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Cited by 59Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentStudent Stress and CopingMindfulness and Compassion Interventions

Stress Management Methods in Children and Adolescents: Past, Present, and Future

Zisopoulou, Triantafyllia, Varvogli, Liza·2023·Hormone Research in Paediatrics
DOI 10.1159/000526946
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Abstract

Background: Stress is a natural automatic reaction of organisms to challenging or threatening stimuli. Prevalence rates reveal an increasing number of students both in elementary and secondary education suffering from anxiety and other stress-related disorders and illnesses [The Journal of Pediatrics. 2009 Mar;154(3):322–6]. Literature shows a plethora of stress management techniques being used with children and adults to achieve stress reduction and inner peace. This narrative review primarily aimed at summarizing evidence-based relaxation techniques currently used by minors, contrasting them with data from the past and directions for the future. *(Additional content can be found at the bottom page of this review). Summary: Literature research revealed a plethora of stress management techniques, including breathing practices or exercises, meditation, guided imagery, clinical hypnosis, cognitive behavioral therapy, behavioral therapy, third wave therapies, interpersonal therapies, progressive muscle relaxation, autogenic training, biofeedback training, and mindfulness, that are deemed to be effective to treat stress and a variety of stress-related disorders such as anxiety disorders, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), headaches, abdominal pain, perioperative anxiety and postoperative pain, cancer, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. These evidence-based stress management techniques have been successfully employed in various settings such as schools, waiting rooms, dental offices, or inpatient settings. Key Messages: Stress management techniques used by children and adolescents are important to reduce anxiety, stress, and depressive symptoms, improve social skills, reduce stress-related physical pain, and achieve academic improvement across settings and diagnoses.

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Crossref · 10.1159/000526946

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55 of 55 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • ACT-based programs and mindfulness applications (e.g., Headspace, Calm) provide structured modules for acceptance, relaxation, and anxiety reduction.

    “Other digital tools extending beyond CBT frameworks include ACT-based programs and mindfulness applications (e.g., Headspace, Calm), which provide structured modules for acceptance, relaxation, and anxiety reduction [98,99].”

    From Pre-Sleep Anxiety: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches in Clinical Practice. (2026) · cites this paper as [98]

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Authors
Zisopoulou, T., & Varvogli, L.
Affiliations
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
Corresponding author
Zisopoulou, Triantafyllia
ORCID
Zisopoulou, Triantafyllia
Venue
Hormone Research in Paediatrics
Publisher
S. Karger AG
Published
2022-09-12
Volume
96
Issue
1
Pages
97-107
ISSN
  • 1663-2818 (ISSN-L)
  • 1663-2826
DOI
10.1159/000526946
OpenAlex
W4295456661
Cited by
59
References
55
Citations by year
2026: 21 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 7
FWCI
1.58
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
  • Hormone Research in Paediatrics (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Keywords
stress management, children, adolescents, relaxation techniques, anxiety disorders, depression, mindfulness, meditation, guided imagery, progressive muscle relaxation, autogenic training, biofeedback, cognitive behavioral therapy, third-wave therapies, interpersonal psychotherapy, breathing exercises, hypnotherapy, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, school-based intervention
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Child, Humans, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

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