The DOI matches its Crossref record; 87 of the 87 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sodium, Blood Pressure, and Cardiovascular Disease: Further Evidence Supporting the American Heart Association Sodium Reduction Recommendations
Open accessAbstract
Recent reports of selected observational studies and a meta-analysis have stirred controversy and have become the impetus for calls to abandon recommendations for reduced sodium intake by the US general population. A detailed review of these studies documents substantial methodological concerns that limit the usefulness of these studies in setting, much less reversing, dietary recommendations. Indeed, the evidence base supporting recommendations for reduced sodium intake in the general population remains robust and persuasive. The American Heart Association is committed to improving the health of all Americans through implementation of national goals for health promotion and disease prevention, including its recommendation to reduce dietary sodium intake to <1500 mg/d.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The American Heart Association recommends no more than 1500mg of sodium/day as ideal.”
From Reducing Dietary Sodium to 1000 mg per Day Reduces Neurovascular Transduction Without Stimulating Sympathetic Outflow (2019) · cites this paper as [3]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“there is a large body of literature suggesting that long-term reductions in sodium elicit reductions in BP at the population level.2, 3”
From Reducing Dietary Sodium to 1000 mg per Day Reduces Neurovascular Transduction Without Stimulating Sympathetic Outflow (2019) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Together, these findings support the recommended target intakes in current national and international dietary guidelines, which range from 1200 to 2400 mg/d.110, 313, 320-323”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [313]
In the citing paper
“Some studies have also observed a potential J-shaped relationship, with increased CVD risk at low intakes (e.g., <3000 g/d).311-313”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [313]
In the citing paper
“Higher dietary sodium intake is incontrovertibly linked to increases in arterial BP.153–155”
From Resistant Hypertension: Detection, Evaluation, and Management: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2018) · cites this paper as [155]
In the citing paper
“For the time being, the available studies (albeit of short-term duration) support that sodium restriction, even to low levels <65 to 100 mmol/d (1.5–3.0 g/d), yields significant linear reductions in BP among patients with high BP153–155,349 and RH.58,161”
From Resistant Hypertension: Detection, Evaluation, and Management: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2018) · cites this paper as [155]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
STATISTICAL METHODS FOR ASSESSING AGREEMENT BETWEEN TWO METHODS OF CLINICAL MEASUREMENT
Martin Bland, J., & Altman, D. (1986) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90837-8 · Cited by 47,965
Lim, S. S., Vos, T., Flaxman, A. D., Danaei, G., Shibuya, K., Adair-Rohani, H., AlMazroa, M. A., Amann, M., Anderson, H. R., Andrews, K. G., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61766-8 · Cited by 11,805
Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Hong, Y., Labarthe, D., Mozaffarian, D., Appel, L. J., Van Horn, L., Greenlund, K., Daniels, S., Nichol, G., Tomaselli, G. F., et al. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.192703 · Cited by 4,750
Self-citationWillett, W. C. (1998) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195122978.001.0001 · Cited by 4,541
Global burden of blood-pressure-related disease, 2001
Lawes, C. M. M., Hoorn, S. V., & Rodgers, A. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60655-8 · Cited by 2,314
Priority actions for the non-communicable disease crisis
Beaglehole, R., Bonita, R., Horton, R., Adams, C., Alleyne, G., Asaria, P., Baugh, V., Bekedam, H., Billo, N., Casswell, S., et al. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60393-0 · Cited by 1,615
Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010
(2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.49-0615 · Cited by 1,571
Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010
Marshall, T. A. (2011) · The Journal of the American Dental Association · doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2011.0248 · Cited by 1,401
He, F. J., Li, J., & MacGregor, G. A. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f1325 · Cited by 1,358
Self-citationProjected effect of dietary salt reductions on future cardiovascular disease
Bibbins-Domingo, K., Chertow, G. M., Coxson, P. G., Moran, A., Lightwood, J. M., Pletcher, M. J., & Goldman, L. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0907355 · Cited by 1,253
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Ji C, Miller MA, Cappuccio FP . Comparisons of spot vs 24-h urine samples for estimating salt intake. J Hum Hypertens. 2011;25:628.
- Gordis L . More on causal inferences: bias, confounding, and interaction in epidemiology. In: Epidemiology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, Elsevier; 2009: 247– 264.
- Heerspink HJL, Kwakernaak A, de Zeeuw D, Navis G . Comment on: dietary salt intake and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:124.
- de Abreu-Silva EO, Marcadenti A . Urinary sodium excretion and cardiovascular disease mortality [letter]. JAMA. 2011;306:1085–1086.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–462 of 462
Consommation de sel et mortalité cardiovasculaire : un plaidoyer contre les salières !
Sultan, A. (2015) · Médecine des Maladies Métaboliques · doi:10.1016/s1957-2557(15)30189-9
The blood pressure independent effect of exercise and salt on endothelial function
Guers, J. J. (2016) · Library, Museums and Press - UDSpace (University of Delaware) · doi:10.58088/27k5-0d64
Dear food industry: please don't pass the salt
Houser, S. R. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31917-1
Bautista, L. E. (2016) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875532783ch13
Ruiz‐Vivanco, G., Rodríguez‐Antolín, J., Torres‐Rasgado, E., Martı́nez–Gómez, M., Mejia, M. E. G., & Pérez-Fuentes, R. (2016) · RICS Revista Iberoamericana de las Ciencias de la Salud · doi:10.23913/rics.v5i10.37
Hypertension in child athletes
Балыкова, Л. А., Ivyansky, S. A., Владимировна, Щ. Н., Михеева, К. Н., & Urziaeva, A. N. (2016) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)
SALT SENSITIVE HYPERTENSION AND OREXIN
Huber, M. (2016) · doi:10.37099/mtu.dc.etdr/267
Doenças cardiovasculares, hipertensão e ingestão de sódio: a relação controversa
Ruiz‐Vivanco, G., & Rodríguez‐Antolín, J. (2016) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja)
Future Directions in Sexual Medicine
Aboseif, A., & IsHak, W. W. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-52539-6_36
Expert Working Group for Sodium
Mackerras, D., Webster, J. L., McLean, R. M., Flood, V. M., Tapsell, L. C., Neale, E. P., & Nolan‐Clark, D. (2015)
Observation of adolescents with high blood pressure, involved in physical activity
Балыкова, Л. А., Александрович, И. С., Широкова, А. А., Владимировна, Щ. Н., & Александровна, В. К. (2017) · Cardiosomatics · doi:10.26442/2221-7185_8.2.16-19
What caused this transient or persisting ischemic event?
Testai, F. D. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118492390.ch6
Gong, M. C., Liu, S., & Guo, Z. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.86477
AKAY, A. (2019) · Turkish Journal of Family Medicine & Primary Care · doi:10.21763/tjfmpc.527288
Oral saline consumption and pressor responses to acute physical stress
Vecchio, J. J. D., Hosick, P. A., & Matthews, E. L. (2020) · Physiology International · doi:10.1556/2060.2020.00018
Scientific Concepts for Understanding the Health of the Chesapeake Bay and Its People
Cuker, B. E. (2020) · Estuaries of the world · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45481-4_3
Detection of Leak From Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion Using Dielectric Imaging
Adler, A., Albaghdadi, M. S., Siddiqui, U., Bitton-Worms, K., Racheli, N., Gordon, U., & Kück, K. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2020.3025992
Smyth, A., & O'Donnell, M. J. (2018) · Updates in hypertension and cardiovascular protection · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59918-2_40
Hu, J., Wang, Y., Chen, J., Shen, Z., Song, N., Zhao, S., Li, Y., Zou, J., Zhang, X., & Ding, X. (2021) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.08.006
Shan, Y., Bai, Y. L., Zhang, J., Lu, Y., Yu, S., Song, C., Liu, J., Jian, M., Xu, J., Xiong, Z., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.12.14.21267572
Ding, C., Luo, L., & Huang, X. B. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22009-9_1046
Ferreira, G. D. S. (2021) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2021.tde-07012022-133712
Ding, C., Luo, L., & Huang, X. B. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69892-2_1046-1
Hypertension and Stroke - Reading List
(2013) · World Stroke Academy · doi:10.1002/wsa2.20013
Лікування артеріальної гіпертензії на сучасному етапі розвитку медичної практики
Тащук, В. К., & Khrebtii, H. I. (2022) · HYPERTENSION · doi:10.22141/2224-1485.15.1.2022.338 · Cited by 1
Hypertension and the metabolic syndrome: toward personalized management
Neeland, I. J., & Dobre, M. A. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99991-5.00019-x
Katsagoni, C. N., Kokkinos, P. F., & Sidossis, L. S. (2023) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119833475.ch16
Dietary sodium and stroke: A new narrative
Jayedi, A., & Shab‐Bidar, S. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-89835-5.00025-9
Li, C., Luo, Y., Li, Y., & Dai, J. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.07.03.23292126
Imán, A., Rios-Mera, J. D., Rengifo, E., Palomino, F., Vela-Paredes, R., Vásquez, J., García, D., Saldaña, E., Siché, R., & Tello, F. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4600692
Masuda, Y., Kishimoto, N., Moriyama, K., Inoue, N., Yamada, C., Sakai, Y., Misaki, S., Nishikawa, T., Okuno, C., Akira, K. U. B. O., et al. (2023) · Health Evaluation and Promotion · doi:10.7143/jhep.2023-38
Dietary Management of Diabetes
Guess, N. D. (2024) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119697473.ch27
Lifestyle Intervention: What Works?
Xaplanteris, P., & Vlachopoulos, C. V. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15512-3.00049-0
Hypertension Management in Developing Countries
Cherfane, M., & Haddad, C. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-74786-2_2-1 · Cited by 1
How Much of Salt is too Much for You? Let Your Genes Say...
Sunder, A. (2024) · Acta Scientific Medical Sciences · doi:10.31080/asms.2024.08.1829
Bhatnagar, S., Chopra, S., & Pushpalatha, B. (2024) · Journal of Ayurveda · doi:10.4103/joa.joa_78_22
Effect of yoga and diet on cognitive functions among hypertensives: a review
Hasan, A. T. M. T., Saboo, N., & Kacker, S. (2025) · MGM Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.4103/mgmj.mgmj_305_24
Preventing a Metabolic Crisis: The “6 S” Satyagraha Framework for Public Health Action
Samajdar, S. S., Joshi, S., Mukherjee, S., & Saboo, B. (2025) · Journal of Diabetology · doi:10.4103/jod.jod_28_25
Wang, N., Tello, E., & Peterson, D. G. (2025) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117467
Terol-Sanchis, M., Elvira-Aranda, C., Gomis-Gomis, M. J., Guzmán-Muñoz, E., Rico, L. L., & Perez-Turpin, J. A. (2025) · Scientific Journal of Sport and Performance · doi:10.55860/ejkx6529
Zheng, X., Nist, K. M., Velkoska, E., & Wainford, R. D. (2025) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.11.007
Tang, M., Yu, T., Jiang, Y. Z., & Zhao, J. (2025) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-025-03523-1
Aerobic and Combined Exercise Effect on Obese and Hypertensive PatientsPreprint
Kiflu, A., & Taddese, A. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8144620/v1
Tremblay, J., Swift, S., Rundek, T., Sotres-Alvarez, D., Raij, L., van Horn, L. V., Daviglus, M., Castañeda, S. F., Cordero, C., Franceschini, N., et al. (2025) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.101143
Masenga, S. K., Kirabo, A., Hamooya, B. M., Nzala, S., Kwenda, G., Heimburger, D. C., Mutale, W., Koethe, J. R., Pilić, L., & Munsaka, S. M. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13579194
Nutritional content assessment of nutrition bars commercially available in Korea
Kim, N. Y., Son, E. J., & Ju, J. (2025) · Journal of Nutrition and Health · doi:10.4163/jnh.2025.58.6.583
Uçar, K., Kopuz, T. N. Y., & Haydaroğlu, M. (2026) · Turkish Journal of Family Medicine & Primary Care · doi:10.21763/tjfmpc.1753331
Singkhum, U., & Lapsongphon, N. (2026) · International Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1155/ijfo/7646872
Non-pharmacological determinants of hypertension at the population level
Cherfane, M. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/a90d98b2z5d9cz4864zbed0z654f8e0171bb
Xiong, W., Tang, F., Graefe, B., Bichili, A. R. C., Ryan, D., Bonner, J., & Perry, A. (2026) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases14040144
Kraouia, M., Maoloni, A., Ashim, A., Fanesi, B., Ismaiel, L., Pacetti, D., Rampanti, G., Cardinali, F., Milanović, V., Garofalo, C., et al. (2026) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods15081450
AlTarrah, D., Longenecker, J. C., AlOthman, W., Al‐Ozairi, E., Tuomilehto, J., Al‐Wotayan, R., & AlHamad, N. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-27506-x
Markt, S. C., Drachenberg, C., Kovacs, R. J., Taub, P. R., Easson, K., Alexander, J., Gagnon‐Sanschagrin, P., Whalen, M., Bellefleur, R., Beaty, S., et al. (2026) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2026.109023
Hussain, T., Juraschek, S. P., Miller, E. R., Sacks, F. M., Conlin, P. R., Svetkey, L. P., Moore, T. J., & Appel, L. J. (2026) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/hpag079
Self-citationFeng, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, X., Zhao, B., Bi, J., Han, S., & Luo, Y. (2026) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/1750-3841.71297
Divanis, K., Foscolou, A., Prosalentis, G., Mylonas, C., Antoniou, M. I., Krokou, A., Filias, A.-N., Papagiannopoulou, E., Dousis, P. D., Polychronidou, A. D., et al. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18162661
Rodrigues, M., Pinho, O., Silva-Santos, T., Padrão, P., Moreira, P. A. M., & Gonçalves, C. (2026) · RISE Health Research Journal · doi:10.1097/j.pbj.0000000000000327
Sadeghi, M., Sattar, F., Karami, M., Talaei, M., Roohafza, H., Tehrani, S. F., Shirvani, E., Mansouri, M. H., Taheri, M., & Sarrafzadegan, N. (2026) · International Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_303_25
Protein Intake Across the Lifespan: Optimizing Health, Function, and Longevity
McHugh, J., Sundermann, M., Mock, A. J., & Bernstein, M. (2026) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276261479304
Chiu, D. T., Cummings, J. R., Steele, E. M., Lopez, A., Chellis, J., Tan, J., Smith, K., Panda, S., Finch, L. E., & Tomiyama, A. J. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18193257
Kanawjia, P., Kanaujia, S., & Kumari, R. (2026) · DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1007/s40199-026-00670-6
Metadata
- Authors
- Whelton, P. K., Appel, L. J., Sacco, R. L., Anderson, C. A. M., Antman, E. M., Campbell, N., Dunbar, S. B., Frohlich, E. D., Hall, J. E., Jessup, M., Labarthe, D. R., MacGregor, G. A., Sacks, F. M., Stamler, J., Vafiadis, D. K., & Van Horn, L. V.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Circulation
- Published
- 2012-12-11
- Volume
- 126
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 2880-2889
- ISSN
- 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4539
- OpenAlex
- W2172022569
- Semantic Scholar
- 106413488fdcdfcaf65145a86aa70d9a2a6ab3f9
- Cited by
- 463
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 57 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 44.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2013-01-01)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Circulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Heart Association
- Brigham and Women's Hospital
- University of Miami
- University of Pennsylvania
- Emory University
- Northwestern University
- Harvard University
- Tulane University
- Johns Hopkins University
- Queen Mary University of London
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K01HL092595)
- National Institute of Nursing Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- sodium intake, blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, meta-analysis critique, American Heart Association guidelines, hypertension prevention
- MeSH terms
- American Heart Association, Blood Pressure, Cardiology, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diet, Sodium-Restricted, Humans, Risk Factors, United States, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Sodium Chloride, Dietary
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
