CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 213Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsCardiovascular Health and Risk FactorsObesity, Physical Activity, Diet

Factor Analysis of Clustered Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescence: Obesity Is the Predominant Correlate of Risk Among Youth

Goodman, Elizabeth, Dolan, Lawrence M., Morrison, John A., Daniels, Stephen R.·2005·Circulation
DOI 10.1161/01.cir.0000161957.34198.2b
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Background— Clustering of cardiovascular (CV) risks begins in childhood, yet studies of the factor structure underlying this clustering have focused on adults. The increasing rates of obesity and type 2 diabetes and the growing importance of metabolic syndrome among adolescents make assessment of CV risk clustering even more urgent in this age group. Methods and Results— Exploratory factor analysis (principal components analysis) was performed with data from 1578 healthy seventh to 12th graders from the Princeton School District Study, a school-based study in Cincinnati, Ohio. Measured CV risks included cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting insulin and glucose, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, fibrinogen, and blood pressure. Factor analysis yielded 4 uncorrelated factors (adiposity [BMI, waist, fibrinogen, insulin], cholesterol [LDL and total cholesterol], carbohydrate-metabolic [glucose, insulin, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides], and blood pressure [systolic and diastolic blood pressure]). These factors explained approximately 67% of the total variance. A summary cumulative risk scale was derived from factor scores, and high risk was defined as scoring in the top 5%. Although insulin loaded onto both the adiposity and carbohydrate-metabolic factors, obesity was a much stronger correlate of high cumulative risk (odds ratio=19.2; 95% CI, 7.6 to 48.5) than hyperinsulinemia (odds ratio=3.5; 95% CI, 1.8 to 6.8). A sizable proportion (18.5%; n=12) of those who were at high cumulative risk were not at high risk for any of the individual factors. Conclusions— The patterning of CV risk clustering seen among adults is present in healthy adolescents. Among youth, obesity is the predominant correlate of cumulative risk.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1161/01.cir.0000161957.34198.2b

Cites

35 of 35 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Factor analysis in epidemiological studies in different populations, including adolescents and ethnic minorities, demonstrates clustering of risk in the domains of adiposity and/or dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia or insulin resistance, and hypertension that explain 37% to 70% of variation and vary by sex and race.

    “Factor analysis in epidemiological studies in different populations, including adolescents and ethnic minorities, demonstrates clustering of risk in the domains of adiposity and/or dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia or insulin resistance, and hypertension that explain 37% to 70% of variation and vary by sex and race (4-7).”

    From The CardioMetabolic Health Alliance (2015) · cites this paper as [4]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Goodman, E., Dolan, L. M., Morrison, J. A., & Daniels, S. R.
Affiliations
Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (US)
ORCID
Venue
Circulation
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2005-04-19
Volume
111
Issue
15
Pages
1970-1977
ISSN
  • 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
  • 1524-4539
DOI
10.1161/01.cir.0000161957.34198.2b
OpenAlex
W2024313037
Cited by
213
References
35
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 11
FWCI
11.24
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Circulation (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK059183, DK59183)
  • National Center for Research Resources (M01RR008084, M01-RR-08084)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD-41527, R01HD041527)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Keywords
adolescents, obesity, hyperinsulinemia, metabolic syndrome, adiposity, blood pressure, dyslipidemia, triglycerides, insulin resistance, cumulative risk score, factor structure
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Body Weights and Measures, Cardiovascular Diseases, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Lipids, Male, Obesity, Risk Factors, Cluster Analysis, Metabolic Syndrome

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review