Multiethnic Exome-Wide Association Study of Subclinical Atherosclerosis
Open accessAbstract
Background—: The burden of subclinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic individuals is heritable and associated with elevated risk of developing clinical coronary heart disease. We sought to identify genetic variants in protein-coding regions associated with subclinical atherosclerosis and the risk of subsequent coronary heart disease. Methods and Results—: We studied a total of 25 109 European ancestry and African ancestry participants with coronary artery calcification (CAC) measured by cardiac computed tomography and 52 869 participants with common carotid intima–media thickness measured by ultrasonography within the CHARGE Consortium (Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology). Participants were genotyped for 247 870 DNA sequence variants (231 539 in exons) across the genome. A meta-analysis of exome-wide association studies was performed across cohorts for CAC and carotid intima–media thickness. APOB p.Arg3527Gln was associated with 4-fold excess CAC ( P =3×10 − 10 ). The APOE ε2 allele (p.Arg176Cys) was associated with both 22.3% reduced CAC ( P =1×10 − 12 ) and 1.4% reduced carotid intima–media thickness ( P =4×10 − 14 ) in carriers compared with noncarriers. In secondary analyses conditioning on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration, the ε2 protective association with CAC, although attenuated, remained strongly significant. Additionally, the presence of ε2 was associated with reduced risk for coronary heart disease (odds ratio 0.77; P =1×10 − 11 ). Conclusions—: Exome-wide association meta-analysis demonstrates that protein-coding variants in APOB and APOE associate with subclinical atherosclerosis. APOE ε2 represents the first significant association for multiple subclinical atherosclerosis traits across multiple ethnicities, as well as clinical coronary heart disease.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
APOEε2 has been associated with reduced risk of coronary and carotid artery diseases in diverse populations.
“By contrast, APOEε2 has been associated with reduced risk of coronary and carotid artery diseases in diverse populations86.”
From Multifaceted roles of APOE in Alzheimer disease (2024) · cites this paper as [86]
The Results (Carotid Intima Media Thickness Association; page unavailable) report reduced carotid intima-media thickness with APOE ε2 in European- and African-ancestry cohorts. The Methods and Results passage also reports reduced coronary heart disease risk. Carotid intima-media thickness is a measure of subclinical atherosclerosis, however, not a measured reduction in the risk of clinical carotid artery disease. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk
Goff, D. C., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Bennett, G., Coady, S., D’Agostino, R. B., Gibbons, R., Greenland, P., Lackland, D. T., Levy, D., O’Donnell, C. J., et al. (2014) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.005 · Cited by 4,945 · see citing works
Self-citationProgress and challenges in translating the biology of atherosclerosis
Libby, P., Ridker, P. M., & Hansson, G. K. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10146 · Cited by 4,010 · see citing works
Finding genes that underlie complex traits.
Glazier, A. M., Nadeau, J. H., & Aitman, T. J. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1076641 · Cited by 855 · see citing works
Mega, J. L., Stitziel, N. O., Smith, J. G., Chasman, D. I., Caulfield, M. J., Devlin, J. J., Nordio, F., Hyde, C. L., Cannon, C. P., Sacks, F. M., et al. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61730-x · Cited by 704 · see citing works
Self-citationCoding Variation in <i>ANGPTL4,</i> <i>LPL,</i> and <i>SVEP1</i> and the Risk of Coronary Disease
Myocardial Infarction Genetics and CARDIoGRAM Exome Consortia Investigators (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1507652 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 39
- [1]Go AS Mozaffarian D Roger VL Benjamin EJ Berry JD Blaha MJ Heart disease and stroke statistics--2014 update: a report from the american heart association Circulation 2014 129 e28 e292 24352519 PMC5408159
- [3]Nambi V Chambless L Folsom AR He M Hu Y Mosley T Carotid intima-media thickness and presence or absence of plaque improves J Am Coll Cardiol 2010 55 1600 1607 20378078 PMC2862308
- [4]Polonsky TS McClelland RL Jorgensen NW Bild DE Burke GL Guerci AD Coronary artery calcium score and risk classification for coronary heart disease JAMA 2010 303 1610 1616 20424251 PMC3033741
- [5]Yeboah J McClelland RL Polonsky TS Burke GL Sibley CT O'Leary D Comparison of novel risk markers for improvement in cardiovascular risk JAMA 2012 308 788 795 22910756 PMC4141475
- [6]Baber U Mehran R Sartori S Schoos MM Sillesen H Muntendam P Prevalence, Impact, and Predictive Value of Detecting Subclinical Coronary and Carotid Atherosclerosis in Asymptomatic Adults: The BioImage Study J Am Coll Cardiol 2015 65 1065 1074 25790876
- [7]Bis JC Kavousi M Franceschini N Isaacs A Abecasis GR Schminke U Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies from the CHARGE consortium Nat Genet 2011 43 940 947 21909108 PMC3257519
- [8]Peyser PA Bielak LF Chu JS Turner ST Ellsworth DL Boerwinkle E Heritability of coronary artery calcium quantity measured by electron beam computed tomography in asymptomatic adults Circulation 2002 106 304 308 12119244
- [9]Zhao J Cheema FA Bremner JD Goldberg J Su S Snieder H Heritability of carotid intima-media thickness: a twin study Atherosclerosis 2008 197 814 820 17825306 PMC2387097
- [11]O'Donnell CJ Cupples LA D'Agostino RB Fox CS Hoffmann U Hwang SJ Genome-wide association study for subclinical atherosclerosis in major arterial BMC Med Genet 2007 8 Suppl 1 S4 17903303 PMC1995605
- [12]O'Donnell CJ Kavousi M Smith AV Kardia SL Feitosa MF Hwang SJ Genome-wide association study for coronary artery calcification with follow-up in myocardial infarction Circulation 2011 124 2855 2864 22144573 PMC3397173
- [13]Wojczynski MK Li M Bielak LF Kerr KF Reiner AP Wong ND Genetics of coronary artery calcification among African Americans, a meta-analysis BMC Med Genet 2013 14 75 23870195 PMC3733595
- [14]Zhang L Buzkova P Wassel CL Roman MJ North KE Crawford DC Lack of associations of ten candidate coronary heart disease risk genetic variants and subclinical atherosclerosis in four US populations: the Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) study Atherosclerosis 2013 228 390 399 23587283 PMC3717342
- [16]Kiezun A Garimella K Do R Stitziel NO Neale BM McLaren PJ Exome sequencing and the genetic basis of complex traits Nat Genet 2012 44 623 630 22641211 PMC3727622
- [17]Grove ML Yu B Cochran BJ Haritunians T Bis JC Taylor KD Best practices and joint calling of the HumanExome BeadChip: the CHARGE Consortium PLoS One 2013 8 e68095 23874508 PMC3709915
- [18]Psaty BM O'Donnell CJ Gudnason V Lunetta KL Folsom AR Rotter JI Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) Consortium: Design of prospective meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies from 5 cohorts Circ Cardiovasc Genet 2009 2 73 80 20031568 PMC2875693
- [19]Daniell AL Wong ND Friedman JD Ben-Yosef N Miranda-Peats R Hayes SW Concordance of coronary artery calcium estimates between MDCT and electron beam tomography AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005 185 1542 1545 16304010
- [20]Mao SS Pal RS McKay CR Gao YG Gopal A Ahmadi N Comparison of coronary artery calcium scores between electron beam computed tomography and 64-multidetector computed tomographic scanner J Comput Assist Tomogr 2009 33 175 178 19346841
- [21]Greenland P Alpert JS Beller GA Benjamin EJ Budoff MJ Fayad ZA 2010 ACCF/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines J Am Coll Cardiol 2010 56 e50 103 21144964
- [22]Agatston AS Janowitz WR Hildner FJ Zusmer NR Viamonte M Jr Detrano R Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography J Am Coll Cardiol 1990 15 827 832 2407762
- [23]Peloso GM Auer PL Bis JC Voorman A Morrison AC Stitziel NO Association of low-frequency and rare coding-sequence variants with blood lipids and coronary heart disease in 56,000 whites and blacks Am J Hum Genet 2014 94 223 232 24507774 PMC3928662
- [24]Price AL Patterson NJ Plenge RM Weinblatt ME Shadick NA Reich D Principal components analysis corrects for stratification in genome-wide association studies Nat Genet 2006 38 904 909 16862161
- [25]Pruim RJ Welch RP Sanna S Teslovich TM Chines PS Gliedt TP LocusZoom: regional visualization of genome-wide association scan results Bioinformatics 2010 26 2336 2337 20634204 PMC2935401
- [26]Purcell S Cherny SS Sham PC Genetic Power Calculator: design of linkage and association genetic mapping studies of complex traits Bioinformatics 2003 19 149 150 12499305
- [27]Sabatti C Service SK Hartikainen AL Pouta A Ripatti S Brodsky J Genome-wide association analysis of metabolic traits in a birth cohort from a founder population Nat Genet 2009 41 35 46 19060910 PMC2687077
- [29]Folsom AR Kronmal RA Detrano RC O'Leary DH Bild DE Bluemke DA Coronary artery calcification compared with carotid intima-media thickness in the prediction of cardiovascular disease incidence: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Arch Intern Med 2008 168 1333 1339 18574091 PMC2555989
- [31]Innerarity TL Weisgraber KH Arnold KS Mahley RW Krauss RM Vega GL Familial defective apolipoprotein B-100: low density lipoproteins with abnormal receptor binding Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987 84 6919 6923 3477815 PMC299196
- [32]Shen H Damcott CM Rampersaud E Pollin TI Horenstein RB McArdle PF Familial defective apolipoprotein B-100 and increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and coronary artery calcification in the old order amish Arch Intern Med 2010 170 1850 1855 21059979 PMC3587042
- [33]Segrest JP Jones MK De Loof H Dashti N Structure of apolipoprotein B-100 in low density lipoproteins J Lipid Res 2001 42 1346 1367 11518754
- [34]Hallman DM Boerwinkle E Saha N Sandholzer C Menzel HJ Csazar A The apolipoprotein E polymorphism: a comparison of allele frequencies and effects in nine populations Am J Hum Genet 1991 49 338 349 1867194 PMC1683282
- [35]Bennet AM Di Angelantonio E Ye Z Wensley F Dahlin A Ahlbom A Association of apolipoprotein E genotypes with lipid levels and coronary risk JAMA 2007 298 1300 1311 17878422
- [36]Sudlow C Martinez Gonzalez NA Kim J Clark C Does apolipoprotein E genotype influence the risk of ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, or subarachnoid hemorrhage? Systematic review and meta-analyses of 31 studies among 5961 cases and 17,965 controls Stroke 2006 37 364 370 16385096 PMC2577180
- [37]Innerarity TL Pitas RE Mahley RW Binding of arginine-rich (E) apoprotein after recombination with phospholipid vesicles to the low density lipoprotein receptors of fibroblasts J Biol Chem 1979 254 4186 4190 220235
- [38]Mahley RW Apolipoprotein E: cholesterol transport protein with expanding role in cell biology Science 1988 240 622 630 3283935
- [39]Dong LM Parkin S Trakhanov SD Rupp B Simmons T Arnold KS Novel mechanism for defective receptor binding of apolipoprotein E2 in type III hyperlipoproteinemia Nat Struct Biol 1996 3 718 722 8756331
- [40]Huang Y Rall SC Jr Mahley RW Genetic factors precipitating type III hyperlipoproteinemia in hypolipidemic transgenic mice expressing human apolipoprotein E2 Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997 17 2817 2824 9409260
- [41]de Beer F Hendriks WL van Vark LC Kamerling SW van Dijk KW Hofker MH Binding of beta-VLDL to heparan sulfate proteoglycans requires lipoprotein lipase, whereas ApoE only modulates binding affinity Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999 19 633 637 10073967
- [42]Mahley RW Huang Y Rall SC Jr Pathogenesis of type III hyperlipoproteinemia (dysbetalipoproteinemia). Questions, quandaries, and paradoxes J Lipid Res 1999 40 1933 1949 10552997
- [43]Huang Y Liu XQ Rall SC Jr Mahley RW Apolipoprotein E2 reduces the low density lipoprotein level in transgenic mice by impairing lipoprotein lipase-mediated lipolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins J Biol Chem 1998 273 17483 17490 9651338
- [44]MacArthur DG Balasubramanian S Frankish A Huang N Morris J Walter K A systematic survey of loss-of-function variants in human protein-coding genes Science 2012 335 823 828 22344438 PMC3299548
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2020 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Virani, S. S., Alonso, A., Benjamin, E. J., Bittencourt, M. S., Callaway, C. W., Carson, A. P., Chamberlain, A. M., Chang, A. R., Cheng, S., Delling, F. N., et al. (2020) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000757 · Cited by 9,175 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2019 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Benjamin, E. J., Muntner, P., Alonso, A., Bittencourt, M. S., Callaway, C. W., Carson, A. P., Chamberlain, A. M., Chang, A. R., Cheng, S., Das, S. R., et al. (2019) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000659 · Cited by 9,036 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Tsao, C. W., Aday, A. W., Almarzooq, Z. I., Anderson, C. A. M., Arora, P., Avery, C. L., Baker-Smith, C. M., Beaton, A. Z., Boehme, A. K., Buxton, A. E., et al. (2023) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001123 · Cited by 8,300 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2022 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Tsao, C. W., Aday, A. W., Almarzooq, Z. I., Alonso, A., Beaton, A. Z., Bittencourt, M. S., Boehme, A. K., Buxton, A. E., Carson, A. P., Commodore-Mensah, Y., et al. (2022) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001052 · Cited by 5,987 · see citing works
Natarajan, P., Young, R., Stitziel, N. O., Padmanabhan, S., Baber, U., Mehran, R., Sartori, S., Fuster, V., Reilly, D. F., Butterworth, A., et al. (2017) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.116.024436 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Self-citation70-year legacy of the Framingham Heart Study
Andersson, C., Johnson, A. D., Benjamin, E. J., Levy, D., & Vasan, R. S. (2019) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-019-0202-5 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Multifaceted roles of APOE in Alzheimer disease
Jackson, R. J., Hyman, B. T., & Serrano-Pozo, A. (2024) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-024-00988-2 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
- Authors
- Natarajan, P., Bis, J. C., Bielak, L. F., Cox, A. J., Dörr, M., Feitosa, M. F., Franceschini, N., Guo, X., Hwang, S.-J., Isaacs, A., Jhun, M. A., Kavousi, M., Li-Gao, R., Lyytikäinen, L.-P., Marioni, R. E., Schminke, U., Stitziel, N. O., Tada, H., van Setten, J., Smith, A. V., Vojinovic, D., Yanek, L. R., Yao, J., Yerges-Armstrong, L. M., Amin, N., Baber, U., Borecki, I. B., Carr, J. J., Chen, Y.-D. I., Cupples, L. A., de Jong, P. A., de Koning, H., de Vos, B. D., Demirkan, A., Fuster, V., Franco, O. H., Goodarzi, M. O., Harris, T. B., Heckbert, S. R., Heiss, G., Hoffmann, U., Hofman, A., Išgum, I., Jukema, J. W., Kähönen, M., Kardia, S. L. R., Kral, B. G., Launer, L. J., Massaro, J., Mehran, R., Mitchell, B. D., Mosley, T. H., de Mutsert, R., Newman, A. B., Nguyen, K.-D., North, K. E., O’Connell, J. R., Oudkerk, M., Pankow, J. S., Peloso, G. M., Post, W., Province, M. A., Raffield, L. M., Raitakari, O. T., Reilly, D. F., Rivadeneira, F., Rosendaal, F., Sartori, S., Taylor, K. D., Teumer, A., Trompet, S., Turner, S. T., Uitterlinden, A. G., Vaidya, D., van der Lugt, A., Völker, U., Wardlaw, J. M., Wassel, C. L., Weiss, S., Wojczynski, M. K., Becker, D. M., Becker, L. C., Boerwinkle, E., Bowden, D. W., Deary, I. J., Dehghan, A., Felix, S. B., Gudnason, V., Lehtimäki, T., Mathias, R., Mook-Kanamori, D. O., Psaty, B. M., Rader, D. J., Rotter, J. I., Wilson, J. G., van Duijn, C. M., Völzke, H., Kathiresan, S., Peyser, P. A., & O’Donnell, C. J.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- ORCID
- Natarajan, Pradeep
- Bis, Joshua C.
- Bielak, Lawrence F.
- Dörr, Marcus
- Feitosa, Mary F.
- Franceschini, Nora
- Hwang, Shih-Jen
- Isaacs, Aaron
- Kavousi, Maryam
- Lyytikäinen, Leo-Pekka
- Marioni, Riccardo E.
- Schminke, Ulf
- Stitziel, Nathan O.
- Tada, Hayato
- Smith, Albert V.
- Yanek, Lisa R.
- Yao, Jie
- Yerges-Armstrong, Laura M.
- Amin, Najaf
- Baber, Usman
- Borecki, Ingrid B.
- Carr, J. Jeffrey
- Chen, Yii-Der Ida
- Cupples, L. Adrienne
- Franco, Oscar H.
- Goodarzi, Mark O.
- Harris, Tamara B.
- Heckbert, Susan R.
- Heiss, Gerardo
- Hoffmann, Udo
- Išgum, Ivana
- Jukema, J. Wouter
- Kähönen, Mika
- Kral, Brian G.
- Launer, Lenore J.
- Mehran, Roxana
- Mitchell, Braxton D.
- Mosley, Thomas H.
- Newman, Anne B.
- North, Kari E.
- O’Connell, Jeffrey R.
- Oudkerk, Matthijs
- Pankow, James S.
- Peloso, Gina M.
- Post, Wendy
- Province, Michael A.
- Raffield, Laura M.
- Raitakari, Olli T.
- Reilly, Dermot F.
- Rivadeneira, Fernando
- Rosendaal, Frits
- Sartori, Samantha
- Taylor, Kent D.
- Teumer, Alexander
- Trompet, Stella
- Turner, Stephen T.
- Vaidya, Dhananjay
- Völker, Uwe
- Wardlaw, Joanna M.
- Wassel, Christina L.
- Weiss, Stefan
- Wojczynski, Mary K.
- Becker, Diane M.
- Becker, Lewis C.
- Boerwinkle, Eric
- Bowden, Donald W.
- Deary, Ian J.
- Dehghan, Abbas
- Felix, Stephan B.
- Gudnason, Vilmundur
- Lehtimäki, Terho
- Mathias, Rasika
- Psaty, Bruce M.
- Rader, Daniel J.
- Rotter, Jerome I.
- Wilson, James G.
- Völzke, Henry
- Kathiresan, Sekar
- Peyser, Patricia A.
- O’Donnell, Christopher J.
- Venue
- Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics
- Published
- 2016-12
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 511-520
- ISSN
- 1942-325X (ISSN-L)
- 1942-3268
- PMC
- PMC5418659
- OpenAlex
- W2550865537
- Cited by
- 66
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6
- FWCI
- 6.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Circulation Cardiovascular Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
- Massachusetts General Hospital
- Vanderbilt University
- University of Pennsylvania
- University of Minnesota
- University of Washington
- Johns Hopkins University
- University of Pittsburgh
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung
- University of Vermont
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
- Broad Institute
- Kanazawa University
- Imperial College London
- Universiteit Leiden
- Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
- Universiteit Maastricht
- Erasmus Medisch Centrum
- Tampereen Yliopisto
- Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum
- Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen
- Háskóli Íslands
- Turun Yliopisto
- Tays
- Turun Yliopistollinen Keskussairaala
- Hjartavernd
- National Institutes of Health (1r01hl120393-01a1, UL1TR000124, n01hc25195-41-0-1, UL1TR001881)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh
- Medical Research Council (MR/K026992/1)
- Queensland Brain Institute
- Netherlands Heart Institute
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01-HL120393, R01HL112064, U01HL130114, ZIAHL006002, R01HL119443, N01-HC-025195, R01HL105756, R01HL117078, T32HL007055)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK063491)
- NIH Clinical Center
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Institute of Genetics
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Keywords
- subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary artery calcification, carotid intima-media thickness, apolipoprotein B, APOE ε2 allele, coronary heart disease risk, genetic variants, LDL cholesterol, CHARGE consortium
- MeSH terms
- Computed Tomography Angiography, Carotid Artery Diseases, Coronary Artery Disease, Gene Frequency, Genetic Markers, Humans, Cholesterol, LDL, Phenotype, Prognosis, Risk Factors, Odds Ratio, Coronary Angiography, Risk Assessment, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Black People, White People, Apolipoprotein B-100, Apolipoprotein E2, Genome-Wide Association Study, Asymptomatic Diseases, Carotid Intima-Media Thickness, Exome, Vascular Calcification
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
