Cited by 1,247Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular HealthAtherosclerosis and Cardiovascular DiseasesCholesterol and Lipid Metabolism

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Pleiotropic Effects of Statins on the Cardiovascular System

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Oesterle, Adam, Laufs, Ulrich, Liao, James K.·2017·Circulation Research

DOI 10.1161/circresaha.116.308537PMC PMC5467317

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Abstract

The statins have been used for 30 years to prevent coronary artery disease and stroke. Their primary mechanism of action is the lowering of serum cholesterol through inhibiting hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis thereby upregulating the hepatic low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors and increasing the clearance of LDL-cholesterol. Statins may exert cardiovascular protective effects that are independent of LDL-cholesterol lowering called pleiotropic effects. Because statins inhibit the production of isoprenoid intermediates in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, the post-translational prenylation of small GTP-binding proteins such as Rho and Rac, and their downstream effectors such as Rho kinase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases are also inhibited. In cell culture and animal studies, these effects alter the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, the stability of atherosclerotic plaques, the production of proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, the reactivity of platelets, and the development of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. The relative contributions of statin pleiotropy to clinical outcomes, however, remain a matter of debate and are hard to quantify because the degree of isoprenoid inhibition by statins correlates to some extent with the amount of LDL-cholesterol reduction. This review examines some of the currently proposed molecular mechanisms for statin pleiotropy and discusses whether they could have any clinical relevance in cardiovascular disease.

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Simvastatin Reduces Expression of Cytokines Interleukin-6, Interleukin-8, and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 in Circulating Monocytes From Hypercholesterolemic Patients
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Rationale and design of the Cardiovascular Inflammation Reduction Trial: A test of the inflammatory hypothesis of atherothrombosis
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Long-Term Inhibition of Rho-Kinase Suppresses Left Ventricular Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction in Mice
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Lipid-Modifying Therapies and Risk of Pancreatitis: A Meta-analysis
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Antiplatelet Actions of Statins and Fibrates Are Mediated by PPARs
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Elevated ICAM-1 and MCP-1 plasma levels in subjects at high cardiovascular risk are diminished by atorvastatin treatment. Atorvastatin on Inflammatory Markers study: A substudy of Achieve Cholesterol Targets Fast with Atorvastatin Stratified Titration
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Authors: Oesterle, A., Laufs, U., & Liao, J. K.
Affiliations: University of Chicago (US)
ORCID: Oesterle, Adam
Laufs, Ulrich
Liao, James K.
Venue: Circulation Research
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2017-01-06
Volume: 120
Issue: 1
Pages: 229-243
ISSN: 0009-7330 (ISSN-L)
1524-4571
DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308537
PMC: PMC5467317
OpenAlex: W2570787279
Semantic Scholar: a6f953b7ad2110e4c1c93c3e33f8539676113484
Cited by: 1,247
References: 201
Citations by year: 2026: 120 · 2025: 136 · 2024: 144 · 2023: 142 · 2022: 159 · 2021: 177 · 2020: 150 · 2019: 100 · 2018: 79 · 2017: 37
FWCI: 21.24
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2018-09-27)
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Circulation Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL136962, R01HL052233)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
Keywords: statins, pleiotropy, cardioprotection, Rho kinase, NADPH oxidase, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, prenylation, atherosclerotic plaque stability, inflammation, platelet reactivity, cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, LDL cholesterol lowering
MeSH terms: Animals, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cardiovascular System, Clinical Trials as Topic, Humans, Cholesterol, LDL, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, Genetic Pleiotropy

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Pleiotropic Effects of Statins on the Cardiovascular System

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