The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Global Burden of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in People Living With HIV: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Open accessAbstract
Background: With advances in antiretroviral therapy, most deaths in people with HIV are now attributable to noncommunicable illnesses, especially cardiovascular disease. We determine the association between HIV and cardiovascular disease, and estimate the national, regional, and global burden of cardiovascular disease attributable to HIV. Methods: We conducted a systematic review across 5 databases from inception to August 2016 for longitudinal studies of cardiovascular disease in HIV infection. A random-effects meta-analysis across 80 studies was used to derive the pooled rate and risk of cardiovascular disease in people living with HIV. We then estimated the temporal changes in the population-attributable fraction and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) from HIV-associated cardiovascular disease from 1990 to 2015 at a regional and global level. National cardiovascular DALYs associated with HIV for 2015 were derived for 154 of the 193 United Nations member states. The main outcome measure was the pooled estimate of the rate and risk of cardiovascular disease in people living with HIV and the national, regional, and global estimates of DALYs from cardiovascular disease associated with HIV. Results: In 793 635 people living with HIV and a total follow-up of 3.5 million person-years, the crude rate of cardiovascular disease was 61.8 (95% CI, 45.8–83.4) per 10 000 person-years. In comparison with individuals without HIV, the risk ratio for cardiovascular disease was 2.16 (95% CI, 1.68–2.77). Over the past 26 years, the global population–attributable fraction from cardiovascular disease attributable to HIV increased from 0.36% (95% CI, 0.21%–0.56%) to 0.92% (95% CI, 0.55%–1.41%), and DALYs increased from 0.74 (95% CI, 0.44–1.16) to 2.57 (95% CI, 1.53–3.92) million. There was marked regional variation with most DALYs lost in sub-Saharan Africa (0.87 million, 95% CI, 0.43–1.70) and the Asia Pacific (0.39 million, 95% CI, 0.23–0.62) regions. The highest population-attributable fraction and burden were observed in Swaziland, Botswana, and Lesotho. Conclusions: People living with HIV are twice as likely to develop cardiovascular disease. The global burden of HIV-associated cardiovascular disease has tripled over the past 2 decades and is now responsible for 2.6 million DALYs per annum with the greatest impact in sub-Saharan Africa and the Asia Pacific regions. Clinical Trial Registration: URL: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero . Unique identifier: CRD42016048257.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“HIV patients have been found to have a higher risk of cardiovascular events, which was even higher in patients treated with protease inhibitors (Friis‐Moller et al, 2007; Islam et al, 2012; Shah et al, 2018).”
From The struggle of a good friend getting old: cellular senescence in viral responses and therapy (2021) · cites this paper as Shah et al, 2018
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & for the PRISMA Group (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2535 · Cited by 83,823
Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 · Cited by 56,722
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement.
(2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 44,859
Conducting Meta-Analyses in R with the metafor Package
Viechtbauer, W. (2010) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v036.i03 · Cited by 20,464
Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.x · Cited by 14,099
Lozano, R., Naghavi, M., Foreman, K., Lim, S., Shibuya, K., Aboyans, V., Abraham, J., Adair, T., Aggarwal, R., Ahn, S. Y., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61728-0 · Cited by 14,070
Palella, F. J., Delaney, K. M., Moorman, A. C., Loveless, M. O., Fuhrer, J., Satten, G. A., Aschman, D. J., & Holmberg, S. D. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199803263381301 · Cited by 9,393
Murray, C. J. L., Vos, T., Lozano, R., Naghavi, M., Flaxman, A. D., Michaud, C., Ezzati, M., Shibuya, K., Salomon, J. A., Abdalla, S., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61689-4 · Cited by 8,888
Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years
Collaborators, T. G. 2. O. (2017) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1614362 · Cited by 7,918
Global Burden of Hypertension and Systolic Blood Pressure of at Least 110 to 115 mm Hg, 1990-2015
Forouzanfar, M. H., Liu, P., Roth, G. A., Ng, M., Biryukov, S., Marczak, L., Alexander, L., Estep, K., Hassen Abate, K., Akinyemiju, T. F., et al. (2017) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.19043 · Cited by 2,381
Class of Antiretroviral Drugs and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction
(2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa062744 · Cited by 1,521
Global association of air pollution and heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Shah, A. S. V., Langrish, J. P., Nair, H., McAllister, D., Hunter, A. L., Donaldson, K., Newby, D. E., & Mills, N. L. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60898-3 · Cited by 1,263
Self-citationDanaei, G., Finucane, M. M., Lin, J. K., Singh, G. M., Paciorek, C. J., Cowan, M. J., Farzadfar, F., Stevens, G. A., Lim, S. S., Riley, L. M., et al. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)62036-3 · Cited by 1,239
Growing Epidemic of Coronary Heart Disease in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Gaziano, T. A., Bitton, A., Anand, S., Abrahams‐Gessel, S., & Murphy, A. (2009) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2009.10.002 · Cited by 1,200
Cardiovascular Risk and Body-Fat Abnormalities in HIV-Infected Adults
Grinspoon, S. K., & Carr, A. D. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra041811 · Cited by 1,073
Murray, C. J. L., Ortblad, K. F., Guinovart, C., Lim, S. S., Wolock, T. M., Roberts, D. A., Dansereau, E. A., Graetz, N., Barber, R. M., Brown, J. C., et al. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60844-8 · Cited by 966
Global and Regional Patterns in Cardiovascular Mortality From 1990 to 2013
Roth, G. A., Huffman, M. D., Moran, A. E., Feigin, V. L., Mensah, G. A., Naghavi, M., & Murray, C. J. L. (2015) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.114.008720 · Cited by 908
Short term exposure to air pollution and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis
Shah, A. S. V., Lee, K. K., McAllister, D. A., Hunter, A., Nair, H., Whiteley, W., Langrish, J. P., Newby, D. E., & Mills, N. L. (2015) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.h1295 · Cited by 870
Self-citationGrünfeld, C., Pang, M., Doerrler, W. T., Shigenaga, J. K., Jensen, P., & Feingold, K. R. (1992) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.74.5.1373735 · Cited by 845
Hadigan, C. M., Meigs, J. B., Corcoran, C. P., Rietschel, P., Piecuch, S., Basgoz, N. O., Davis, B., Sax, P. E., Stanley, T. L., Wilson, P. W. F., et al. (2001) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/317541 · Cited by 679
The Global Burden of Ischemic Heart Disease in 1990 and 2010
Moran, A. E., Forouzanfar, M. H., Roth, G. A., Mensah, G. A., Ezzati, M., Flaxman, A. D., Murray, C. J. L., & Naghavi, M. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.113.004046 · Cited by 649
Wang, H., Wolock, T. M., Carter, A., Nguyen, G., Kyu, H. H., Gakidou, E. E., Hay, S. I., Mills, E. J., Trickey, A., Msemburi, W., et al. (2016) · The Lancet HIV · doi:10.1016/s2352-3018(16)30087-x · Cited by 629
Trends in cardiovascular complications of diabetes
Fox, C. S. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.20.2495 · Cited by 626
The Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration (2010) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/652283 · Cited by 592
Stein, J. H., Klein, M. A., Bellehumeur, J. L., McBride, P. E., Wiebe, D. A., Otvos, J. D., & Sosman, J. M. (2001) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.104.3.257 · Cited by 478
Arterial Inflammation in Patients With HIV
Subramanian, S. S., Tawakol, A. A., Burdo, T. H., Abbara, S., Wei, J., Vijayakumar, J., Corsini, E. M., Abdelbaky, A., Zanni, M. V., Hoffmann, U., et al. (2012) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2012.6698 · Cited by 463
Islam, F., Wu, J., Jansson, J., & Wilson, D. (2012) · HIV Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1468-1293.2012.00996.x · Cited by 432
Clinical assessment of HIV-associated lipodystrophy in an ambulatory population
Lichtenstein, K. A., Ward, D. J., Moorman, A. C., Delaney, K. M., Young, B., Palella, F. J., Rhodes, P., Wood, K. C., & Holmberg, S. D. (2001) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/00002030-200107270-00008 · Cited by 425
Friis-Møller, N., Thiébaut, R., Reiss, P., Weber, R., D'Arminio Monforte, A., De Wit, S., El-Sadr, W., Fontas, E., Worm, S., Kirk, O., et al. (2010) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/hjr.0b013e328336a150 · Cited by 384
Chow, F. C., Regan, S., Feske, S. K., Meigs, J. B., Grinspoon, S. K., & Triant, V. A. (2012) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0b013e31825c7f24 · Cited by 354
Association of C-Reactive Protein and HIV Infection With Acute Myocardial Infarction
Triant, V. A., Meigs, J. B., & Grinspoon, S. K. (2009) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0b013e3181a9992c · Cited by 341
Mensah, G., Roth, G., Sampson, U. K. A., Moran, A., Feigin, V. L., Forouzanfar, M., Naghavi, M., & Cjl, M. (2015) · Cardiovascular journal of South Africa/Cardiovascular journal of Southern Africa · doi:10.5830/cvja-2015-036 · Cited by 336
Althoff, K. N., McGinnis, K. A., Wyatt, C. M., Freiberg, M. S., Gilbert, C., Oursler, K. K., Rimland, D., Rodriguez‐Barradas, M. C., Dubrow, R., Park, L. S., et al. (2014) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciu869 · Cited by 285
Durand, M., Sheehy, O., Baril, J.-G., LeLorier, J., & Tremblay, C. L. (2011) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0b013e31821d33a5 · Cited by 281
Serious Fatal and Nonfatal Non-AIDS-Defining Illnesses in Europe
Mocroft, A., Reiss, P., Gąsiorowski, J., Ledergerber, B., Kowalska, J. D., Chiesi, A., Gatell, J. M., Rakhmanova, A. G., Johnson, M. A., Kirk, O., et al. (2010) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0b013e3181e9be6b · Cited by 271
HIV infection in older adults in sub-Saharan Africa: extrapolating prevalence from existing data.
Negin, J., & Cumming, R. G. (2010) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.10.076349 · Cited by 239
HIV lipodystrophy: prevalence, severity and correlates of risk in Australia
Miller, J., Carr, A. D., Emery, S., Law, M. G., Mallal, S. A., Baker, D. A., Smith, D. E., Kaldor, J. M., & Cooper, D. (2003) · HIV Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1468-1293.2003.00159.x · Cited by 214
Risk of Cardiovascular Disease from Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV: A Systematic Review
Bavinger, C., Bendavid, E., Niehaus, K. E., Olshen, R. A., Olkin, I., H, V. S. M. P., Wein, N., Holodniy, M., Hou, N., Owens, D. K., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059551 · Cited by 205
Rasmussen, L. D., May, M., Kronborg, G., Larsen, C. S., Pedersen, C., Gerstoft, J., & Obel, N. (2015) · The Lancet HIV · doi:10.1016/s2352-3018(15)00077-6 · Cited by 201
HIV status and the risk of ischemic stroke among men
Sico, J. J., Chang, C. H., So‐Armah, K., Justice, A. C., Hylek, E. M., Skanderson, M., McGinnis, K., Kuller, L. H., Kraemer, K. L., Rimland, D., et al. (2015) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000001560 · Cited by 184
Neuhaus, J., Angus, B., Kowalska, J. D., Rosa, A. L., Sampson, J., Wentworth, D. N., & Mocroft, A. (2010) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0b013e3283365356 · Cited by 178
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and the Risk of Stroke
Cole, J. W., Pinto, A. N., Hebel, J. R., Buchholz, D. W., Earley, C. J., Johnson, C. J., Macko, R. F., Price, T. R., Sloan, M. A., Stern, B. J., et al. (2003) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000105393.57853.11 · Cited by 158
HIV Infection and Cardiovascular Disease in Women
Womack, J. A., Chang, C. H., So‐Armah, K., Alcorn, C., Baker, J. V., Brown, S. T., Budoff, M. J., Butt, A. A., Gibert, C. L., Goetz, M. B., et al. (2014) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.114.001035 · Cited by 141
Abnormalities of Body Fat Distribution in HIV-Infected Persons Treated With Antiretroviral Drugs
Bernasconi, E., Boubaker, K., Junghans, C., Flepp, M., Furrer, H., Haensel, A., Hirschel, B. J., Boggian, K., Chave, J., Opravil, M., et al. (2002) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/00126334-200209010-00007 · Cited by 136
Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease
Fuster, V. (2014) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.06.1151 · Cited by 131
Klein, D. B., Leyden, W. A., Xu, L., Chao, C. R., Horberg, M. A., Towner, W. J., Hurley, L. B., Marcus, J. L., Quesenberry, C. P., & Silverberg, M. J. (2015) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/civ014 · Cited by 122
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Stroke in Young Patients
Qureshi, A. I., Janssen, R. S., Jm, K., Weissman, J. P., Akbar, M. S., Safdar, K., & Frankel, M. (1997) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1997.00550210078016 · Cited by 109
HIV-Related Cardiovascular Disease, Statins, and the REPRIEVE Trial.
Gilbert, J. M., Fitch, K. V., & Grinspoon, S. K. (2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 89
Walker, R. W., Jusabani, A., Aris, E. A., Gray, W. K., Unwin, N. C., Swai, M. E., Alberti, K. G. M. M., & Mugusi, F. M. (2013) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(13)70068-8 · Cited by 84
Tawakol, A. A., Lo, J., Zanni, M. V., Marmarelis, E. L., Ihenachor, E. J., MacNabb, M. H., Wai, B., Hoffmann, U., Abbara, S., & Grinspoon, S. K. (2014) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000000138 · Cited by 81
Mortality by causes in HIV-infected adults: comparison with the general population
Aldaz, P., Moreno‐Iribas, C., Egüés, N., Irisarri, F., Floristán, Y., Sola-Boneta, J., Martínez-Artola, V., Sagredo, M., & Castilla, J. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-300 · Cited by 81
Zanni, M. V., Fitch, K. V., Feldpausch, M. N., Han, A. M., Lee, H., Lu, M. T., Abbara, S., Ribaudo, H. J., Douglas, P. S., Hoffmann, U., et al. (2014) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000000360 · Cited by 68
Rates and Risk Factors for Condition-Specific Hospitalizations in HIV-Infected and Uninfected Women
Gardner, L. I., Klein, R. S., Szczech, L. A. M., Phelps, R. M., Tashima, K. T., Rompalo, A., Schuman, P. C., Sadek, R., Tong, T. C., Greenberg, A. E., et al. (2003) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/00126334-200311010-00011 · Cited by 66
Rosuvastatin slows progression of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with treated HIV infection
Longenecker, C. T., Sattar, A., Gilkeson, R., & McComsey, G. A. (2016) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000001167 · Cited by 66
Self-citationΤheodoratou, E., McAllister, D., Reed, C., Adeloye, D., Rudan, I., Muhe, L. M., Madhi, S. A., Campbell, H. J., & Nair, H. (2014) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(14)70990-9 · Cited by 60
Self-citationMateen, F. J., Post, W. S., Sacktor, N. C., Abraham, A. G., Becker, J. T., Smith, B., Detels, R., Martin, E. M., Phair, J., & Shinohara, R. T. (2013) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000437296.97946.73 · Cited by 47
Causes of death among Danish HIV patients compared with population controls in the period 1995–2008
Helleberg, M., Kronborg, G., Larsen, C. S., Pedersen, G., Pedersen, C. D., Gerstoft, J., & Obel, N. (2012) · Infection · doi:10.1007/s15010-012-0293-y · Cited by 44
Tripathi, A., Liese, A. D., Winniford, M. D., Jerrell, J. M., Albrecht, H., Rizvi, A. A., Zhang, J., & Duffus, W. A. (2014) · Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.1002/clc.22311 · Cited by 31
Exploring Statins to Decrease HIV-Related Heart Disease Risk
Mitka, M. (2015) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.5498 · Cited by 30
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment Tools in HIV-Infected Patients - Are They Adequate?
Hickey, A. C., & Bagchi, S. (2016) · Journal of AIDS & Clinical Research · doi:10.4172/2155-6113.1000583 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of chronic coronary syndromes
Vrints, C. J., Andreotti, F., Koskinas, K. C., Rosselló, X., Adamo, M., Ainslie, J., BANNING, A. P., Budaj, A., Buechel, R. R., Chiariello, G. A., et al. (2024) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae177 · Cited by 3,521
2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension
McEvoy, J. W., McCarthy, C. P., Bruno, R. M., Brouwers, S., Canavan, M. D., Ceconi, C., Christodorescu, R. M., Daskalopoulou, S. S., Ferro, C. J., Gerdts, E., et al. (2024) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae178 · Cited by 2,298
2025 Focused Update of the 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias
Mach, F., Koskinas, K. C., Roeters van Lennep, J. E., Tokgözoğlu, L., Badimon, L., Baigent, C., Benn, M., Binder, C. J., Catapano, A. L., De Backer, G. G., et al. (2025) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf190 · Cited by 688
Feinstein, M. J., Hsue, P. Y., Benjamin, L. A., Bloomfield, G. S., Currier, J. S., Freiberg, M. S., Grinspoon, S. K., Levin, J., Longenecker, C. T., & Post, W. S. (2019) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000695 · Cited by 673
Self-citationPitavastatin to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease in HIV Infection
Grinspoon, S. K., Fitch, K. V., Zanni, M. V., Fichtenbaum, C. J., Umbleja, T., Aberg, J. A., Overton, E. T., Malvestutto, C., Bloomfield, G. S., Currier, J. S., et al. (2023) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2304146 · Cited by 532
Metadata
- Authors
- Shah, A. S. V., Stelzle, D., Lee, K. K., Beck, E. J., Alam, S., Clifford, S., Longenecker, C. T., Strachan, F., Bagchi, S., Whiteley, W., Rajagopalan, S., Kottilil, S., Nair, H., Newby, D. E., McAllister, D. A., & Mills, N. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (CH)
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Circulation
- Published
- 2018-09-11
- Volume
- 138
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1100-1112
- ISSN
- 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4539
- PMC
- PMC6221183
- OpenAlex
- W3025713364
- Cited by
- 975
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 139 · 2025: 153 · 2024: 159 · 2023: 117 · 2022: 137 · 2021: 111 · 2020: 99 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 8
- FWCI
- 82.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Circulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (201492/Z/16/Z)
- British Heart Foundation (FS/18/25/33454, FS/16/14/32023)
- University of Glasgow
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV-related health complications and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Keywords
- HIV-associated cardiovascular disease, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, global burden of disease, disability-adjusted life years, population attributable fraction, people living with HIV, antiretroviral therapy, sub-Saharan Africa, cardiovascular risk, non-communicable diseases, cardiovascular risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Risk Factors, Time Factors, Global Health, HIV Infections, Incidence, Prevalence, Cost of Illness, Risk Assessment, HIV Long-Term Survivors, Atherosclerosis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
