, V. K., Axelrod, L., Baron, J., Hanton, L., Nelson, L. M., Reynolds, J. C., Hill, S. C., Troendle, J. F., & Bondy, C. A. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030913 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Gault, E. J., Perry, R. J., Cole, T. J., Casey, S., Paterson, W. F., Hindmarsh, P. C., Betts, P., Dunger, D. B., Donaldson, M. D. C., & on behalf of the British Society for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d1980 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationStahnke, N., Keller, E., Landy, H., & Serono Study Group (2002) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem.2002.15.2.129 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Bardsley, M. Z., Shah, K. R., Kowal, K., Cutler, G. B., Kushner, H., & ROSS, J. L. (2010) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000317529 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationSas, T., Gerver, W. M., de Bruin, R., Stijnen, T., Keizer‐Schrama, S. M. P. F. D. M., Cole, T. J., van Teunenbroek, A., & Drop, S. L. S. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.12.6225 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationLong-Term Follow-Up of GH-Treated Girls with Turner Syndrome: BMI, Blood Pressure, Body Proportions
Bannink, E. M. N., van der Palen, R. L. F., Mulder, P. G. H., & Keizer‐Schrama, S. M. P. F. D. M. (2009) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000223418 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Dehydroepiandrosterone, androgens and the mammary gland
Labrie, F. (2006) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590600624440 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
ROSS, J. L., Mazzocco, M. M. M., Kushner, H., Kowal, K., Cutler, G. B., & Roeltgen, D. P. (2009) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.05.031 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationLong-term effects of previous oxandrolone treatment in adult women with Turner syndrome
Freriks, K., Sas, T. C. J., Traas, M. A. F., Netea-Maier, R. T., den Heijer, M., Hermus, A. R. M. M., Wit, J. M., van Alfen-van der Velden, J. A. E. M., Otten, B. J., de Muinck Keizer-Schrama, S. M. P. F., et al. (2013) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-12-0404 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Effect of Oxandrolone on Voice Frequency in Growth Hormone-Treated Girls With Turner Syndrome
Menke, L. A., Sas, T., van Koningsbrugge, S. H. L., de Ridder, M. A. J., Zandwijken, G. R. J., Boersma, B., Dejonckere, P. H. O., Keizer‐Schrama, S. M. P. F. D. M., Otten, B. J., & Wit, J. M. (2010) · Journal of Voice · doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2010.06.002 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationMenke, L. A., Sas, T., Visser, M., Kreukels, B. P. C., Stijnen, T., Zandwijken, G. R. J., Keizer‐Schrama, S. M. P. F. D. M., Otten, B. J., Wit, J. M., & Cohen‐Kettenis, P. T. (2010) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.12.011 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationvan Teunenbroek, A., Stijnen, T., Otten, B. J., Keizer‐Schrama, S. D. M., Næraa, R. W., Rongen‐Westerlaken, C., & Drop, S. L. S. (1996) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14052.x · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationMenke, L. A., Sas, T., Zandwijken, G. R. J., de Ridder, M. A. J., Stijnen, T., Keizer‐Schrama, S. M. P. F. D. M., Otten, B. J., & Wit, J. M. (2010) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03789.x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationEffect of Oxandrolone on Glucose Metabolism in Growth Hormone-Treated Girls with Turner Syndrome
Menke, L. A., Sas, T., Stijnen, T., Zandwijken, G. R. J., Keizer‐Schrama, S. M. P. F. D. M., Otten, B. J., & Wit, J. M. (2010) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000319313 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationMenke, L. A., Sas, T., & Wit, J. M. (2010) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000317530 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Gravholt, C. H., Andersen, N. H., Conway, G. S., Dekkers, O. M., Geffner, M. E., Klein, K. O., Lin, A. E., Mauras, N., Quigley, C. A., Rubin, K., et al. (2017) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-17-0430 · Cited by 1,101 · see citing works
Self-citationClinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome.
Gravholt, C. H., Andersen, N. H., Christin-Maitre, S., Davis, S. M., Duijnhouwer, A., Gawlik, A., Maciel-Guerra, A. T., Gutmark-Little, I., Fleischer, K., Hong, D., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvae050 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Self-citationEstrogen replacement in Turner syndrome: literature review and practical considerations
Klein, K. O., Rosenfield, R. L., Santen, R. J., Gawlik, A. M., Backeljauw, P. F., Gravholt, C. H., Sas, T. C. J., & Mauras, N. (2018) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2017-02183 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Lin, A. E., Prakash, S. K., Andersen, N. H., Viuff, M. H., Levitsky, L. L., Rivera‐Davila, M., Crenshaw, M. L., Hansen, L., Colvin, M. K., Hayes, F. J., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.61310 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Sheanon, N. M., & Backeljauw, P. F. (2015) · International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology · doi:10.1186/s13633-015-0013-3 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Backeljauw, P., Kanumakala, S., Loche, S., Schwab, K. O., Pfäffle, R. W., Höybye, C., Lundberg, E., Battelino, T., Kriström, B., Giemza, T., et al. (2021) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000515875 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Gault, E. J., Cole, T. J., Casey, S., Hindmarsh, P. C., Betts, P., Dunger, D. B., & Donaldson, M. D. C. (2021) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2019-317695 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationKriström, B., Ankarberg-Lindgren, C., Barrenäs, M.-L., Nilsson, K. O., & Albertsson-Wikland, K. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1197897 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Sas, T. C. J., Gault, E. J., Zeger Bardsley, M., Menke, L. A., Freriks, K., Perry, R. J., Otten, B. J., de Muinck Keizer-Schrama, S. M. P. F., Timmers, H., Wit, J. M., Ross, J. L., & Donaldson, M. D. C.
- Affiliations
- Albert Schweitzer Ziekenhuis (NL)
- Royal Hospital for Children (GB)
- Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- Thomas Jefferson University (US)
- Venue
- Hormone Research in Paediatrics
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 289-297
- ISSN
- 1663-2818 (ISSN-L)
- 1663-2826
- OpenAlex
- W2102501531
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 9
- FWCI
- 3.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- pure.amsterdamumc.nl
- Locations
- Hormone Research in Paediatrics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
- Keywords
- oxandrolone, Turner syndrome, growth hormone therapy, adult height, masculinization, clitoromegaly, breast development, treatment safety, treatment efficacy, dose recommendations, treatment timing, short stature, serum lipids
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Androgens, Child, Child, Preschool, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Oxandrolone, Turner Syndrome, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Human Growth Hormone
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
