Cited by 1,395Blood Pressure and Hypertension StudiesSodium Intake and HealthHealth Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention

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Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension Among United States Adults 1999–2004

Ong, Kwok Leung, Cheung, Bernard M.Y., Man, Yu Bun, Lau, Chu Pak, Lam, Karen S.L.·2007·Hypertension

DOI 10.1161/01.hyp.0000252676.46043.18

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Abstract

Detection of hypertension and blood pressure control are critically important for reducing the risk of heart attacks and strokes. We analyzed the trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the United States in the period 1999–2004. We used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004 database. Blood pressure information on 14 653 individuals (4749 in 1999–2000, 5032 in 2001–2002, and 4872 in 2003–2004) aged ≥18 years was used. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg or taking antihypertensive medications. The prevalence of hypertension in 2003–2004 was 7.3±0.9%, 32.6±2.0%, and 66.3±1.8% in the 18 to 39, 40 to 59, and ≥60 age groups, respectively. The overall prevalence was 29.3%. When compared with 1999–2000, there were nonsignificant increases in the overall prevalence, awareness, and treatment rates of hypertension. The blood pressure control rate was 29.2±2.3% in 1999–2000 and 36.8±2.3% in 2003–2004. The age-adjusted increase in control rate was 8.1% (95% CI: 2.4 to 13.8%; P =0.006). The control rates increased significantly in both sexes, non-Hispanic blacks, and Mexican Americans. Among the ≥60 age group, the awareness, treatment, and control rates of hypertension had all increased significantly ( P ≤0.01). The improvement in blood pressure control is encouraging, although the prevalence of hypertension has not declined.

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Background
Physician Characteristics as Predictors of Blood Pressure Control in Patients Enrolled in the Hypertension Improvement Project (HIP)
Corsino, L., Yancy, W. S., Samsa, G. P., Dolor, R. J., Pollak, K. I., Lin, P., & Svetkey, L. P. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/j.1751-7176.2010.00385.x · Cited by 6
Amlodipine besylate/olmesartan medoximil fixed combination for the treatment of hypertension
Chrysant, S. G. (2009) · Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy · doi:10.1586/erc.09.85 · Cited by 6
Impact of Literacy on the Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment andControl of Hypertension in Iran
Veghari, G., Sedaghat, M., Maghsodlo, S., Banihashem, S., Moharloei, P., Angizeh, A., Tazik, E., & Moghaddami, A. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.5681/jcvtr.2012.009 · Cited by 6
Evaluation of thiazide diuretic use as preferred therapy in uncomplicated essential hypertension patients
Greene, R. S., Quinones, M. E., & Edwards, K. L. (2007) · Pharmacy Practice · doi:10.4321/s1886-36552007000300006 · Cited by 6
Predictors of switching from beta-blockers to other anti-hypertensive drugs: a review of records of 19,177 Chinese patients seen in public primary care clinics in the New Territory East, Hong Kong
Wong, M. C. S., Wang, H., Jiang, J. Y., Leeder, S., & Griffiths, S. M. (2011) · Asia Pacific Family Medicine · doi:10.1186/1447-056x-10-10 · Cited by 6
The Association Between Epicardial Adipose Tissue and Coronary Artery Disease: an Echocardiographic Cut-off Point
Toufan, M., Azarfarin, R., Sadati, B., & Golzari, S. E. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.5681/jcvtr.2012.008 · Cited by 6
Efficacy and tolerability of aliskiren 300 mg/hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg (±amlodipine 5 mg) in hypertensive patients not controlled by candesartan 32 mg plus HCT 25 mg
Schweizer, J., Ulmer, H.-J., Benduhn, H., & Klebs, S. H. G. (2010) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/03007995.2010.537318 · Cited by 6
Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System and Hypertension: Current Approaches and Future Directions
Flack, J. M., Atlas, S. A., Pool, J. L., & White, W. B. (2007) · Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy · doi:10.18553/jmcp.2007.13.s8-b.1 · Cited by 6
PHARMACOTHERAPY QUALITY IN PATIENTS WITH ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION OBSERVED IN PRIMARY CARE PRACTICE. HYPERTENSION REGISTER DATA
Posnenkova, O. M., Kiselev, A. R., Gridnev, V. I., Shvartz, V. A., Dovgalevsky, P. Y., & Oschepkova, E. V. (2011) · Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology · doi:10.20996/1819-6446-2011-7-6-725-732 · Cited by 6
Genetic polymorphisms and related risk factors of ischemic stroke in a Mongolian population in China
Wu, Q., Wu, H., Orlov, Y. L., Gegentana, G., Huo, W., Брагин, А. О., Wu, N., Suyalatu, S., Zhao, F., Zhao, J., et al. (2017) · Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding · doi:10.18699/vj17.275 · Cited by 6
Association Between Stroke Severity and 5-Year Mortality in Ischemic Stroke Patients with High-Grade Stenosis of Internal Carotid Artery
Huang, W., Weng, W., Su, F.-C., & Lin, S.-W. (2018) · Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.07.042 · Cited by 6
BUILD MUSCLE, IMPROVE HEALTH
Westcott, W. L. (2015) · ACSMʼs Health & Fitness Journal · doi:10.1249/fit.0000000000000134 · Cited by 6
L-arginase induces vascular dysfunction in old spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Arishe, O. O., McKenzie, J., Priviero, F. B. M., Ebeigbe, A. B., & Webb, R. C. (2019) · Journal of African Association of Physiological Sciences · Cited by 6
Possibility of Using Fermented Curly Kale Juice to Manufacture Feta-Type Cheese
Michalak-Tomczyk, M., Skrzypczak, K., Nastaj, M., Terpiłowski, K., Skrzypek, T., Waśko, A. D., & Polak‐Berecka, M. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10114020 · Cited by 6
“[52] suggested that the small molecular mass products (short peptides and amino acids) come from the activity of bacterial proteases towards products in a range from 28 to 18 kDa (casein fractions and β-lactoglobulin, respectively).”
Background
Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Passion Fruit Peel Extract in Modifying Osteoarthritis, Hypertension, and Asthma
Cordova-Marks, F. M., Zibadi, S., & WATSON, R. R. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397156-2.00255-6 · Cited by 6
Quality Improvement Initiative for Rapid Induction of Hypertension Control in Primary Care
Naik, A. D., Rodriguez, E. M., Rao, R., Teinert, D., Abraham, N. S., & Kalavar, J. S. (2010) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.109.913137 · Cited by 6
Physical activity reduced hypertension in the elderly and cost-effective
Gandasentana, R. D., & Kusumaratna, R. K. (2011) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.18051/univmed.2011.v30.173-181 · Cited by 6
Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) Both Associated with Hypertension and Contributing to Accelerated-Senescence Traits in OXYS Rats
Devyatkin, V. A., Redina, O. E., Muraleva, N. A., & Kolosova, N. G. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21103542 · Cited by 6
Hierarchical linear and logistic modeling of outcomes of antihypertensive treatment in elderly patients: Findings from the PREVIEW study
Abraham, I. L., Demosthenes, L., MacDonald, K., Lee, C. S., Reel, S., Brié, H., Hermans, C., Vancayzeele, S., & der Niepen, P. V. (2009) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2009.07.009 · Cited by 6
“, 2008) and even more so in patients age 60 and older (Gasse et al.; 2001; Hajjar and Kotchen, 2003; Primatesta and Poulter, 2004; Lloyd-Jones et al., 2005; Ong et al., 2007; Ostchega et al., 2007).”
Background
Hypertensive Treatment in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome
Siegel, D., & Swislocki, A. (2010) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2009.0086 · Cited by 6
Optimizing Management of Hypertension With Combination Therapy
Roberts, M. E., & Epstein, B. J. (2009) · The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1097/jcn.0b013e3181aed18e · Cited by 6
Early Implant Failure in Patients Using Antihypertensive Medications: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Masri, D., Bar-Hai, D., Masri‐Iraqi, H., Kahn, A., Chaushu, G., & Chaushu, L. (2024) · International Dental Journal · doi:10.1016/j.identj.2024.05.003 · Cited by 5
Cumulative Epigenetic Aging From Birth to Young Adulthood and Prospective Associations With Cardiometabolic Health in the CHAMACOS Study
Daredia, S., Riddell, C. A., Khodasevich, D., Bozack, A. K., Harley, K. G., Kogut, K. R., Mora, A. M., Holland, N., Eskenazi, B., Deardorff, J., et al. (2025) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.125.043818 · Cited by 6
The Relationship Between QT Dispersion and Exaggerated Blood Pressure Response to Exercise Stress Testing
Ertaş, F., Yavuz, C., Kaya, H., Karahan, O., Demirtaş, S., Acet, H., Oylumlu, M., Akıl, M. A., Bilik, M. Z., & Alan, S. (2013) · Clinical and Experimental Hypertension · doi:10.3109/10641963.2013.764891 · Cited by 5
“Hypertension thus remains an important etiologic factor for many cardiovascular events (13).”
Background
Antihypertensive Therapy in African Americans: Findings From an Inner‐City Ambulatory Clinic
Odigie‐Okon, E., ZARICH, S. W., Okon, E., & Dufresne, A. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/j.1751-7176.2009.00248.x · Cited by 5
Long-Term Blood Pressure Control: What Can We Do?
Neutel, J. M. (2011) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.3810/pgm.2011.01.2249 · Cited by 5
Pharmacological Risk Assessment for Dental Implants
Wu, X., & Tamimi, F. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71181-2_4 · Cited by 5
The National Kidney Foundation of Illinois KidneyMobile: a mobile resource for community based screenings of chronic kidney disease and its risk factors
Lederer, S., Ruggiero, L., Sisen, N. M., LePain, N., O’Connor, K. G., Wang, Y., Chen, J., Lash, J. P., & Fischer, M. J. (2018) · BMC Nephrology · doi:10.1186/s12882-018-1079-y · Cited by 5
Association between Pre-Existing Coronary Artery Disease and 5-Year Mortality in Stroke Patients with High-Grade Carotid Artery Stenosis
Wu, C.-I., Wu, C.-L., Su, F.-C., Lin, S.-W., & Huang, W. (2020) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000512407 · Cited by 5
Resistant hypertension: Prevalence and profile of patients followed in a university ambulatory
Moura, A. F., Moura-Neto, J. A., Rodrigues, C. I. S., Miranda, M. O., Carvalho, T. C., Carvalho, N. P. P., Souza, E., Moura-Jr, J. A., & Cruz, C. M. S. (2021) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/20503121211020892 · Cited by 7
Associations of Binge Drinking With Vascular Brain Injury and Atrophy in Older American Indians: The Strong Heart Study
Lewis, J., Suchy‐Dicey, A. M., Noonan, C., Jernigan, V. B. B., Umans, J. G., Domoto‐Reilly, K., Buchwald, D., & Manson, S. M. (2021) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/08982643211013696 · Cited by 5
“…prevalence of covert VBI has been reported for the general population, even in people without a history of CBVD (Akins et al., 2013; Dickerson et al., 2012), and it has also been associated with increased risk of subsequent stroke and death (Go et al., 2013; Ong et al., 2007; Robin et al., 1998).”
Background
How health risk factors affect inpatient costs among adults with stroke in China: the mediating role of length of stay
Cao, X., Li, R., Tang, W., Wang, W., Ji, J., Yin, C., Niu, L., Gao, Y., & Ma, Q. (2024) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-024-04656-4 · Cited by 5
“Although improvement in patient awareness and the treat-ment of hypertension and diabetes in China, the proportion of individuals whose hypertension and diabetes were controlled was less than 50%, which was lower than those in the developed countries [32, 33].”
Result
AT1 Receptors, Angiotensin Receptor Blockade, and Clinical Hypertensive Disease
Carey, R. M. (2009) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-186-8_6 · Cited by 5
“In the United States during 2003–2004, only 33% of hypertensive patients had controlled BP and only 64% of patients treated for hypertension achieved BP control [7].”
Background
Review of Cardiovascular Effects of ADHD Medications
Levin, C. J., Goodman, D. W., & Adler, L. A. (2018) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/00485713-20180612-01 · Cited by 3
“18,19 The possibility of increased cardiovascular mortality secondary to medication use has led to a substantial body of research assessing the long-term cardiovascular outcomes in people treated for ADHD with medication.”

Authors: Ong, K. L., Cheung, B. M. Y., Man, Y. B., Lau, C. P., & Lam, K. S. L.
Affiliations: University of Hong Kong (HK)
ORCID: Ong, Kwok Leung
Cheung, Bernard M.Y.
Lau, Chu Pak
Lam, Karen S.L.
Venue: Hypertension
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2007-01
Volume: 49
Issue: 1
Pages: 69-75
ISSN: 0194-911X (ISSN-L)
1524-4563
DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000252676.46043.18
OpenAlex: W2122326747
Cited by: 1,395
References: 35
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 103 · 2012: 106
FWCI: 98.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Hypertension (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention
Keywords: hypertension prevalence, hypertension awareness, antihypertensive therapy, blood pressure control, temporal trends, age differences, racial and ethnic differences, non-Hispanic blacks, Mexican Americans, adults
MeSH terms: Adult, Aging, Black or African American, Blood Pressure, Female, Goals, Humans, Hypertension, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, United States, Prevalence, Mexican Americans, Black People

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Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension Among United States Adults 1999–2004

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