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Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension Among United States Adults 1999–2004
Abstract
Detection of hypertension and blood pressure control are critically important for reducing the risk of heart attacks and strokes. We analyzed the trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the United States in the period 1999–2004. We used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004 database. Blood pressure information on 14 653 individuals (4749 in 1999–2000, 5032 in 2001–2002, and 4872 in 2003–2004) aged ≥18 years was used. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg or taking antihypertensive medications. The prevalence of hypertension in 2003–2004 was 7.3±0.9%, 32.6±2.0%, and 66.3±1.8% in the 18 to 39, 40 to 59, and ≥60 age groups, respectively. The overall prevalence was 29.3%. When compared with 1999–2000, there were nonsignificant increases in the overall prevalence, awareness, and treatment rates of hypertension. The blood pressure control rate was 29.2±2.3% in 1999–2000 and 36.8±2.3% in 2003–2004. The age-adjusted increase in control rate was 8.1% (95% CI: 2.4 to 13.8%; P =0.006). The control rates increased significantly in both sexes, non-Hispanic blacks, and Mexican Americans. Among the ≥60 age group, the awareness, treatment, and control rates of hypertension had all increased significantly ( P ≤0.01). The improvement in blood pressure control is encouraging, although the prevalence of hypertension has not declined.
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“Two lower quality studies [405, 406] and five well-done studies [407–411] (13%, including one at a trend level), however, reported higher BP in the more R/S or with religious fasting.”
From Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications (2012) · cites this paper as [405]
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BackgroundSoni, R. K., Porter, A. C., Lash, J. P., & Unruh, M. L. (2010) · Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease · doi:10.1053/j.ackd.2010.04.002 · Cited by 96
Predictors of uncontrolled hypertension and antihypertensive medication nonadherence
Macedo, A. F., Morgado, M., Castelo-Branco, M., Rolo, S., & Pereira, L. (2010) · Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research · doi:10.4103/0975-3583.74263 · Cited by 95
Toschke, A. M., Kohl, L. J., Mansmann, U., & von Kries, R. (2009) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01544.x · Cited by 96
Gorostidi, M., Sarafidis, P. A., de la Sierra, A., Segura, J., de la Cruz, J. J., Banegas, J. R., & Ruilope, L. M. (2013) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.03.025 · Cited by 96
Peralta, C. A., Adeney, K. L., Shlipak, M. G., Jacobs, D. R., Duprez, D. A., Bluemke, D. A., Polak, J. F., Psaty, B. M., & Kestenbaum, B. R. (2009) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwp319 · Cited by 95
Moser, M., & Franklin, S. S. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/j.1524-6175.2007.07152.x · Cited by 95
Racial Differences in Risks for First Cardiovascular Events and Noncardiovascular Death
Feinstein, M. J., Ning, H., Kang, J., Bertoni, A. G., Carnethon, M. R., & Lloyd‐Jones, D. M. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.111.057232 · Cited by 93
Blood pressure around the menopause: a population study
Cífková, R., Pitha, J. V., Lejsková, M., Lánská, V., & Zecova, S. (2008) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e32830b895c · Cited by 92
Nevalainen, N., Riklund, K., Andersson, M., Axelsson, J., Ögren, M., Lövdén, M., Lindenberger, U., Bäckman, L., & Nyberg, L. H. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.09.010 · Cited by 101
“In comparison, the prevalence of hypertension has been estimated to around 50% or above for this age category in Sweden (Carlsson et al., 2008) and world-wide (Group, 2001; Lloyd-Sherlock et al., 2014; Ong et al., 2007).”
BackgroundRacial Differences in Blood Pressure Control: Potential Explanatory Factors
Bosworth, H. B., Powers, B. J., Grubber, J. M., Thorpe, C. T., Olsen, M. K., Orr, M., & Oddone, E. Ž. (2008) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-008-0547-7 · Cited by 94
Hypertension in Mexican adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2006
Barquera, S., Campos‐Nonato, I., Hernández-Barrera, L., Villalpando, S., Rodríguez-Gilabert, C., Durazo-Arvizú, R., & Aguilar-Salinas, C. A. (2010) · Salud Pública de México · doi:10.1590/s0036-36342010000700010 · Cited by 90
Smith, T. R., Philipp, T., Vaisse, B., Bakris, G. L., Wernsing, M., Yen, J., & Glazer, R. D. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/j.1524-6175.2007.06689.x · Cited by 91
Lucchese, F. A., & Koenig, H. G. (2013) · Brazilian Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.5935/1678-9741.20130015 · Cited by 98
Robinson, C., & Chanchlani, R. (2022) · Kidney International Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ekir.2022.02.018 · Cited by 108
Cushman, W. C., Ford, C. E., Einhorn, P. T., Wright, J. T., Preston, R. A., Davis, B. R., Basile, J., Whelton, P. K., Weiss, R., Bastien, A., et al. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/j.1751-7176.2008.00015.x · Cited by 90
Muntner, P., Judd, S. E., Krousel-Wood, M. A., McClellan, W. M., & Safford, M. M. (2010) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.02.348 · Cited by 90
Newly Reported Hypertension After Military Combat Deployment in a Large Population-Based Study
Granado, N. S., Smith, T. C., Swanson, G. M., Harris, R. B., Shahar, E., Smith, B., Boyko, E. J., Wells, T. S., & Ryan, M. A. K. (2009) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.132555 · Cited by 90
Iyalomhe, G. B. S., & Iyalomhe, S. I. (2010) · Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology · doi:10.5897/jphe.9000060 · Cited by 89
“with reductions in stroke incidence averaging 31 – 45%, myocardial infarction 20 – 25% and heart failure more than 50% (Law et al., 2003; Mulrow et al., 2004; Petrella et al., 2007; Ong et al., 2007).”
BackgroundThe Hypertension–Diabetes Continuum
Cheung, B. M. Y. (2010) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181d26430 · Cited by 89
Self-citationInterventions for age-related diseases: Shifting the paradigm
Figueira, I., Fernandes, A. M. A., Mladenović, A., Lopez-Contreras, A. J., Henriques, C. M., Selman, C., Ferreiro, E. B., Gonos, E. S., Trejo, J. L., Misra, J., et al. (2016) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2016.09.009 · Cited by 92
Vascular aging: Molecular mechanisms and potential treatments for vascular rejuvenation
Mistriotis, P., & Andreadis, S. T. (2017) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2017.05.006 · Cited by 89
Increased blood pressure in the emergency department: pain, anxiety, or undiagnosed hypertension?
Tanabe, P., Persell, S. D., Adams, J. G., McCormick, J., Martinovich, Z., & Baker, D. W. (2008) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.10.017 · Cited by 89
Cupul‐Uicab, L. A., Skjærven, R., Haug, K., Klungsøyr, K., Engel, S. M., & Longnecker, M. P. (2011) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1103789 · Cited by 94
Personality traits modulate emotional and physiological responses to stress
Childs, E., White, T. L., & de Wit, H. (2014) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000064 · Cited by 87
“…with the results of several previous studies (Murphy et al., 1992; Saab et al., 1992; Kelsey et al., 2000; Wilcox et al., 2005), and is thought to contribute to the greater prevalence of hypertension among this group compared with other ethnicities in US samples (Anderson, 1989; Ong et al., 2007).”
BackgroundResultPrevalence, awareness and treatment of hypertension in Finland during 1982–2007
Kastarinen, M. J., Antikaínen, R., Peltonen, M., Laatikainen, T. K., Barengo, N. C., Jula, A., Salomaa, V. V., Jousilahti, P., Nissinen, A. M., Vartiainen, E. A., et al. (2009) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e32832c41cd · Cited by 86
Wang, F., He, K., Wang, J., Zhao, M., Li, Y., Zhang, L., Saran, R., & Bragg‐Gresham, J. L. (2018) · Kidney International Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ekir.2018.05.011 · Cited by 88
Metadata
- Authors
- Ong, K. L., Cheung, B. M. Y., Man, Y. B., Lau, C. P., & Lam, K. S. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Venue
- Hypertension
- Published
- 2007-01
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 69-75
- ISSN
- 0194-911X (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4563
- OpenAlex
- W2122326747
- Cited by
- 1,395
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 103 · 2012: 106
- FWCI
- 98.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Hypertension (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention
- Keywords
- hypertension prevalence, hypertension awareness, antihypertensive therapy, blood pressure control, temporal trends, age differences, racial and ethnic differences, non-Hispanic blacks, Mexican Americans, adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aging, Black or African American, Blood Pressure, Female, Goals, Humans, Hypertension, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, United States, Prevalence, Mexican Americans, Black People
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