The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 46 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Frequent Physical Activity May Not Reduce Vascular Disease Risk as Much as Moderate Activity: Large Prospective Study of Women in the United Kingdom
Open accessAbstract
Background—: Although physical activity has generally been associated with reduced risk of vascular disease, there is limited evidence about the effects of the frequency and duration of various activities on the incidence of particular types of vascular disease. Methods and Results—: In 1998, on average, 1.1 million women without prior vascular disease reported their frequency of physical activity and many other personal characteristics. Three years later, they were asked about hours spent walking, cycling, gardening, and housework each week. Women were followed by record linkage to National Health Service cause-specific hospital admissions and death records. Cox regression was used to calculate adjusted relative risks for first vascular events in relation to physical activity. During an average of 9 years follow-up, 49 113 women had a first coronary heart disease event, 17 822 had a first cerebrovascular event, and 14 550 had a first venous thromboembolic event. In comparison with inactive women, those reporting moderate activity had significantly lower risks of all 3 conditions ( P <0.001 for each). However, women reporting strenuous physical activity daily had higher risks of coronary heart disease ( P =0.002), cerebrovascular disease ( P <0.001), and venous thromboembolic events ( P <0.001) than those reporting doing such activity 2 to 3 times per week. Risks did not differ between hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, or between venous thromboembolic events with or without pulmonary embolism. Conclusions—: Moderate physical activity is associated with a lower risk of coronary heart disease, venous thromboembolic event, and cerebrovascular disease than inactivity. However, among active women, there is little to suggest progressive reductions in risk of vascular diseases with increasing frequency of activity.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Effect estimates were mostly relative measures of the association between physical activity and incident stroke (either hazard ratios or relative risks), though 3 papers29,34,47 reported absolute measures of effect such as population attributable risk percents.”
From Sex Differences in Physical Activity and Incident Stroke: A Systematic Review (2022) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Of the 28 studies in Table 2, Nineteen studies (68%) reported estimates indicating a protective effect of physical activity on risk of stroke”
From Sex Differences in Physical Activity and Incident Stroke: A Systematic Review (2022) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“One paper29 (of the 17) demonstrated a higher population attributable risk of stroke due to physical inactivity in women than men (63.8% vs. 57.6%), but the difference was not tested for statistical significance.”
From Sex Differences in Physical Activity and Incident Stroke: A Systematic Review (2022) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Of the 37 studies included, 31 were prospective cohort studies with the exception of 3 case control studies,29,40,49 and 3 were other study types”
From Sex Differences in Physical Activity and Incident Stroke: A Systematic Review (2022) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity
CRAIG, C. L., MARSHALL, A. L., SJ??STR??M, M., BAUMAN, A. E., BOOTH, M. L., AINSWORTH, B. E., PRATT, M., EKELUND, U., YNGVE, A., SALLIS, J. F., et al. (2003) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000078924.61453.fb · Cited by 21,619
Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities
AINSWORTH, B. E., HASKELL, W. L., WHITT, M. C., IRWIN, M. L., SWARTZ, A. M., STRATH, S. J., O???BRIEN, W. L., BASSETT, D. R., SCHMITZ, K. H., EMPLAINCOURT, P. O., et al. (2000) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200009001-00009 · Cited by 8,497
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
(2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_3055 · Cited by 4,182
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
Eisfeld, J. (2014) · TSQ Transgender Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1215/23289252-2399740 · Cited by 3,570
Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study
Beral, V. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14065-2 · Cited by 2,986
Self-citationRisk Factors for Venous Thromboembolism
Anderson, F. A., & Spencer, F. A. (2003) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000078469.07362.e6 · Cited by 1,732
Health and Deprivation: Inequality and the North
Townsend, P. D., Phillimore, P., & Beattie, A. (1987) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 1,473
Dose Response Between Physical Activity and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Meta-Analysis
Sattelmair, J., Pertman, J., Ding, E. L., Kohl, H. W., Haskell, W., & Lee, I.-M. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.010710 · Cited by 1,052
Clarke, R., Shipley, M. J., Lewington, S., Youngman, L. D., Collins, R., Marmot, M. G., & Peto, R. (1999) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010013 · Cited by 879
Leisure-time running reduces all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk.
Lee, D.-C., Pate, R. R., Lavie, C. J., Sui, X., Church, T. S., & Blair, S. N. (2014) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.04.058 · Cited by 819 · cited 1×
“A recent prospective study of men and women aged 44 years on average at baseline, suggested a U-shaped association between running frequency and cardiovascular mortality.(38) Although the lowest risk appeared to be among those reporting running 3 times per week, the confidence intervals were large.”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 47 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. The Active Australia Survey: A Guide for Implementing Analysis and Reporting. Canberra, ACT, Australia: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; 2003.
- 10.1097/01.EDE.0000023965.92535.C0 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2017 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Benjamin, E. J., Blaha, M. J., Chiuve, S. E., Cushman, M., Das, S. R., Deo, R., de Ferranti, S. D., Floyd, J., Fornage, M., Gillespie, C., et al. (2017) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000485 · Cited by 12,591
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2020 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Virani, S. S., Alonso, A., Benjamin, E. J., Bittencourt, M. S., Callaway, C. W., Carson, A. P., Chamberlain, A. M., Chang, A. R., Cheng, S., Delling, F. N., et al. (2020) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000757 · Cited by 9,175
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2019 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Benjamin, E. J., Muntner, P., Alonso, A., Bittencourt, M. S., Callaway, C. W., Carson, A. P., Chamberlain, A. M., Chang, A. R., Cheng, S., Das, S. R., et al. (2019) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000659 · Cited by 9,036
Heart disease and stroke statistics-2018 update: a report from the american heart association
Benjamin, E. J., Virani, S. S., Callaway, C. W., Chamberlain, A. M., Chang, A. R., Cheng, S., Chiuve, S. E., Cushman, M., Delling, F. N., Deo, R., et al. (2018) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000558 · Cited by 7,146
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2016 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Mozaffarian, D., Benjamin, E. J., Go, A. S., Arnett, D. K., Blaha, M. J., Cushman, M., Das, S. R., de Ferranti, S., Després, J.-P., Fullerton, H. J., et al. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000350 · Cited by 6,596
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2021 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Virani, S. S., Alonso, A., Aparicio, H. J., Benjamin, E. J., Bittencourt, M. S., Callaway, C. W., Carson, A. P., Chamberlain, A. M., Cheng, S., Delling, F. N., et al. (2021) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000950 · Cited by 5,784
The impact of physical activity on psychological health during Covid-19 pandemic in Italy
Maugeri, G., Castrogiovanni, P., Battaglia, G., Pippi, R., D’Agata, V., Palma, A., Rosa, M. D., & Musumeci, G. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04315 · Cited by 943
Mehta, L. S., Watson, K. E., Barac, A., Beckie, T. M., Bittner, V., Cruz‐Flores, S., Dent, S. F., Kondapalli, L., Ky, B., Okwuosa, T. M., et al. (2018) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000556 · Cited by 878
Promoting Physical Activity and Exercise
Fletcher, G. F., Landolfo, C. K., Niebauer, J., Ozemek, C., Arena, R. A., & Lavie, C. J. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.2141 · Cited by 553
Franklin, B. A., Thompson, P. D., Al-Zaiti, S. S., Albert, C. M., Hivert, M.-F., Levine, B. D., Lobelo, F., Madan, K., Sharrief, A. Z., Eijsvogels, T. M. H., et al. (2020) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000749 · Cited by 410
Merghani, A., Maestrini, V., Rosmini, S., Cox, A. T., Dhutia, H., Bastiaenan, R., David, S., Yeo, T. J., Narain, R., Malhotra, A., et al. (2017) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.116.026964 · Cited by 398
Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity
Lee, D.-C., Brellenthin, A. G., Thompson, P. D., Sui, X., Lee, I.-M. M., & Lavie, C. J. (2017) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2017.03.005 · Cited by 364
“1 million British women observed that those reporting strenuous PA such as running up to 6 times/ wk had progressive CHD risk reduction compared with inactive women.(66) There was, however, no further decrease in risk with daily strenuous PA beyond this level, suggesting ≤6 times/wk as the upper benefit threshold.”
BackgroundCan physical exercise in old age improve memory and hippocampal function?
Duzel, E., van Praag, H., & Sendtner, M. (2016) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awv407 · Cited by 329
“Empirical data from the ‘million women’ study indicate that moderate activity was associated with lower risks for cerebrovascular events (haemorrhagic and ischaemic) than strenuous physical activity (Armstrong et al., 2015).”
BackgroundEijsvogels, T. M. H., Molossi, S. M., Lee, D.-C., Emery, M. S., & Thompson, P. D. (2016) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.11.034 · Cited by 314
García, L., Pearce, M., Abbas, A., Mok, A., Strain, T., Ali, S., Crippa, A., Dempsey, P. C., Golubić, R., Kelly, P., et al. (2023) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2022-105669 · Cited by 327
Ozemek, C., Laddu, D., Lavie, C. J., Claeys, H., Kaminsky, L. A., Ross, R., Wisløff, U., Arena, R. A., & Blair, S. N. (2018) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2018.11.005 · Cited by 224
Ramakrishnan, R., Doherty, A., Smith-Byrne, K., Rahimi, K., Bennett, D., Woodward, M., Walmsley, R., & Dwyer, T. (2021) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003487 · Cited by 183
Association of Physical Activity With Risk of Major Cardiovascular Diseases in Chinese Men and Women
Bennett, D., Du, H., Clarke, R., Guo, Y., Yang, L., Bian, Z., Chen, Y., Millwood, I. Y., Yu, C., He, P., et al. (2017) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2017.4069 · Cited by 174
Myocardial fibrosis in athletes.
van de Schoor, F. R., Aengevaeren, V. L., Hopman, M. T. E., Oxborough, D. L., George, K. P., Thompson, P. D., & Eijsvogels, T. M. H. (2016) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.07.012 · Cited by 168
Impact of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training programs in coronary heart disease
Kachur, S. M., Chongthammakun, V., Lavie, C. J., Schutter, A. D., Arena, R. A., Milani, R. V., & Franklin, B. A. (2017) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2017.07.002 · Cited by 159
The “Extreme Exercise Hypothesis”: Recent Findings and Cardiovascular Health Implications
Eijsvogels, T. M. H., Thompson, P. D., & Franklin, B. A. (2018) · Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11936-018-0674-3 · Cited by 154
Karhunen, V., Bakker, M. K., Ruigrok, Y. M., Gill, D., & Larsson, S. C. (2021) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.121.022277 · Cited by 143
Diagnosis, pathophysiology, and management of exercise-induced arrhythmias
Guasch, E., & Mont, L. (2017) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2016.173 · Cited by 134
Zhao, M., Veeranki, S. P., Li, S., Steffen, L. M., & Xi, B. (2019) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-099254 · Cited by 143
Psychosocial Variables Related to Why Women are Less Active than Men and Related Health Implications
Edwards, E. S., & Sackett, S. C. (2016) · Clinical Medicine Insights Women s Health · doi:10.4137/cmwh.s34668 · Cited by 149
Koolhaas, C. M., Dhana, K., Schoufour, J. D., Ikram, M. A., Kavousi, M., & Franco, O. H. (2017) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487317693952 · Cited by 162
Physical Activity and Risk of Atrial Fibrillation: A Nationwide Cohort Study in General Population
Jin, M.-N., Yang, P.-S., Song, C., Yu, H. T., Kim, T.-H., Uhm, J.-S., Sung, J.-H., Pak, H.-N., Lee, M.-H., & Joung, B. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-49686-w · Cited by 99
Exercise Is Medicine: At Any Dose?
Eijsvogels, T. M. H., & Thompson, P. D. (2015) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.10858 · Cited by 112
Laddu, D., Rana, J. S., Murillo, R., Sorel, M. E., Quesenberry, C. P., Allen, N. B., Gabriel, K. P., Carnethon, M. R., Liu, K., Reis, J. P., et al. (2017) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.07.016 · Cited by 98
Kunutsor, S. K., Mäkikallio, T. H., Seidu, S., de Araújo, C. G. S., Dey, R. S., Blom, A. W., & Laukkanen, J. A. (2019) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-019-00579-2 · Cited by 96
Lifelong Exercise Patterns and Cardiovascular Health
Maessen, M. F. H., Verbeek, A. L. M., Bakker, E. A., Thompson, P. D., Hopman, M. T. E., & Eijsvogels, T. M. H. (2016) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.02.028 · Cited by 92
Schnohr, P., O’Keefe, J. H., Holtermann, A., Lavie, C. J., Lange, P., Jensen, G. B., & Marott, J. L. (2018) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.06.025 · Cited by 90
Lin, G., Li, Y.-H., Lee, C., Shiang, J.-C., Lin, K.-H., Chen, K., Chen, Y.-J., Wu, C.-F., Lin, B.-S., Yu, Y., et al. (2016) · World Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.4330/wjc.v8.i8.464 · Cited by 86
Bakker, E. A., Lee, D.-C., Hopman, M. T. E., Oymans, E. J., Watson, P. M., Thompson, P. D., Thijssen, D. H. J., & Eijsvogels, T. M. H. (2021) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003845 · Cited by 82
Oja, P., Memon, A. R., Titze, S., Jurakić, D., Chen, S., Shrestha, N., Em, S., Matolić, T., Vasankari, T. J., Heinonen, A. O., et al. (2024) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-024-00692-x · Cited by 92
Runacres, A., Mackintosh, K. A., & McNarry, M. A. (2020) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01379-5 · Cited by 87
“Similarly, those who exercised every day in the Million Women study were at an increased risk of a CV event compared to women who had at least one rest day during the week [13].”
BackgroundKazemi, A., Soltani, S., Aune, D., Hosseini, E., Mokhtari, Z., Hassanzadeh, Z., Jayedi, A., Pitanga, F. J. G., & Akhlaghi, M. (2024) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-024-01593-8 · Cited by 92
“Thirty-nine cohort studies (2,594,495 participants, 120,048 cases) investigated the association between LTPA and risk of CHD [36, 37, 39–41, 49, 52, 53, 55–57, 61, 64, 65, 71, 74, 79, 82, 84, 85, 90, 92, 94, 97, 98, 103, 105–109, 111, 113, 117–119, 122, 123, 127].”
BackgroundInfluentialFit for surgery? Perspectives on preoperative exercise testing and training
Richardson, K., Levett, D. Z. H., Jack, S., & Grocott, M. P. W. (2017) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1093/bja/aex393 · Cited by 78
Personalized exercise dose prescription
Maslov, P. Z., Schulman, A., Lavie, C. J., & Narula, J. (2017) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx686 · Cited by 72
Epidemiology and Primary Prevention of Stroke
Furie, K. L. (2020) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/con.0000000000000831 · Cited by 72
Reprint of: Promoting Physical Activity and Exercise
Fletcher, G. F., Landolfo, C. K., Niebauer, J., Ozemek, C., Arena, R. A., & Lavie, C. J. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.10.025 · Cited by 73
Association of Muscular Strength and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes
Wang, Y., Lee, D.-C., Brellenthin, A. G., Sui, X., Church, T. S., Lavie, C. J., & Blair, S. N. (2019) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.08.037 · Cited by 69
Goodman, J. M., Burr, J. F., Banks, L., & Thomas, S. G. (2016) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2016.01.019 · Cited by 65
Differences in risk factors for 3 types of stroke
Price, A., Wright, F., Green, J., Balkwill, A., Kan, S. W., Yang, T. O., Floud, S., Kroll, M. E., Simpson, R. F., Sudlow, C. L. M., et al. (2018) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000004856 · Cited by 66
Self-citationLet Us Talk About Moving: Reframing the Exercise and Physical Activity Discussion
Arena, R. A., McNeil, A., Street, S. J., Bond, S., Laddu, D., Lavie, C. J., & Hills, A. P. (2017) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2017.06.002 · Cited by 67
Chomistek, A. K., Henschel, B., Eliassen, A. H., Mukamal, K. J., & Rimm, E. B. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.116.021516 · Cited by 60
Social participation and coronary heart disease risk in a large prospective study of UK women
Floud, S., Balkwill, A., Canoy, D., REEVES, G. K., Green, J., Beral, V., Cairns, B. J., & Collaborators, F. T. M. W. S. (2015) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487315607056 · Cited by 58
Self-citationAggio, D., Papachristou, E., Papacosta, O., LENNON, L. T., Ash, S., Whincup, P. H., Wannamethee, S. G., & Jefferis, B. J. M. H. (2019) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2019-212706 · Cited by 61
Schnohr, P., O’Keefe, J. H., Lavie, C. J., Holtermann, A., Lange, P., Jensen, G. B., & Marott, J. L. (2021) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.05.028 · Cited by 55
Schnohr, P., O’Keefe, J. H., Lange, P., Jensen, G. B., & Marott, J. L. (2017) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487317721021 · Cited by 55
Raza, W., Krachler, B., Forsberg, B., & Sommar, J. N. (2020) · Journal of Transport & Health · doi:10.1016/j.jth.2020.100873 · Cited by 60
Exercise improves vascular health: Role of mitochondria
Zhang, X., & Gao, F. (2021) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.11.002 · Cited by 52
Elizondo, J. V., Salami, J., Osondu, C. U., Ogunmoroti, O., Arrieta, A., Spatz, E. S., Younus, A., Rana, J. S., Virani, S. S., Blankstein, R., et al. (2016) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.116.003614 · Cited by 52
“It has been documented that 150 minutes per week of moderate-vigorous physical activity is sufficient to observe a reduction in all-cause mortality risks,(2,3) aside from also aiding in morbidity,(4) and overall decrease in CVD risk.(5) In spite of the benefits of PA, and its widely reported positive impact on most CR…”
BackgroundCruz, B. D. P., Ahmadi, M., Inan‐Eroglu, E., Huang, B., & Stamatakis, E. (2022) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.121.023290 · Cited by 52
“This finding contrasts with the results observed in a large population-based study of British women with self-reported measures of physical activity, 29 which found that an increased participation in physical activity was associated with higher risk of CHD, cerebrovascular disease, and venous…”
Global, Regional, and National Burden of Nontraumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Collaborators, G., Rautalin, I. M., Volovici, V., Stark, B. A., Johnson, C. O., Kaprio, J. A., Korja, M., Krishnamurthi, R., Nair, B. S., Ranta, A. A., et al. (2025) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.1522 · Cited by 52
Nordengen, S., Andersen, L. B., Solbraa, A. K., & Riiser, A. (2019) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-099099 · Cited by 48
Kuo, C.-P., Tsai, M., Lee, K., Lin, Y., Huang, S., Huang, C., Tseng, W., & Tarng, D. (2021) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwaa162 · Cited by 47
Agrawal, S., Klarqvist, M. D. R., Emdin, C. A., Patel, A. P., Paranjpe, M. D., Ellinor, P. T., Philippakis, A., Ng, K., Batra, P., & Khera, A. V. (2021) · Patterns · doi:10.1016/j.patter.2021.100364 · Cited by 50
Worksite Physical Activity Intervention for Ambulatory Clinic Nursing Staff
Tucker, S., Farrington, M. M., Lanningham‐Foster, L., Clark, M. K., Dawson, C. J., Quinn, G., Laffoon, T., & Perkhounkova, Y. (2016) · Workplace Health & Safety · doi:10.1177/2165079916633225 · Cited by 46
“…Change ± SD p All −0.9 ± 10.6 .64 Early texting 1.5 ± 11.1 .55 Delayed texting −4.8 ± 8.6 .09 Note. p is the p value for paired data t test. activity (Armstrong et al., 2015) throughout the day can reduce sedentary time by as much as 2 hours per 8-hour workday (Healy et al., 2011; Taylor…”
MethodInfluentialKunutsor, S. K., & Laukkanen, J. A. (2024) · Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy · doi:10.1080/14779072.2024.2328644 · Cited by 56
“…associated with physical activity levels that exceed moderate-intensity physical activity have been observed in the general population [23,72–74] and the risk might be greater in those with preexisting CVD. Heidbüchel and colleagues [75] in 2003 reported on 46 high-level endurance athletes…”
BackgroundEngineering Online and In-Person Social Networks for Physical Activity: A Randomized Trial
Rovniak, L. S., Kong, L., Hovell, M. F., Ding, D., Sallis, J. F., Ray, C. A., Kraschnewski, J. L., Matthews, S. A., Kiser, E., Chinchilli, V. M., et al. (2016) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-016-9814-8 · Cited by 43
“Although there were no differential effects by intervention group, interventions were most effective among Lower Activity participants, who increased their MVPA by 60 mins/week on average at 3 months—an amount associated with reduced cardiovascular disease risk [40].”
BackgroundCardiovascular benefits and risks across the physical activity continuum
Eijsvogels, T. M. H., George, K., & Thompson, P. D. (2016) · Current Opinion in Cardiology · doi:10.1097/hco.0000000000000321 · Cited by 39
Regular Physical Activity and Risk of Venous Thromboembolism
Brækkan, S. K., Hansen, J., & Evensen, L. H. (2018) · Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1673636 · Cited by 40
Training for Longevity: The Reverse J-Curve for Exercise.
O’Keefe, E. L., Torres-Acosta, N., O’Keefe, J. H., & Lavie, C. J. (2020) · PubMed Central · Cited by 36
Su, F., Li, Y.-H., Lin, Y., Lee, C., Wang, C., Meng, F., Yu, Y., Lin, F., Wu, H., & Lin, G. (2017) · Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy · doi:10.21037/cdt.2017.01.16 · Cited by 39
Mechanisms of Preconditioning Exercise-Induced Neurovascular Protection in Stroke
Hafez, S. S., Eid, Z., Alabasi, S., Darwiche, Y., Channaoui, S., & Hess, D. C. (2021) · Journal of Stroke · doi:10.5853/jos.2020.03006 · Cited by 39
“org 321 outcomes and recovery after stroke.(17-38) Clinical studies have classified leisure-time physical exercise into three categories as low, moderate, or high intensity.”
BackgroundThe Goldilocks Zone for Exercise: Not Too Little, Not Too Much.
O’Keefe, J. H., O’Keefe, E. L., & Lavie, C. J. (2018) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 33
Lifestyle factors and venous thromboembolism in two cohort studies
Yuan, S., Bruzelius, M., Håkansson, N., Åkesson, A., & Larsson, S. C. (2021) · Thrombosis Research · doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2021.03.024 · Cited by 32
“Studies also emphasized that moderate but not vigorous physical activity benefited VTE prevention [25].”
Exercise and Health: Dose and Response, Considering Both Ends of the Curve
Simon, H. B. (2015) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.05.012 · Cited by 35
“1 million women who were free of vascular disease at baseline (25), women who reported moderate or strenuous physical activity even”
BackgroundBentley, R. F., Vecchiarelli, E., Banks, L., Gonçalves, P. E. O., Thomas, S. G., & Goodman, J. M. (2020) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2020-0154 · Cited by 35
“2015) performed with increasing frequency (Armstrong et al. 2015; Schnohr et al. 2015) wellbeyond recommended levels, may increase the risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes.”
BackgroundBiomarkers of Cardiac Stress and Injury in Athletes: What Do They Mean?
Donnellan, E., & Phelan, D. M. J. (2018) · Current Heart Failure Reports · doi:10.1007/s11897-018-0385-9 · Cited by 30
Sex Differences in Physical Activity and Incident Stroke: A Systematic Review
Madsen, T. E., Samaei, M., Pikula, A., Yu, A. Y. X., Carcel, C., Millsaps, E., Yalamanchili, R. S., Bencie, N., Dula, A. N., Leppert, M., et al. (2022) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2022.02.006 · Cited by 27
Changes in physical activity and risk of fracture: a Korean nationwide population-based cohort study
Han, S., Jang, H., Choi, S., Kim, G. D., Han, K., Lim, H., Koo, B., Min, K. D., & Hong, J. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73495-1 · Cited by 28
Prevalence of anxiety and depression in former elite athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Runacres, A., & Marshall, Z. A. (2024) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001867 · Cited by 36
The Potential Cardiotoxic Effects of Exercise
Gerche, A. L. (2016) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2015.11.010 · Cited by 26
Physical activity and risk of first-time venous thromboembolism
Johansson, M., Johansson, L., Wennberg, P., & Lind, M. M. (2019) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487319829310 · Cited by 24
Houten, J. M. V., Wessells, R. J., Lujan, H. L., & DiCarlo, S. E. (2015) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2015.09.018 · Cited by 23
Master Endurance Athletes and Cardiovascular Controversies
Tso, J., & Kim, J. H. (2020) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1249/jsr.0000000000000695 · Cited by 24
Domestic Physical Activity and New-Onset Hypertension: A Nationwide Cohort Study in China
Li, R., Li, Q., Zhang, S., Zhang, Y., He, P., Zhang, Z., Liu, M., Zhou, C., Ye, Z., Wu, Q., et al. (2022) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2022.04.023 · Cited by 22
Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Coronary Artery Calcification in a Primary Prevention Population
Kermott, C. A., Schroeder, D. R., Kopecky, S. L., & Behrenbeck, T. R. (2019) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings Innovations Quality & Outcomes · doi:10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2019.04.004 · Cited by 21
Long-Term Strenuous Exercise Promotes Vascular Injury by Selectively Damaging the Tunica Media
Rubies, C., Batlle, M., la Garza, M. S., Dantas, A. P., Jorba, I., Fernández, G., Sangüesa, G., Abulí, M., Brugada, J., Sitges, M., et al. (2022) · JACC Basic to Translational Science · doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.02.017 · Cited by 24
Sudden Cardiac Death in Athletes
D’Silva, A., & Papadakis, M. (2015) · European Cardiology Review · doi:10.15420/ecr.2015.10.01.48 · Cited by 27
“This is of relevance, as recently published data suggest that, similar to most pharmacological interventions, exercise has an optimal dose above which there is little additional benefit or there may even be harm.(3,4)”
BackgroundLiu, Q., Liu, F., Huang, K., Li, J., Yang, X., Wang, X., Chen, J.-C., Liu, X.-Q., Cao, J., Shen, C., et al. (2020) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2020.02.001 · Cited by 20
Lindbohm, J. V., Rautalin, I. M., Jousilahti, P., Salomaa, V. V., Kaprio, J. A., & Korja, M. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-45614-0 · Cited by 19
Tian, X., Du, H., Li, L., Bennett, D., Gao, R., Li, S., Wang, S., Yu, C., Bian, Z., Yang, L., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173054 · Cited by 19
Vascular Nitric Oxide–Superoxide Balance and Thrombus Formation after Acute Exercise
Przyborowski, K., Proniewski, B., Czarny, J., Smęda, M., SITEK, B., Zakrzewska, A., Zoladz, J. A., & Chłopicki, S. (2018) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001589 · Cited by 18
Cardiovascular Remodeling Experienced by Real-World, Unsupervised, Young Novice Marathon Runners
D’Silva, A., Bhuva, A., van Zalen, J., Bastiaenen, R., Abdel‐Gadir, A., Jones, S. H., Nadarajan, N., Menacho, K., Ye, Y., Augusto, J. B., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00232 · Cited by 18
“…activity (Wen et al., 2011; Kyu et al., 2016; Lear et al., 2017), while others describe a reverse J-shaped curve where potential harm emerges at greater than 10-fold the recommended minimum physical activity levels (Lee et al., 2014; Arem et al., 2015; Armstrong et al., 2015; Schnohr et al., 2015).”
BackgroundDanin-Mankowitz, H., Ugarph-Morawski, A., Braunschweig, F., & Wändell, P. E. (2021) · Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis · doi:10.1007/s11239-020-02372-5 · Cited by 18
Korshøj, M., Ravn, M. H., Holtermann, A., Hansen, Å. M., & Krustrup, P. (2015) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-015-1067-5 · Cited by 18
“…the volume and intensity of physical activity, may therefore progress a potential overload of the cardiovascular system (Krause et al. 2007; Armstrong et al. 2015; Schnohr et al. 2015; Lee et al. 2014) and thereby lead to increased levels of inflammation and risk of cardiovascular disease…”
BackgroundGarcia, L., Pearce, M., Abbas, A., Mok, A., Strain, T., Ali, S., Crippa, A., Dempsey, P., Golubic, R., Kelly, P., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.03.02.22271753 · Cited by 10
Sport and longevity: an observational study of international athletes
Altulea, A., Rutten, M. G. S., Verdijk, L. B., & Demaria, M. (2024) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-024-01307-9 · Cited by 20
“Second, it is conceivable that females may derive benefits from moderate physical activity, as opposed to the strenuous activities associated with professional athletic lifestyles [53].”
Sangüesa, G., Batlle, M., Muñoz‐Moreno, E., Sòria, G., Alcarraz, A., Rubies, C., Sitjà‐Roqueta, L., Solana, E., Martínez‐Heras, E., Meza‐Ramos, A., et al. (2022) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.14912 · Cited by 16
Lacey, B., Golledge, J., Yeap, B. B., Lewington, S., Norman, P. E., Flicker, L. A., Almeida, O. P., & Hankey, G. J. (2015) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-015-0157-2 · Cited by 19
“Furthermore, there is some evidence from recent studies that vascular risk may increase at very high levels of physical activity, and this has not been fully assessed at older age [15, 16].”
BackgroundRim, T. H., Kim, H. K., Kim, J. W., Lee, J. S., Kim, D. W., & Kim, S. S. (2017) · JAMA Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.5682 · Cited by 17
Sport and Venous Thromboembolism
Hilberg, T., Ransmann, P., & Hagedorn, T. (2021) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0021 · Cited by 16
“While some studies have shown that physical activity is associated with a reduced risk of VTE (6, 7), others have showed it to be associated with an increased risk (8, 9).”
BackgroundOptimal Running Dose and Cardiovascular Risk
McMullen, C. W., Harrast, M. A., & Baggish, A. L. (2018) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1249/jsr.0000000000000491 · Cited by 17
Zhu, Z., Feng, T., Huang, Y., Liu, X., Lei, H., Li, G., Deng, D., Zhang, N., & Huang, W. (2019) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000015378 · Cited by 15
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of a Commercial Physical Activity App
Rondina, R., Hong, M., Sarma, S., & Mitchell, M. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11988-y · Cited by 14
Schnohr, P., O’Keefe, J. H., Lavie, C. J., Suetta, C., Jensen, G. B., & Marott, J. L. (2025) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2024.08.013 · Cited by 15
Modifiable Risk Factors for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Rautalin, I. M., Asikainen, A., & Korja, M. (2024) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000210052 · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- Armstrong, M. E. G., Green, J., Reeves, G. K., Beral, V., & Cairns, B. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Venue
- Circulation
- Published
- 2015-02-24
- Volume
- 131
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 721-729
- ISSN
- 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4539
- OpenAlex
- W2027486850
- Semantic Scholar
- 10c640bea0cb08d8d3047c75660ab95b122073e8
- Cited by
- 219
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 17
- FWCI
- 17.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Circulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- The Sydney eScholarship Repository (The University of Sydney) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Cancer Research UK (C570/A11692, K02700X, 16491, RE/13/1/30181)
- British Heart Foundation (RE/13/1/30181)
- BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford (RE/13/1/30 181)
- Medical Research Council (13/1/30181, MR/K02700X/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Keywords
- physical activity, vascular disease, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, venous thromboembolism, stroke, activity frequency, physical activity intensity, women
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Physical Exertion, Female, Follow-Up Studies, United Kingdom, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Middle Aged, Motor Activity, Prospective Studies, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Time Factors, Cohort Studies, Exercise, Incidence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
