The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Gut as a Source of Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease
Open accessAbstract
Chronic inflammation is a non-traditional risk factor for cardiovascular mortality in the chronic kidney disease (CKD) population. In recent years, the gastrointestinal tract has emerged as a major instigator of systemic inflammation in CKD. Postmortem studies previously discovered gut wall inflammation throughout the digestive tract in chronic dialysis patients. In CKD animals, colon wall inflammation is associated with breakdown of the epithelial tight junction barrier (‘leaky gut') and translocation of bacterial DNA and endotoxin into the bloodstream. Gut bacterial DNA and endotoxin have also been detected in the serum from CKD and dialysis patients, whereby endotoxin levels increase with the CKD stage and correlate with the severity of systemic inflammation in the dialysis population. The CKD diet that is low in plant fiber and symbiotic organisms (in adherence with low potassium, low phosphorus intake) can alter the normal gut microbiome, leading to overgrowth of bacteria that produce uremic toxins such as cresyl and indoxyl molecules. The translocation of these toxins from the ‘leaky gut' into the bloodstream further promotes systemic inflammation, adverse cardiovascular outcomes and CKD progression. Data are lacking on optimal fiber and yogurt consumption in CKD that would favor growth of a more symbiotic microbiome while avoiding potassium and phosphorus overload. Prebiotic and probiotic formulations have shown promise in small clinical trials, in terms of lowering serum levels of uremic toxins and improving quality of life. The evidence points to a strong relationship between intestinal inflammation and adverse outcomes in CKD, and more trials investigating gut-targeted therapeutics are needed.
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Cites
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Chronic kidney disease alters intestinal microbial flora
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Self-citationPeripheral education of the immune system by colonic commensal microbiota
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Cited by
Intestinal barrier function: molecular regulation and disease pathogenesis
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Gut microbiota in cardiovascular health and disease
Tang, W. H. W., Kitai, T., & Hazen, S. L. (2017) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.117.309715 · Cited by 1,670
The gut microbiota and the brain–gut–kidney axis in hypertension and chronic kidney disease
Yang, T., Richards, E. M., Pepine, C. J., & Raizada, M. K. (2018) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/s41581-018-0018-2 · Cited by 753
Role of the Gut Microbiome in Uremia: A Potential Therapeutic Target
Ramezani, A., Massy, Z. A., Meijers, B., Evenepoel, P., Vanholder, R., & Raj, D. S. (2016) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.09.027 · Cited by 394
Gut–organ axis: a microbial outreach and networking
Ahlawat, S., Asha, & Sharma, K. K. (2021) · Letters in Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/lam.13333 · Cited by 361
Metadata
- Authors
- Lau, W. L., Kalantar-Zadeh, K., & Vaziri, N. D.
- Venue
- Nephron
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2015
- Volume
- 130
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 92-98
- ISSN
- 1660-8151 (ISSN-L)
- 2235-3186
- OpenAlex
- W2291733689
- Cited by
- 461
- References
- 9
- FWCI
- 35.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
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