Epidemiology of Peripheral Artery Disease
Abstract
New data on the epidemiology of peripheral artery disease (PAD) are available, and they should be integrated with previous data. We provide an updated, integrated overview of the epidemiology of PAD, a focused literature review was conducted on the epidemiology of PAD. The PAD results were grouped into symptoms, diagnosis, prevalence, and incidence both in the United States and globally, risk factors, progression, coprevalence with other atherosclerotic disease, and association with incident cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The most common symptom of PAD is intermittent claudication, but noninvasive measures, such as the ankle-brachial index, show that asymptomatic PAD is several times more common in the population than intermittent claudication. PAD prevalence and incidence are both sharply age-related, rising >10% among patients in their 60s and 70s. With aging of the global population, it seems likely that PAD will be increasingly common in the future. Prevalence seems to be higher among men than women for more severe or symptomatic disease. The major risk factors for PAD are similar to those for coronary and cerebrovascular disease, with some differences in the relative importance of factors. Smoking is a particularly strong risk factor for PAD, as is diabetes mellitus, and several newer risk markers have shown independent associations with PAD. PAD is strongly associated with concomitant coronary and cerebrovascular diseases. After adjustment for known cardiovascular disease risk factors, PAD is associated with an increased risk of incident coronary and cerebrovascular disease morbidity and mortality.
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The prevalence of PAD in individuals age ≥40 years is 4.3% but increases to 14.5% in those ≥70 years.
“For example, the prevalence of PAD in individuals age ≥40 years is 4.3% but increases to 14.5% in those ≥70 years.7”
From Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Peripheral Artery Disease (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
The Incidence and Prevalence of PAD section says PAD prevalence rises sharply with age, supporting the direction of the comparison. It does not report 4.3% for people aged ≥40 or 14.5% for those aged ≥70; searches for both percentages did not substantiate those figures. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe accuracy of ABI is lower in patients with diabetes.
“However, the accuracy of ABI is lower in patients with diabetes.762,763”
From 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. (2023) · cites this paper as [762]
Beyond LEAD, an ABI ≤0.90 (or >1.40) is associated with an increased risk of death and CV events.
“Beyond LEAD, an ABI ≤0.90 (or >1.40) is associated with an increased risk of death and CV events.762,763”
From 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. (2023) · cites this paper as [762]
An ankle-brachial index (ABI) ≤0.90 is diagnostic for LEAD, with 80% sensitivity and 95% specificity in all populations.
“An ankle-brachial index (ABI) ≤0.90 is diagnostic for LEAD, with 80% sensitivity and 95% specificity in all populations.760,762”
From 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. (2023) · cites this paper as [762]
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- Authors
- Criqui, M. H., & Aboyans, V.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- Venue
- Circulation Research
- Published
- 2015-04-24
- Volume
- 116
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1509-1526
- ISSN
- 0009-7330 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4571
- OpenAlex
- W2148374679
- Cited by
- 1,785
- References
- 160
- Citations by year
- 2026: 149 · 2025: 172 · 2024: 195 · 2023: 179 · 2022: 203 · 2021: 223 · 2020: 196 · 2019: 169 · 2018: 131 · 2017: 107 · 2016: 52 · 2015: 9
- FWCI
- 100.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2015-06-19)
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Circulation Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Peripheral Artery Disease Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Healthcare Systems and Public Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Vascular Procedures and Complications
- Keywords
- peripheral arterial disease, epidemiology, intermittent claudication, asymptomatic peripheral artery disease, ankle-brachial index, prevalence, incidence, risk factors, smoking, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular morbidity, cardiovascular mortality, population aging
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Intermittent Claudication, Prognosis, Risk Factors, United States, Global Health, Incidence, Prevalence, Ankle Brachial Index, Peripheral Arterial Disease
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