Sodium, Blood Pressure, and Cardiovascular Disease: Further Evidence Supporting the American Heart Association Sodium Reduction Recommendations
Open accessAbstract
Recent reports of selected observational studies and a meta-analysis have stirred controversy and have become the impetus for calls to abandon recommendations for reduced sodium intake by the US general population. A detailed review of these studies documents substantial methodological concerns that limit the usefulness of these studies in setting, much less reversing, dietary recommendations. Indeed, the evidence base supporting recommendations for reduced sodium intake in the general population remains robust and persuasive. The American Heart Association is committed to improving the health of all Americans through implementation of national goals for health promotion and disease prevention, including its recommendation to reduce dietary sodium intake to <1500 mg/d.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The American Heart Association's ideal sodium intake recommendation is no more than 1500 mg per day.
“The American Heart Association recommends no more than 1500mg of sodium/day as ideal.”
From Reducing Dietary Sodium to 1000 mg per Day Reduces Neurovascular Transduction Without Stimulating Sympathetic Outflow (2019) · cites this paper as [3]
Long-term sodium reduction lowers blood pressure at the population level.
“there is a large body of literature suggesting that long-term reductions in sodium elicit reductions in BP at the population level.2, 3”
From Reducing Dietary Sodium to 1000 mg per Day Reduces Neurovascular Transduction Without Stimulating Sympathetic Outflow (2019) · cites this paper as [3]
Together, these findings support the recommended target intakes in current national and international dietary guidelines, which range from 1200 to 2400 mg/d.
“Together, these findings support the recommended target intakes in current national and international dietary guidelines, which range from 1200 to 2400 mg/d.110, 313, 320-323”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [313]
Some studies have also observed a potential J-shaped relationship, with increased CVD risk at low intakes (e.g., <3000 mg/d).
“Some studies have also observed a potential J-shaped relationship, with increased CVD risk at low intakes (e.g., <3000 g/d).311-313”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [313]
Higher dietary sodium intake is incontrovertibly linked to increases in arterial blood pressure.
“Higher dietary sodium intake is incontrovertibly linked to increases in arterial BP.153–155”
From Resistant Hypertension: Detection, Evaluation, and Management: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2018) · cites this paper as [155]
Available studies support that sodium restriction, even to low levels <65 to 100 mmol/d (1.5-3.0 g/d), yields significant linear reductions in BP among patients with high BP and resistant hypertension.
“For the time being, the available studies (albeit of short-term duration) support that sodium restriction, even to low levels <65 to 100 mmol/d (1.5–3.0 g/d), yields significant linear reductions in BP among patients with high BP153–155,349 and RH.58,161”
From Resistant Hypertension: Detection, Evaluation, and Management: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2018) · cites this paper as [155]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
STATISTICAL METHODS FOR ASSESSING AGREEMENT BETWEEN TWO METHODS OF CLINICAL MEASUREMENT
Martin Bland, J., & Altman, D. (1986) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90837-8 · Cited by 47,965 · see citing works
Lim, S. S., Vos, T., Flaxman, A. D., Danaei, G., Shibuya, K., Adair-Rohani, H., AlMazroa, M. A., Amann, M., Anderson, H. R., Andrews, K. G., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61766-8 · Cited by 11,805 · see citing works
Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Hong, Y., Labarthe, D., Mozaffarian, D., Appel, L. J., Van Horn, L., Greenlund, K., Daniels, S., Nichol, G., Tomaselli, G. F., et al. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.192703 · Cited by 4,750 · see citing works
Self-citationWillett, W. C. (1998) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195122978.001.0001 · Cited by 4,541 · see citing works
Global burden of blood-pressure-related disease, 2001
Lawes, C. M. M., Hoorn, S. V., & Rodgers, A. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60655-8 · Cited by 2,330 · see citing works
Priority actions for the non-communicable disease crisis
Beaglehole, R., Bonita, R., Horton, R., Adams, C., Alleyne, G., Asaria, P., Baugh, V., Bekedam, H., Billo, N., Casswell, S., et al. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60393-0 · Cited by 1,615 · see citing works
Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010
(2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.49-0615 · Cited by 1,571 · see citing works
Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010
Marshall, T. A. (2011) · The Journal of the American Dental Association · doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2011.0248 · Cited by 1,401 · see citing works
He, F. J., Li, J., & MacGregor, G. A. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f1325 · Cited by 1,358 · see citing works
Self-citationProjected effect of dietary salt reductions on future cardiovascular disease
Bibbins-Domingo, K., Chertow, G. M., Coxson, P. G., Moran, A., Lightwood, J. M., Pletcher, M. J., & Goldman, L. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0907355 · Cited by 1,253 · see citing works
Effect of lower sodium intake on health: systematic review and meta-analyses
Aburto, N. J., Ziolkovska, A., Hooper, L., Elliott, P., Cappuccio, F. P., & Meerpohl, J. J. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f1326 · Cited by 1,242 · see citing works
Whelton, P. K., Appel, L. J., Espeland, M. A., Applegate, W. B., Ettinger, Jr., Kostis, J. B., Kumanyika, S., Lacy, C. R., Johnson, K. C., Folmar, S., et al. (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.279.11.839 · Cited by 1,200 · see citing works
Self-citationCook, N. R., Cutler, J. A., Obarzanek, E., Buring, J. E., Rexrode, K. M., Kumanyika, S. K., Appel, L. J., & Whelton, P. K. (2007) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39147.604896.55 · Cited by 1,179 · see citing works
Self-citationDietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate
Institute of Medicine (2005) · National Academies Press eBooks · doi:10.17226/10925 · Cited by 1,054 · see citing works
Powles, J., Fahimi, S., Micha, R., Khatibzadeh, S., Shi, P., Ezzati, M., Engell, R. E., Lim, S. S., Danaei, G., Mozaffarian, D., et al. (2013) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003733 · Cited by 940 · see citing works
Pingali, P. (2007) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2006.08.001 · Cited by 921 · see citing works
He, F. J., & MacGregor, G. A. (2002) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001459 · Cited by 810 · see citing works
Self-citationFuster, V., Alexander, R. W., & O’Rourke, R. A. (1966) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 705 · see citing works
SECULAR TRENDS IN DIETARY INTAKE IN THE UNITED STATES
Briefel, R. R., & Johnson, C. L. (2004) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.23.011702.073349 · Cited by 638 · see citing works
Reducing population salt intake worldwide: from evidence to implementation
He, F. J., & MacGregor, G. A. (2010) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2009.12.006 · Cited by 625 · see citing works
Self-citationGraudal, N. A., Hubeck-Graudal, T., & Jurgens, G. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004022.pub4 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Relative contributions of dietary sodium sources
Mattes, R. D., & Donnelly, D. (1991) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.1991.10718167 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
Stolarz-Skrzypek, K. (2011) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.574 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Urinary sodium and potassium excretion and risk of cardiovascular events
O'Donnell, M. J., Yusuf, S., Mente, A., Gao, P., Mann, J. F., Teo, K., McQueen, M., Sleight, P., Sharma, A. M., Dans, A., et al. (2011) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1729 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Anderson, C. A. M., Appel, L. J., Okuda, N., Brown, I., Chan, Q. M., Zhao, L., Ueshima, H., Kesteloot, H., Miura, K., Curb, J. D., et al. (2010) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2010.02.007 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Self-citationStrategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States
Institute of Medicine (2010) · National Academies Press eBooks · doi:10.17226/12818 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Dietary Sodium Intake and Subsequent Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Overweight Adults
He, J. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.21.2027 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Joint Effects of Sodium and Potassium Intake on Subsequent Cardiovascular Disease
Cook, N. R. (2009) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2008.523 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
Appel, L. J., Frohlich, E. D., Hall, J. E., Pearson, T. A., Sacco, R. L., Seals, D. R., Sacks, F. M., Smith, S. C., Vafiadis, D. K., & Horn, L. V. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e31820d0793 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Self-citationSalt reduction lowers cardiovascular risk: meta-analysis of outcome trials
He, F. J., & MacGregor, G. A. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61174-4 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Self-citationThomas, M. C., Moran, J., Forsblom, C., Harjutsalo, V., Thorn, L., Ahola, A., Wadén, J., Tolonen, N., Saraheimo, M., Gordin, D., et al. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-1722 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Tunstall-Pedoe, H., Woodward, M., Tavendale, R., Brook, R. A., & McCluskey, M. K. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7110.722 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Graudal, N. A., Hubeck‐Graudal, T., & Jűrgens, G. (2011) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1038/ajh.2011.210 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Taylor, R. S., Ashton, K. E., Moxham, T., Hooper, L., & Ebrahim, S. B. J. (2011) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1038/ajh.2011.115 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Dietary salt intake and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes
Ekinci, E. I., Clarke, S., Thomas, M. C., Moran, J. L., Cheong, K., MacIsaac, R. J., & Jerums, G. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-1723 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Effect of potassium-enriched salt on cardiovascular mortality and medical expenses of elderly men
Chang, H., Hu, Y.-W., Yue, C.-S. J., Wen, Y., Yeh, W., Hsu, L.-S., Tsai, S.-Y., & Pan, W. (2006) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1289 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Sodium and potassium intakes among US adults: NHANES 2003–2008
Cogswell, M. E., Zhang, Z., Carriquiry, A. L., Gunn, J. P., Kuklina, E. V., Saydah, S., Yang, Q., & Moshfegh, A. J. (2012) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.034413 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Heerspink, H. J. L., Holtkamp, F. A., Parving, H., Navis, G. J., Lewis, J. B., Ritz, E., de Graeff, P. A., & de Zeeuw, D. (2012) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/ki.2012.74 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Chen, J., Gu, D., Huang, J., Rao, D. C., Jaquish, C. E., Hixson, J. E., Chen, J., Chen, J., Lu, F., Ds, H., et al. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60144-6 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Self-citationPaterna, S., Parrinello, G., Fasullo, S., Sarullo, F. M., & Pasquale, P. D. (2008) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20070193 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Sodium in the Finnish diet: 20-year trends in urinary sodium excretion among the adult population
Laatikainen, T., Pietinen, P., Valsta, L., Sundvall, J., Reinivuo, H., & Tuomilehto, J. (2006) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602406 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Wang, T. J., Larson, M. G., Keyes, M. J., Levy, D. A., Benjamin, E. J., & Vasan, R. S. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.655142 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Bloom, D. M., Chisholm, D., Jané‐Llopis, E., Klaus Prettner, A., Stein, A., & Feigl, A. B. (2011) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Espeland, M. A. (2001) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/153.10.996 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Trends in 24-h urinary sodium excretion in the United States, 1957–2003: a systematic review
Bernstein, A. M., & Willett, W. C. (2010) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2010.29367 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Estimating dietary sodium intake in individuals receiving a randomly fluctuating intake.
Luft, F. C., Fineberg, N. S., & Sloan, R. S. (1982) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.4.6.805 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Dietary sodium and risk of stroke in the Northern Manhattan Study
Gardener, H., Rundek, T., Wright, C. B., Elkind, M. S. V., & Sacco, R. L. (2012) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.111.641043 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationEffect of Dietary Sodium Intake on Blood Lipids
Harsha, D. W., Sacks, F. M., Obarzanek, E., Svetkey, L. P., Lin, P., Bray, G. A., Aickin, M. G., Conlin, P. R., Miller, E. R., & Appel, L. J. (2004) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000113046.83819.a2 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationWhy and how to implement sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium changes in food items and diets?
Karppanen, H., Karppanen, P., & Mervaala, E. M. A. (2005) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001955 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Matavelli, L. C., Zhou, X., Varagić, J., Sušić, D., & Frohlich, E. D. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00671.2006 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationAlderman, M. H. (2010) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2010.69 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Dunford, E., Webster, J., Woodward, M., Czernichow, S., Yuan, W. L., Jenner, K. H., Mhurchú, C. N., Jacobson, M. F., Campbell, N. R. C., & Neal, B. C. (2012) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.111895 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citation[Pathophysiology of hypertension].
Hoyos, J. M. (1956) · PubMed · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy risk: beyond adaptive cardiomyocytic hypertrophy
Frohlich, E. D., González, A., & Dı́ez, J. (2010) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e328340d787 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationChanges in sodium levels in processed and restaurant foods, 2005 to 2011.
Jacobson, M., Havas, S., & McCarter, R. (2013) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.6154 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
A conflict between nutritionally adequate diets and meeting the 2010 dietary guidelines for sodium
Maillot, M., & Drewnowski, A. (2012) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.10.009 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Coxson, P. G., Bibbins-Domingo, K. B., Cook, N. R., Joffres, M., & Schmidt, S. (2013) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.01317 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Dietary Sodium Intake and Cardiovascular Mortality: Controversy Resolved?
Alderman, M. H., & Cohen, H. W. (2012) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1038/ajh.2012.52 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Coxson, P. G., Cook, N. R., Joffres, M., Hong, Y., Orenstein, D., Schmidt, S. M., & Bibbins-Domingo, K. (2013) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.201293 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Salt-induced renal injury in SHRs is mediated by AT1 receptor activation
Sušić, D., Frohlich, E. D., Kobori, H., Shao, W., Seth, D. M., & Navar, L. G. (2011) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e3283440683 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationAssessment of sodium intake in epidemiological studies on blood pressure.
Liu, K., & Stamler, J. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationRestaurant Meals: Almost a Full Day’s Worth of Calories, Fats, and Sodium
Scourboutakos, M. J., Semnani‐Azad, Z., & L’Abbé, M. R. (2013) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.6159 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Updated US Department of Agriculture Food Patterns Meet Goals of the 2010 Dietary Guidelines
Britten, P., Cleveland, L., Koegel, K. L., Kuczynski, K. J., & Nickols‐Richardson, S. M. (2012) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2012.05.021 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Susic, D., & Frohlich, E. D. (2011) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0b013e32834d9c52 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationElmståhl, S. (1997) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/26.5.1071 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Tomonari, T., Fukuda, M., Miura, T., Mizuno, M., Wakamatsu, T., Ichikawa, T., Miyagi, S., Shirasawa, Y., Ito, A., Yoshida, A., et al. (2011) · Journal of the American Society of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.jash.2011.07.004 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Physiological Aspects of the Requirement for Sodium in Mammals
Michell, A. R. (1989) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1079/nrr19890012 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Dietary sodium and cardiovascular outcomes: A rational approach
Penner, S. B., Campbell, N. R. C., Chockalingam, A., Zarnke, K. B., & Vliet, B. V. (2007) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0828-282x(07)70802-4 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationSušić, D., Varagić, J., & Frohlich, E. D. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00866.2009 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationUrinary Sodium and Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Whelton, P. K. (2011) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1746 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationCook, N. R., Kumanyika, S., Cutler, J. A., & Whelton, P. K. (2004) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001775 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationSodium and Its Multiorgan Targets
Frohlich, E. D., & Sušić, D. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.111.029371 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationPingali, P., & Pingali, P. (2004) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.22004/ag.econ.23795 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Slagman, M. C. J., Waanders, F., Vogt, L., Damman, K., Hemmelder, M. H., Navis, G. J., & Laverman, G. D. (2011) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfr408 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Salt: The Dying Echoes of the Food Industry
Cappuccio, F. P., Capewell, S., He, F. J., & MacGregor, G. A. (2013) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/hpt216 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationUrinary Sodium Excretion and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality
Bochud, M., Guessous, I., & Bovet, P. (2011) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1293 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The Cochrane Review of Sodium and Health
Alderman, M. H. (2011) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1038/ajh.2011.117 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
He, F. J., & MacGregor, G. A. (2012) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/nrneph.2011.220 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationPublic Health Policies: No Place for Surrogates
Furberg, C. D. (2011) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1038/ajh.2011.203 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Heerspink, H. J. L., Kwakernaak, A. J., de Zeeuw, D., & Navis, G. J. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-0711 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Urinary Sodium Excretion and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality
Aleksandrova, K., Pischon, T., & Weikert, C. (2011) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1291 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Urinary Sodium Excretion and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality
Labarthe, D. R., & Briss, P. A. (2011) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1294 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationUrinary Sodium Excretion and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality
Rebholz, C. M., & He, J. (2011) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1292 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Urinary Sodium Excretion and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality
Cook, N. R. (2011) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1295 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Urinary Sodium Excretion and Cardiovascular Events
Mann, S. (2012) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2012.326 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Community Sodium Reduction: Is It Worth the Effort?
Heagerty, A. M. (2011) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1038/ajh.2011.220 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
McCarron, D. A. (2011) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1038/ajh.2011.111 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- [37]37. Ji C, Miller MA, Cappuccio FP. Comparisons of spot vs 24-h urine samples for estimating salt intake. J Hum Hypertens. 2011;25:628.
- [38]38. Gordis L. More on causal inferences: bias, confounding, and interaction in epidemiology. In: Epidemiology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, Elsevier; 2009: 247-264.
- [51]51. Heerspink HJL, Kwakernaak A, de Zeeuw D, Navis G. Comment on: dietary salt intake and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:124.
- [57]57. de Abreu-Silva EO, Marcadenti A. Urinary sodium excretion and cardio- vascular disease mortality [letter]. JAMA. 2011;306:1085-1086.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2017 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Benjamin, E. J., Blaha, M. J., Chiuve, S. E., Cushman, M., Das, S. R., Deo, R., de Ferranti, S. D., Floyd, J., Fornage, M., Gillespie, C., et al. (2017) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000485 · Cited by 12,591 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2020 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Virani, S. S., Alonso, A., Benjamin, E. J., Bittencourt, M. S., Callaway, C. W., Carson, A. P., Chamberlain, A. M., Chang, A. R., Cheng, S., Delling, F. N., et al. (2020) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000757 · Cited by 9,175 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2019 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Benjamin, E. J., Muntner, P., Alonso, A., Bittencourt, M. S., Callaway, C. W., Carson, A. P., Chamberlain, A. M., Chang, A. R., Cheng, S., Das, S. R., et al. (2019) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000659 · Cited by 9,036 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Tsao, C. W., Aday, A. W., Almarzooq, Z. I., Anderson, C. A. M., Arora, P., Avery, C. L., Baker-Smith, C. M., Beaton, A. Z., Boehme, A. K., Buxton, A. E., et al. (2023) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001123 · Cited by 8,300 · see citing works
Self-citationWhelton, P. K., Carey, R. M., Aronow, W. S., Casey, D. E., Collins, K. J., Dennison Himmelfarb, C., DePalma, S. M., Gidding, S., Jamerson, K. A., Jones, D. W., et al. (2018) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hyp.0000000000000065 · Cited by 7,391 · see citing works
Self-citationHeart disease and stroke statistics-2018 update: a report from the american heart association
Benjamin, E. J., Virani, S. S., Callaway, C. W., Chamberlain, A. M., Chang, A. R., Cheng, S., Chiuve, S. E., Cushman, M., Delling, F. N., Deo, R., et al. (2018) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000558 · Cited by 7,146 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2016 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Mozaffarian, D., Benjamin, E. J., Go, A. S., Arnett, D. K., Blaha, M. J., Cushman, M., Das, S. R., de Ferranti, S., Després, J.-P., Fullerton, H. J., et al. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000350 · Cited by 6,596 · see citing works
Whelton, P. K., Carey, R. M., Aronow, W. S., Casey, D. E., Collins, K. J., Dennison Himmelfarb, C., DePalma, S. M., Gidding, S., Jamerson, K. A., Jones, D. W., et al. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.006 · Cited by 6,616 · see citing works
Self-citationHeart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2022 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Tsao, C. W., Aday, A. W., Almarzooq, Z. I., Alonso, A., Beaton, A. Z., Bittencourt, M. S., Boehme, A. K., Buxton, A. E., Carson, A. P., Commodore-Mensah, Y., et al. (2022) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001052 · Cited by 5,987 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2021 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Virani, S. S., Alonso, A., Aparicio, H. J., Benjamin, E. J., Bittencourt, M. S., Callaway, C. W., Carson, A. P., Chamberlain, A. M., Cheng, S., Delling, F. N., et al. (2021) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000950 · Cited by 5,784 · see citing works
Martin, S. S., Aday, A. W., Almarzooq, Z. I., Anderson, C. A. M., Arora, P., Avery, C. L., Baker-Smith, C. M., Barone Gibbs, B., Beaton, A. Z., Boehme, A. K., et al. (2024) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001209 · Cited by 2,800 · see citing works
Self-citationMozaffarian, D. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.115.018585 · Cited by 2,216 · see citing works
Virani, S. S., Newby, L. K., Arnold, S. V., Bittner, V., Brewer, L. C., Demeter, S. H., Dixon, D. L., Fearon, W. F., Hess, B., Johnson, H. M., et al. (2023) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001168 · Cited by 1,598 · see citing works
Global Sodium Consumption and Death from Cardiovascular Causes
Mozaffarian, D., Fahimi, S., Singh, G. M., Micha, R., Khatibzadeh, S., Engell, R. E., Lim, S., Danaei, G., Ezzati, M., & Powles, J. (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1304127 · Cited by 1,218 · see citing works
Carey, R. M., Calhoun, D. A., Bakris, G. L., Brook, R. D., Daugherty, S. L., Dennison-Himmelfarb, C. R., Egan, B. M., Flack, J. M., Gidding, S. S., Judd, E., et al. (2018) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hyp.0000000000000084 · Cited by 1,153 · see citing works
Whelton, P. K., Carey, R. M., Aronow, W. S., Casey, D. E., Collins, K. J., Dennison Himmelfarb, C., DePalma, S. M., Gidding, S., Jamerson, K. A., Jones, D. W., et al. (2018) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000596 · Cited by 1,127 · see citing works
Self-citationPowles, J., Fahimi, S., Micha, R., Khatibzadeh, S., Shi, P., Ezzati, M., Engell, R. E., Lim, S. S., Danaei, G., Mozaffarian, D., et al. (2013) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003733 · Cited by 940 · see citing works
Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion, Mortality, and Cardiovascular Events
O'Donnell, M., Mente, A., Rangarajan, S., McQueen, M. J., Wang, X., Liu, L., Yan, H., Lee, S. F., Mony, P., Devanath, A., et al. (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1311889 · Cited by 886 · see citing works
Guenther, P. M., Kirkpatrick, S. I., Reedy, J., Krebs‐Smith, S. M., Buckman, D. W., Dodd, K. W., Casavale, K. O., & Carroll, R. J. (2014) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.113.183079 · Cited by 824 · see citing works
Poulter, N. R., Prabhakaran, D., & Caulfield, M. J. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61468-9 · Cited by 700 · see citing works
Graudal, N. A., Hubeck-Graudal, T., & Jurgens, G. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004022.pub4 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Virani, S. S., Newby, L. K., Arnold, S. V., Bittner, V., Brewer, L. C., Demeter, S. H., Dixon, D. L., Fearon, W. F., Hess, B., Johnson, H. M., et al. (2023) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.003 · Cited by 596 · see citing works
Prevention and Control of Hypertension
Carey, R. M., Muntner, P., Bosworth, H. B., & Whelton, P. K. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.07.008 · Cited by 623 · see citing works
Self-citationTrends in Dietary Quality Among Adults in the United States, 1999 Through 2010
Wang, D. D., Leung, C. W., Li, Y., Ding, E. L., Chiuve, S. E., Hu, F. B., & Willett, W. C. (2014) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.3422 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Micha, R., Shulkin, M., Peñalvo, J. L., Khatibzadeh, S., Singh, G. M., Rao, M., Fahimi, S., Powles, J. W., & Mozaffarian, D. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175149 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Aaron, K. J., & Sanders, P. W. (2013) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.06.005 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Measuring Population Sodium Intake: A Review of Methods
McLean, R. M. (2014) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu6114651 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Farquhar, W. B., Edwards, D. G., Jurkovitz, C. T., & Weintraub, W. S. (2015) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.12.039 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Mente, A., O'Donnell, M., Rangarajan, S., McQueen, M., Dagenais, G., Wielgosz, A., Lear, S., Ah, S. T. L., Wei, L., Diaz, R., et al. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31376-x · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Salt in health and disease–a delicate balance
Kotchen, T. A., Cowley, A. W., & Frohlich, E. D. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1212606 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Self-citationCobb, L. K., Anderson, C. A. M., Elliott, P., Hu, F. B., Liu, K., Neaton, J. D., Whelton, P. K., Woodward, M., & Appel, L. J. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000015 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Self-citationBlood Pressure Effects of Sodium Reduction
Filippini, T., Malavolti, M., Whelton, P. K., Naska, A., Orsini, N., & Vinceti, M. (2021) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.120.050371 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Self-citationAmerican Diabetes Association (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-s007 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
High dietary phosphorus intake is associated with all-cause mortality: results from NHANES III
Chang, A. R., Lazo, M., Appel, L. J., Gutiérrez, O. M., & Grams, M. E. (2014) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.073148 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Self-citationLower Levels of Sodium Intake and Reduced Cardiovascular Risk
Cook, N. R., Appel, L. J., & Whelton, P. K. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.113.006032 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Self-citationBrüll, V., Burak, C., Stoffel‐Wagner, B., Wolffram, S., Nickenig, G., Müller, C., Langguth, P., Alteheld, B., Fimmers, R., Naaf, S., et al. (2015) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114515002950 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Sodium excretion and the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease
Mills, K. T., Chen, J., Yang, W., Appel, L. J., Kusek, J. W., Alper, A., Delafontaine, P., Keane, M. G., Mohler, E., Ojo, A., et al. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.4447 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Self-citationReduced dietary salt for the prevention of cardiovascular disease
Taylor, R. S., Ashton, K. E., Moxham, T., Hooper, L., & Ebrahim, S. B. J. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009217 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
RetractedAgreement Between 24-Hour Salt Ingestion and Sodium Excretion in a Controlled Environment
Lerchl, K., Rakova, N., Dahlmann, A., Rauh, M., Goller, U., Basner, M., Dinges, D. F., Beck, L., Agureev, A., Larina, I., et al. (2015) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.05851 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Sodium Intake and Cardiovascular Health
O’Donnell, M., Mente, A., & Yusuf, S. (2015) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.116.303771 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Guideline-Driven Management of Hypertension: An Evidence-Based Update
Carey, R., Wright, J. T., Taler, S., & Whelton, P. (2021) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.121.318083 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationDietary Approaches to Prevent Hypertension
Bazzano, L., Green, T., Harrison, T. N., & Reynolds, K. (2013) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-013-0390-z · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Aspry, K. E., Van Horn, L., Carson, J. A. S., Wylie-Rosett, J., Kushner, R. F., Lichtenstein, A. H., Devries, S., Freeman, A. M., Crawford, A., & Kris-Etherton, P. (2018) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000563 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Potassium-Enriched Salt Substitutes as a Means to Lower Blood Pressure
Greer, R. C., Marklund, M., Anderson, C. A. M., Cobb, L. K., Dalcin, A., Henry, M., & Appel, L. J. (2019) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13241 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citationLifestyle modifications for preventing and treating heart failure
Aggarwal, M., Bozkurt, B., Panjrath, G., Aggarwal, B., Ostfeld, R. J., Barnard, N. D., Gaggin, H., Freeman, A. M., Allen, K., Madan, S., et al. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.2160 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
3. Foundations of Care and Comprehensive Medical Evaluation
American Diabetes Association (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc16-s006 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Sodium Intake and Chronic Kidney Disease
Borrelli, S., Provenzano, M., Gagliardi, I., Michael, A., Liberti, M., Nicola, L. D., Conte, G., Garofalo, C., & Andreucci, M. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21134744 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Alisson-Silva, F., Kawanishi, K., & Varki, A. (2016) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2016.07.002 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Role of salt intake in prevention of cardiovascular disease: controversies and challenges
He, F. J., & MacGregor, G. A. (2018) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-018-0004-1 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationRenal Dysfunction, Rather Than Nonrenal Vascular Dysfunction, Mediates Salt-Induced Hypertension
Hall, J. E. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.115.018526 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Self-citationTitze, J. M., Dahlmann, A., Lerchl, K., Kopp, C., Rakova, N., Schröder, A., & Luft, F. C. (2013) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/ki.2013.367 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Lewandowski, B. C., Sukumaran, S. K., Margolskee, R. F., & Bachmanov, A. A. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2947-15.2016 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Dietary Phosphorus Intake and the Kidney
Chang, A. R., & Anderson, C. A. M. (2017) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064607 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citationGraudal, N. A., Hubeck‐Graudal, T., & Jűrgens, G. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004022.pub5 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Reduced dietary salt for the prevention of cardiovascular disease
Adler, A. J., Taylor, F. C., Martin, N., Gottlieb, S. H., Taylor, R. S., & Ebrahim, S. B. J. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009217.pub3 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Salt, Hypertension, and Immunity
Rucker, A. J., Rudemiller, N. P., & Crowley, S. D. (2017) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021317-121134 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Kalogeropoulos, A. P., Georgiopoulou, V. V., Murphy, R. A., Newman, A. B., Bauer, D. C., Harris, T. B., Yang, Z., Applegate, W. B., & Kritchevsky, S. B. (2015) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.6278 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Mao, P.-J., Zhang, C., Tang, L., Xian, Y.-Q., Li, Y.-S., Wang, W.-D., Zhu, X.-H., Qiu, H.-L., He, J., & Zhou, Y.-H. (2013) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.08.055 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Yang, X., Hu, W., Xiu, Z., Jiang, A., Yang, X., Sarengaowa, Ji, Y., Guan, Y., & Feng, K. (2019) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108926 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
The Effect of Alcohol on Blood Pressure and Hypertension
Fuchs, F. D., & Fuchs, S. C. P. C. (2021) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-021-01160-7 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Blood Pressure and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy During American-Style Football Participation
Weiner, R. B., Wang, F., Isaacs, S. K., Malhotra, R. K., Berkstresser, B. D., Kim, J. H., Hutter, A. M., Picard, M. H., Wang, T. J., & Baggish, A. L. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.113.003522 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Pfister, R., Michels, G., Sharp, S. J., Luben, R., Wareham, N. J., & Khaw, K.-T. (2014) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ejhf.56 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Ticinesi, A., Nouvenne, A., Maalouf, N. M., Borghi, L., & Meschi, T. (2014) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfu243 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Mancia, G., Oparil, S., Whelton, P. K., McKee, M., Dominiczak, A. F., Luft, F. C., AlHabib, K. F., Lanas, F. T., Damasceno, A. A. M., Prabhakaran, D., et al. (2016) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw549 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationLongitudinal Change of Perceived Salt Intake and Stroke Risk in a Chinese Population
Li, Y., Huang, Z., Jin, C., Xing, A., Liu, Y., Huangfu, C., Lichtenstein, A. H., Tucker, K. L., Wu, S., & Gao, X. (2018) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.117.020277 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Adding salt to foods and hazard of premature mortality
Ma, H., Xue, Q., Wang, X., Li, X., Franco, O. H., Li, Y., Heianza, Y., Manson, J. E., & Qi, L. (2022) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac208 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Health effects of sodium and potassium in humans
Whelton, P. K., & He, J. (2013) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0000000000000033 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationBiomarkers to Guide Medical Therapy in Primary Aldosteronism
Hundemer, G. L., Leung, A. A. C., Kline, G. A., Brown, J. M., Turcu, A. F., & Vaidya, A. (2023) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnad024 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Sodium, Potassium, Blood Pressure, and Cardiovascular Disease in Humans
Whelton, P. K. (2014) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-014-0465-5 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationGABAergic Excitation of Vasopressin Neurons
Kim, Y., Kim, Y. S., Kim, W. B., Shen, F.-Y., Lee, S. W., Chung, H. J., Kim, J. S., Han, H. C., Colwell, C. S., & Kim, Y. I. (2013) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.113.301814 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Vidal, V. A. S., Lorenzo, J. M., Munekata, P. E. S., & Pollonio, M. A. R. (2020) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2020.1774495 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Applicability of salt reduction strategies in pizza crust
Mueller, E., Koehler, P., & Scherf, K. A. (2015) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.07.066 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Hypothalamic Signaling Mechanisms in Hypertension
Carmichael, C. Y., & Wainford, R. D. (2015) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-015-0550-4 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Salt-Sensitive Hypertension: Perspectives on Intrarenal Mechanisms
Majid, D. S. A., Prieto, M., & Navar, L. G. (2015) · Current Hypertension Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573402111666150530203858 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Sodium Intake and Renal Outcomes: A Systematic Review
Smyth, A., O'Donnell, M. J., Yusuf, S., Clase, C. M., Teo, K. K., Canavan, M. D., Reddan, D. N., & Mann, J. F. E. (2014) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/hpt294 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Sodium Excretion and Risk of Developing Coronary Heart Disease
Joosten, M. M., Gansevoort, R. T., Mukamal, K. J., Heerspink, H. J. L., Geleijnse, J. M., Feskens, E. J. M., Navis, G. J., & Bakker, S. J. L. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.113.004290 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Longitudinal Effects of Dietary Sodium and Potassium on Blood Pressure in Adolescent Girls
Buendia, J. R., Bradlee, M. L., Daniels, S. R., Singer, M. R., & Moore, L. L. (2015) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0411 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Dietary Impact of Adding Potassium Chloride to Foods as a Sodium Reduction Technique
van Buren, L., Dötsch‐Klerk, M., Seewi, G., & Newson, R. S. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8040235 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Takase, H., Sugiura, T., Kimura, G., Ohte, N., & Dohi, Y. (2015) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.115.001959 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Changes in sodium levels in processed and restaurant foods, 2005 to 2011.
Jacobson, M., Havas, S., & McCarter, R. (2013) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.6154 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Haring, B., Wu, C., Coker, L. H., Seth, A., Snetselaar, L. G., Manson, J. E., Rossouw, J. E., & Wassertheil-Smoller, S. W. (2015) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/hpv081 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Colin-Ramírez, E., McAlister, F. A., Zheng, Y., Sharma, S., Armstrong, P. W., & Ezekowitz, J. A. (2014) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2014.11.013 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Anderson, C. A. M., Cobb, L. K., Miller, E. R., Woodward, M., Hottenstein, A. W., Chang, A. R., Mongraw‐Chaffin, M., White, K. N., Charleston, J. B., Tanaka, T., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.100750 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationSalt Reduction in Vegetable Fermentation: Reality or Desire?
Bautista‐Gallego, J., Rantsiou, K., Garrido-Fernández, A., Cocolin, L., & Arroyo‐López, F. N. (2013) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/1750-3841.12170 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Jessri, M., Ng, A. P., & L’Abbé, M. R. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9080910 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Nutrition education in the care of patients with chronic kidney disease and end‐stage renal disease
Anderson, C. A. M., & Nguyen, H. A. (2018) · Seminars in Dialysis · doi:10.1111/sdi.12681 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationPark, J., Kwock, C., & Yang, Y. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8080482 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The Impact of Sodium and Potassium on Hypertension Risk
Adrogué, H. J., & Madias, N. E. (2014) · Seminars in Nephrology · doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2014.04.003 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Barker, E. C., Flygare, J., Paruthi, S., & Sharkey, K. M. (2020) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s162762 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Sodium and Health: Old Myths and a Controversy Based on Denial
Cappuccio, F. P., Campbell, N. R. C., He, F. J., Jacobson, M. F., MacGregor, G. A., Antman, E. M., Appel, L. J., Arcand, J., Blanco‐Metzler, A., Cook, N. R., et al. (2022) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-021-00383-z · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationMonitoring population sodium intake using spot urine samples: validation in a New Zealand population
McLean, R. M., Williams, S., & Mann, J. I. (2014) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/jhh.2014.10 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Electrolyte minerals intake and cardiovascular health
Mohammadifard, N., Gotay, C. C., Humphries, K. H., Ignaszewski, A., Esmaillzadeh, A., & Sarrafzadegan, N. (2018) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2018.1453474 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Mean Dietary Salt Intake in Urban and Rural Areas in India: A Population Survey of 1395 Persons
Johnson, C., Mohan, S., Rogers, K. D., Shivashankar, R., Thout, S. R., Gupta, P., He, F. J., MacGregor, G. A., Webster, J. L., Krishnan, A., et al. (2017) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.116.004547 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationShould we eat more potassium to better control blood pressure in hypertension?
Burnier, M. (2017) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfx340 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Campbell, D. J. T., Ronksley, P. E., Manns, B., Tonelli, M. A., Sanmartin, C., Weaver, R. G., Hennessy, D. A., King‐Shier, K. M., Campbell, T. S., & Hemmelgarn, B. R. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094007 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Johansson, S. A., Rosenbaum, D. P., Knutsson, M., & Leonsson‐Zachrisson, M. (2016) · Clinical and Experimental Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s10157-016-1302-8 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Oh, Y. S., Appel, L. J., Galis, Z. S., Hafler, D. A., He, J., Hernandez, A. L., Joe, B., Karumanchi, S. A., Maric-Bilkan, C., Mattson, D., et al. (2016) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.07415 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, X., Hu, W., Xiu, Z., Jiang, A., Yang, X., Saren, G., Ji, Y., Guan, Y., & Feng, K. (2020) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/jam.14786 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Salt and sugar: their effects on blood pressure
He, F. J., & MacGregor, G. A. (2014) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-014-1677-x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationFatahi, S., Namazi, N., Larijani, B. A., & Azadbakht, L. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2018.1431161 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
- Authors
- Whelton, P. K., Appel, L. J., Sacco, R. L., Anderson, C. A. M., Antman, E. M., Campbell, N., Dunbar, S. B., Frohlich, E. D., Hall, J. E., Jessup, M., Labarthe, D. R., MacGregor, G. A., Sacks, F. M., Stamler, J., Vafiadis, D. K., & Van Horn, L. V.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Circulation
- Published
- 2012-12-11
- Volume
- 126
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 2880-2889
- ISSN
- 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4539
- OpenAlex
- W2172022569
- Semantic Scholar
- 106413488fdcdfcaf65145a86aa70d9a2a6ab3f9
- Cited by
- 463
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 57 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 44.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2013-01-01)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Circulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Heart Association
- Brigham and Women's Hospital
- University of Miami
- University of Pennsylvania
- Emory University
- Northwestern University
- Harvard University
- Tulane University
- Johns Hopkins University
- Queen Mary University of London
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K01HL092595)
- National Institute of Nursing Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- sodium intake, blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, meta-analysis critique, American Heart Association guidelines, hypertension prevention
- MeSH terms
- American Heart Association, Blood Pressure, Cardiology, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diet, Sodium-Restricted, Humans, Risk Factors, United States, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Sodium Chloride, Dietary
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
