2025 Focused Update of the 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias

Mach, François; Koskinas, Konstantinos C; Roeters van Lennep, Jeanine E; Tokgözoğlu, Lale; Badimon, Lina; Baigent, Colin; Benn, Marianne; Binder, Christoph J; Catapano, Alberico L; De Backer, Guy G; Delgado, Victoria; Fabin, Natalia; Ference, Brian A; Graham, Ian M; Landmesser, Ulf; Laufs, Ulrich; Mihaylova, Borislava; Nordestgaard, Børge Grønne; Richter, Dimitrios J; Sabatine, Marc S; ESC/EAS Scientific Document Group; Mueller, Christian Eugen; Drexel, Heinz; Abreu, Ana; Adamo, Marianna; Aktaa, Suleman; Asselbergs, Folkert W; Baldini, Antonio; Boriani, Giuseppe; Brida, Margarita; Brodmann, Marianne; Cenko, Edina; Dagres, Nikolaos; Dopheide, Jörn; Ebenbichler, Christoph; Gandjbakhch, Estelle; Gorog, Diana A; Gouni-Berthold, Ioanna; Guasti, Luigina; Heidecker, Bettina; Ibanez, Borja; James, Stefan; Juni, Peter; Kałużna-Oleksy, Marta; Krychtiuk, Konstantin A; Lip, Gregory Y H; Lorusso, Roberto; Mahfoud, Felix; Metra, Marco; Moelgaard, Inge

doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf190

Cited by 817Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular HealthDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsHealth Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention

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2025 Focused Update of the 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias

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Mach, François, Koskinas, Konstantinos C, Roeters van Lennep, Jeanine E, Tokgözoğlu, Lale, Badimon, Lina, Baigent, Colin, Benn, Marianne, Binder, Christoph J, Catapano, Alberico L, De Backer, Guy G, Delgado, Victoria, Fabin, Natalia, Ference, Brian A, Graham, Ian M, Landmesser, Ulf, Laufs, Ulrich, Mihaylova, Borislava, Nordestgaard, Børge Grønne, Richter, Dimitrios J, Sabatine, Marc S, ESC/EAS Scientific Document Group, Mueller, Christian Eugen, Drexel, Heinz, Abreu, Ana, Adamo, Marianna, Aktaa, Suleman, Asselbergs, Folkert W, Baldini, Antonio, Boriani, Giuseppe, Brida, Margarita, Brodmann, Marianne, Cenko, Edina, Dagres, Nikolaos, Dopheide, Jörn, Ebenbichler, Christoph, Gandjbakhch, Estelle, Gorog, Diana A, Gouni-Berthold, Ioanna, Guasti, Luigina, Heidecker, Bettina, Ibanez, Borja, James, Stefan, Juni, Peter, Kałużna-Oleksy, Marta, Krychtiuk, Konstantin A, Lip, Gregory Y H, Lorusso, Roberto, Mahfoud, Felix, Metra, Marco, Moelgaard, Inge, Morais, João, Neubeck, Lis, Nissen, Steven E, Osto, Elena, Parhofer, Klaus G, De Isla, Leopoldo Perez, Pesce, Maurizio, Petrulioniene, Zaneta, Prescott, Eva, Rietzschel, Ernst, Rocca, Bianca, Rodriguez Palomares, Jose Fernando, Rossello, Xavier, Sannino, Anna, Semb, Anne Grete, Siller-Matula, Jolanta M, Socrates, Thenral, Tanner, Felix C, Wojta, Johann, Zambon, Alberto, Zeppenfeld, Katja, Laredj, Nadia, Hayrapetyan, Hamlet, Speidl, Walter Stefan, Samadov, Fuad, van de Borne, Philippe, Kusljugic, Zumreta, Postadzhiyan, Arman, Heracleous, Hera, Ostadal, Petr, Henriksen, Finn Lund, Mohamed, Mohamed Seleem, Viigimaa, Margus, Juonala, Markus, Boccara, Franck, Chukhrukidze, Archil, Weingärtner, Oliver, Marketou, Maria, Kiss, Robert Gabor, Sigurdsson, Axel F, Maher, Vincent, Henkin, Yaakov, Nodari, Savina, Bekbossynova, Makhabbat, Ibrahimi, Pranvera, Mirrakhimov, Erkin, Jegere, Sanda, Arnaout, Samir, Bheleel, Osama, Plisiene, Jurgita, Visser, Laurent, Abela, Mark, Ivanov, Victoria, Boskovic, Aneta, Mbarek, Nazzi, Leening, Maarten J G, Bosevski, Marijan, Vesterbekkmo, Elisabeth K, Kubica, Jacek, Ferreira, Jorge, Pop, Dana, Stefanelli, Umberto Maria, Giga, Vojislav, Pella, Daniel, Fras, Zlatko, Fernandez-Olmo, Rosa, Nilsson, Lennart, Sudano, Isabella, Marjeh, Mohamed Yassin Bani, Triki, Faten, Degertekin, Muzaffer M, Mitchenko, Olena, Banerjee, Amitava, Shek, Aleksandr·2025·European Heart Journal

DOI 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf190

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Abstract

1. Preamble 4361 2. Introduction 4363 3. Estimation of total cardiovascular risk and implications for dyslipidaemia management 4363 4. New low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-lowering therapies 4367 5. Combination of lipid-lowering therapies during index hospitalization for acute coronary syndromes 4369 6. Lipoprotein(a) 4370 7. Hypertriglyceridaemia 4371 8. Primary prevention in people with human immunodeficiency virus infection 4372 9. Patients with cancer at high or very high chemotherapy-related cardiovascular toxicity risk 4373 10. Dietary supplements 4373 11. Evidence tables 4374 12. Data availability statement 4374 13. Author information 4374 14. Appendix 4374 15. References 4375 Recommendation Table 1 — Recommendations for cardiovascular risk estimation in persons without known cardiovascular disease (see also Supplementary data online, Evidence Table 1) 4367 Recommendation Table 2 — Recommendations for pharmacological low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering (see also Supplementary data online, Evidence Table 2) 4369 Recommendation Table 3 — Recommendations for lipid-lowering therapy in patients with acute coronary syndromes (see also Supplementary data online, Evidence Table 3) 4370 Recommendation Table 4 — Recommendations for measurement of lipoprotein(a) (see also Supplementary data online, Evidence Table 4) 4370 Recommendation Table 5 — Recommendations for drug treatment of patients with hypertriglyceridaemia (see also Supplementary data online, Evidence Table 5) 4372 Recommendation Table 6 — Recommendations for statin therapy in primary prevention for people with human immunodeficiency virus infection (see also Supplementary data online, Evidence Table 6) 4373 Recommendation Table 7 — Recommendations for statin therapy in patients receiving cancer therapy (see also Supplementary data online, Evidence Table 7) 4373 Recommendation Table 8 — Recommendations for dietary supplements (see also Supplementary data online, Evidence Table 8) 4374 Table 1 Classes of recommendations 4362 Table 2 Levels of evidence 4362 Table 3 Cardiovascular risk categories 4364 Table 4 Intervention strategies as a function of total cardiovascular risk and untreated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels 4365 Figure 1 Treatment goals for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol across categories of total cardiovascular risk 4366 Figure 2 Average reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels with different pharmacological therapies with proven cardiovascular benefits 4368 Figure 3 Association between Lp(a) levels and lifetime risk of major cardiovascular events 4371 Acute coronary syndromes Alanine aminotransferase Apolipoprotein B Apolipoprotein C-III Antiretroviral therapy Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease Aspartate aminotransferase Aortic valve stenosis Coronary artery calcium Confidence interval Computed tomography Cardiovascular Cardiovascular disease Docosahexaenoic acid European Atherosclerosis Society European Medicines Agency Eicosapentaenoic acid European Society of Cardiology Familial chylomicronaemia syndrome US Food and Drug Administration Familial hypercholesterolaemia High-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human immunodeficiency virus Hazard ratio Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Lipoprotein(a) Left ventricular ejection fraction Monoclonal antibody Major adverse cardiovascular event(s) Myocardial infarction Percutaneous coronary intervention Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid People with HIV Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation 2 Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation 2-Older Persons Total cholesterol Type 1 diabetes mellitus Type 2 diabetes mellitus Upper limit of normal Guidelines evaluate and summarize available evidence with the aim of assisting health professionals in proposing the best diagnostic or therapeutic approach for an individual patient with a given condition. The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines are intended for use by health professionals but do not override their individual responsibility to make appropriate and accurate decisions in consideration of each patient's health condition and in consultation with the patient or the patient's caregiver where appropriate and/or necessary aiming at shared care decisions. It is also the health professional's responsibility to verify the rules and regulations applicable in each country to drugs and devices at the time of prescription and to respect the ethical rules of their profession. The ESC Guidelines represent the official position of the ESC on a given topic. Guideline topics are selected for updating after annual expert review of new evidence conducted by the ESC Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) Committee. ESC Policies and Procedures for formulating and issuing the ESC Guidelines can be found on the ESC website (https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Guidelines-development/Writing-ESC-Guidelines). Interim

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The 2025 ESC/EAS guidelines highlight that variability in LDL-C lowering is observed across all treatment options, likely reflecting differences in background LLT regimens.
“Importantly, the guidelines highlight that variability in LDL-C lowering is observed across all treatment options, likely reflecting differences in background LLT regimens [45].”
From Systematic literature review on the real-world effectiveness and safety of bempedoic acid (2026) · cites this paper as [45]
In the pharmacological LDL-C-lowering recommendations (page not provided), the guidelines state that there is considerable inter-individual variability in response to any lipid-lowering drug or combination. They do not attribute that variability to differences in background lipid-lowering therapy regimens, so the proposed explanation is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The 2025 ESC/EAS guidelines emphasize the importance of monitoring LDL-C response 4 to 6 weeks after initiation or intensification and making timely treatment adjustments to achieve recommended targets.
“In line with this, they emphasize the importance of monitoring LDL-C response 4 to 6 weeks after initiation or intensification and making timely treatment adjustments to achieve recommended targets [45].”
From Systematic literature review on the real-world effectiveness and safety of bempedoic acid (2026) · cites this paper as [45]
The post-ACS treatment section says LDL-C should be checked 4–6 weeks after starting or intensifying lipid-lowering therapy, and advocates early intensification to reach LDL-C goals. The citing sentence presents this as an unqualified guideline recommendation, whereas the passage places the 4–6-week check in the context of care after acute coronary syndrome; it does not explicitly link that check to subsequent treatment adjustments. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Elevated TG and TRLs contribute independently to cardiovascular risk, even in patients achieving LDL-C targets.
“The recent ESC/EAS 2025 Focused Update Guideline [9] emphasizes that elevated TG and TRLs contribute independently to cardiovascular risk, even in patients achieving LDL-C targets.”
From Targeting triglycerides for cardiovascular risk reduction (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
Section 7, “Hypertriglyceridaemia” (page not specified), states that triglyceride levels are associated with cardiovascular risk independently of LDL-C levels. The passage does not specifically establish that triglyceride-rich lipoproteins contribute causally to risk, or address patients who have achieved LDL-C targets. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The 2025 ESC/EAS Focused Update confirms statins as the cornerstone therapy for cardiovascular risk reduction in the presence of elevated TG, by targeting LDL-C and modulating TRLs and reducing the atherogenic potential of the lipid profile.
“The recent 2025 ESC/EAS Focused Update confirms this guidance, emphasizing the persistent role of statins as the cornerstone therapy for cardiovascular risk reduction in the presence of elevated TG, not only by targeting LDL-C but also by modulating TRLs and reducing the atherogenic potential of the lipid profile [9].”
From Targeting triglycerides for cardiovascular risk reduction (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The 2025 ESC/EAS guidelines position bempedoic acid alongside other established LLTs with demonstrated cardiovascular-risk reduction such as statins, ezetimibe, and PCSK9i.
“The recommendations position bempedoic acid alongside other established LLTs with demonstrated cardiovascular-risk reduction such as statins, ezetimibe, and PCSK9i.”
From Systematic literature review on the real-world effectiveness and safety of bempedoic acid (2026) · cites this paper as [45]

The 2025 ESC/EAS guidelines recommend that the choice of treatment should not only be made based on the magnitude of additional LDL-C lowering needed, but also patient preference, treatment availability, and cost.
“Guidelines also recommend that the choice of treatment should not only be made based on the magnitude of additional LDL-C lowering needed, but also patient preference, treatment availability, and cost [45].”
From Systematic literature review on the real-world effectiveness and safety of bempedoic acid (2026) · cites this paper as [45]
The 2025 ESC/EAS guidelines provide new recommendations for bempedoic acid in both patients unable to take statins and as an adjunct to maximally tolerated statin therapy, with or without ezetimibe, including use in high- and very high-risk patients.
“The 2025 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia provide new recommendations for bempedoic acid in both patients unable to take statins and as an adjunct to maximally tolerated statin therapy, with or without ezetimibe, including use in high- and very high-risk patients [45].”
From Systematic literature review on the real-world effectiveness and safety of bempedoic acid (2026) · cites this paper as [45]
Fibrates have not demonstrated consistent cardiovascular benefit in the overall population.
“the 2025 ESC/EAS Focused Update [9] emphasizes that consistent cardiovascular benefit has not been demonstrated in the overall population, and fibrate therapy should therefore be reserved for carefully selected patients with persistent hypertriglyceridaemia or features of atherogenic dyslipidemia despite optimal LDL-C lowering”
From Targeting triglycerides for cardiovascular risk reduction (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
The joint guideline recognizes TG/TRL-mediated risk as a modifiable component of residual cardiovascular risk.
“Overall, the joint guideline recognizes TG/TRL-mediated risk as a modifiable component of residual cardiovascular risk, addressed pragmatically through non–HDL-C/apoB targets and selective TG-lowering therapies integrated with intensive LDL-C reduction, with non-fasting testing as the default approach.”
From Targeting triglycerides for cardiovascular risk reduction (2026) · cites this paper as [9]

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Baseline and on-statin treatment lipoprotein(a) levels for prediction of cardiovascular events: individual patient-data meta-analysis of statin outcome trials
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Effects of Statins on Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaques
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Pitavastatin to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease in HIV Infection
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Continuous Dose-Response Relationship of the LDL-Cholesterol–Lowering Effect of Phytosterol Intake
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Liver-specific ATP-citrate lyase inhibition by bempedoic acid decreases LDL-C and attenuates atherosclerosis
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Effect of Bempedoic Acid vs Placebo Added to Maximally Tolerated Statins on Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Patients at High Risk for Cardiovascular Disease: The CLEAR Wisdom Randomized Clinical Trial
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Effect of Evolocumab on Coronary Plaque Phenotype and Burden in Statin-Treated Patients Following Myocardial Infarction
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Efficacy and safety of alirocumab vs ezetimibe in statin-intolerant patients, with a statin rechallenge arm: The ODYSSEY ALTERNATIVE randomized trial
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Management of dyslipidaemia in patients with coronary heart disease: Results from the ESC-EORP EUROASPIRE V survey in 27 countries
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Bempedoic acid plus ezetimibe fixed-dose combination in patients with hypercholesterolemia and high CVD risk treated with maximally tolerated statin therapy
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Early and Late Benefits of High-Dose Atorvastatin in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes
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Mendelian Randomization Study of ACLY and Cardiovascular Disease
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Subclinical Late Cardiomyopathy After Doxorubicin Therapy for Lymphoma in Adults
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SCORE2-Diabetes: 10-year cardiovascular risk estimation in type 2 diabetes in Europe
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Effect of fenofibrate on amputation events in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (FIELD study): a prespecified analysis of a randomised controlled trial
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Effects of n-3 Fatty Acid Supplements in Elderly Patients After Myocardial Infarction
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Single Ascending Dose Study of a Short Interfering RNA Targeting Lipoprotein(a) Production in Individuals With Elevated Plasma Lipoprotein(a) Levels
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Evolocumab for Early Reduction of LDL Cholesterol Levels in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes (EVOPACS)
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Extreme lipoprotein(a) levels and improved cardiovascular risk prediction
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Elevated Lipoprotein(a) and Risk of Ischemic Stroke
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Cardiovascular Risk Prediction Functions Underestimate Risk in HIV Infection
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Ezetimibe Lipid-Lowering Trial on Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in 75 or Older (EWTOPIA 75): A Randomized, Controlled Trial
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Association of Genetic Variants Related to Combined Exposure to Lower Low-Density Lipoproteins and Lower Systolic Blood Pressure With Lifetime Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
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Atorvastatin for Anthracycline-Associated Cardiac Dysfunction
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Muvalaplin, an Oral Small Molecule Inhibitor of Lipoprotein(a) Formation
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Nontraditional Risk Factors in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force
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Olezarsen for Hypertriglyceridemia in Patients at High Cardiovascular Risk
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Plozasiran, an RNA Interference Agent Targeting APOC3, for Mixed Hyperlipidemia
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Statin therapy and lipoprotein(a) levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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Independent Association of Lipoprotein(a) and Coronary Artery Calcification With Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk
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Oral Muvalaplin for Lowering of Lipoprotein(a)
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Zerlasiran—A Small-Interfering RNA Targeting Lipoprotein(a)
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Characterization of a new circulating recombinant form comprising HIV-1 subtypes C and B in southern Brazil
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Statins and Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Following Doxorubicin Treatment
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Effects of Randomized Treatment With Icosapent Ethyl and a Mineral Oil Comparator on Interleukin-1β, Interleukin-6, C-Reactive Protein, Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, Homocysteine, Lipoprotein(a), and Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2: A REDUCE-IT Biomarker Substudy
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Statins to prevent early cardiac dysfunction in cancer patients at increased cardiotoxicity risk receiving anthracyclines
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Effect of Evolocumab on Atherogenic Lipoproteins During the Peri- and Early Postinfarction Period
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Lipoprotein(a) and cardiovascular disease: prediction, attributable risk fraction, and estimating benefits from novel interventions
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Efficacy and safety of bempedoic acid among patients with and without diabetes: prespecified analysis of the CLEAR Outcomes randomised trial
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Bempedoic Acid: for Whom and When
Ruscica, M., Sirtori, C. R., Carugo, S., Banach, M., & Corsini, A. (2022) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-022-01054-2 · Cited by 95
Effect of Rosuvastatin in Preventing Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Women With Breast Cancer: A Randomized, Single-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Nabati, M., Janbabai, G., Esmailian, J., & Charati, J. Y. (2019) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.1177/1074248418821721 · Cited by 90
Comparative Effects of Low-Dose Rosuvastatin, Placebo, and Dietary Supplements on Lipids and Inflammatory Biomarkers
Laffin, L. J., Bruemmer, D., García, M. G., Brennan, D. M., McErlean, E. S., Jacoby, D. S., Michos, E. D., Ridker, P. M., Wang, T. Y., Watson, K. E., et al. (2022) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2022.10.013 · Cited by 87
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Volanesorsen to Prevent Acute Pancreatitis in Hypertriglyceridemia
Alexander, V. J., Karwatowska-Prokopczuk, E., Prohaska, T. A., Li, L., Geary, R. S., Gouni-Berthold, I., Oral, E. A., Hegele, R. A., Stroes, E. S. G., Witztum, J. L., et al. (2024) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2306575 · Cited by 85
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Influence of Subclinical Atherosclerosis Burden and Progression on Mortality
Fuster, V., García‐Álvarez, A., Devesa, A., Mass, V., Owen, R., Quesada, A. J., Fuster, J. J., García‐Lunar, I., Pocock, S., Sánchez‐Gonzalez, J., et al. (2024) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2024.06.045 · Cited by 83
Lipoprotein(a) is linked to atherothrombosis and aortic valve stenosis independent of C-reactive protein
Thomas, P. E., Vedel‐Krogh, S., Kamstrup, P. R., & Nordestgaard, B. G. (2023) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehad055 · Cited by 82
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Evinacumab in homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: long-term safety and efficacy
Gaudet, D., Greber‐Platzer, S., Reeskamp, L. F., Iannuzzo, G., Rosenson, R. S., Saheb, S., Stefanutti, C., Stroes, E. S. G., Wiegman, A., Turner, T. A., et al. (2024) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae325 · Cited by 81
Association of Incident Cardiovascular Disease With Time Course and Cumulative Exposure to Multiple Risk Factors
DOMANSKI, M. J., Wu, C. O., Tian, X., Hasan, A., Ma, X., Huang, Y., Miao, R., Reis, J. P., Bae, S., Husain, A., et al. (2023) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2023.01.024 · Cited by 78
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, C-reactive protein, and lipoprotein(a) universal one-time screening in primary prevention: the EPIC-Norfolk study
Kraaijenhof, J. M., Nurmohamed, N. S., Nordestgaard, A. T., Reeskamp, L. F., Stroes, E. S. G., Hovingh, G. K., Boekholdt, S. M., & Ridker, P. M. (2025) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf209 · Cited by 78
Predictive Value of Coronary Artery Calcium Score Categories for Coronary Events Versus Strokes: Impact of Sex and Race
Mehta, A., Pandey, A., Ayers, C. R., Khera, A., Sperling, L. S., Szklo, M., Gottesman, R. F., Budoff, M. J., Blaha, M. J., Blumenthal, R. S., et al. (2020) · Circulation Cardiovascular Imaging · doi:10.1161/circimaging.119.010153 · Cited by 77
Statin Eligibility for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease According to 2021 European Prevention Guidelines Compared With Other International Guidelines
Mortensen, M. B., Tybjærg‐Hansen, A., & Nordestgaard, B. G. (2022) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2022.1876 · Cited by 75
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Equivalent Impact of Elevated Lipoprotein(a) and Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Patients With Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease
Hedegaard, B. S., Bork, C. S., Kaltoft, M., Klausen, I. C., Schmidt, E. B., Kamstrup, P. R., Langsted, A., & Nordestgaard, B. G. (2022) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2022.09.021 · Cited by 69
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Intensive early and sustained lowering of non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol after myocardial infarction and prognosis: the SWEDEHEART registry
Schubert, J. R., Leósdóttir, M., Lindahl, B., Westerbergh, J., Melhus, H., Modica, A., Cater, N. B., Brinck, J. W., Ray, K. K., & Hagström, E. (2024) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae576 · Cited by 67
Validation of Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation 2 (SCORE2) and SCORE2-Older Persons in the EPIC-Norfolk prospective population cohort
Trier, T. J. V., Snaterse, M., Boekholdt, S. M., Reimer, W. J. M. S. O., Hageman, S. H. J., Visseren, F. L. J., Dorresteijn, J. A. N., Peters, R. J. G., & Jorstad, H. T. (2023) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwad318 · Cited by 64
Evolocumab in HIV-Infected Patients With Dyslipidemia
Boccara, F., Kumar, P. N., Caramelli, B., Calmy, A., López, J. A. G., Bray, S. L., Cyrille, M., Rosenson, R. S., Baker, D. A., Bloch, M., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.025 · Cited by 63
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Predictors of all‐cause mortality and ischemic events within and beyond 1 year after an acute coronary syndrome: Results from the EPICOR registry
Rosselló, X., Bueno, H., Pocock, S., de Werf, F. V., Danchin, N., Annemans, L., Medina, J., & Zeymer, U. (2018) · Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.1002/clc.23116 · Cited by 52
Intensive lipid-lowering therapy for early achievement of guideline-recommended LDL-cholesterol levels in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (“Jena auf Ziel”)
Makhmudova, U., Samadifar, B., Maloku, A., Haxhikadrija, P., Geiling, J.-A., Römer, R., Lauer, B., Möbius-Winkler, S., Otto, S., Schulze, P. C., et al. (2023) · Clinical Research in Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00392-022-02147-3 · Cited by 52
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Transiently achieved very low LDL-cholesterol levels by statin and alirocumab after acute coronary syndrome are associated with cardiovascular risk reduction: the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial
Schwartz, G. G., Szarek, M. J., Bhatt, D. L., Bittner, V., Bujas‐Bobanovic, M., Díaz, R., Fazio, S., Fras, Z., Goodman, S. G., Harrington, R. A., et al. (2023) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehad144 · Cited by 51
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Improving 10-year cardiovascular risk prediction in apparently healthy people: flexible addition of risk modifiers on top of SCORE2
Hageman, S. H. J., Petitjean, C., Pennells, L. A. M., Kaptoge, S. K., Pajouheshnia, R., Tillmann, T., Blaha, M. J., McClelland, R. L., Matsushita, K., Nambi, V., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwad187 · Cited by 51
Effect of evolocumab on acute arterial events across all vascular territories : results from the FOURIER trial
Oyama, K., Giugliano, R. P., Tang, M., Bonaca, M. P., Saver, J. L., Murphy, S. A., Ruzza, A., KEECH, A. C., Sever, P. S., Sabatine, M. S., et al. (2021) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab604 · Cited by 50
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Coronary artery calcium scores indicating secondary prevention level risk: Findings from the CAC consortium and FOURIER trial
Dzaye, O. D. A., Razavi, A. C., Michos, E. D., Mortensen, M. B., Dardari, Z., Nasir, K., Osei, A. D., Peng, A. W., Blankstein, R., Page, J. H., et al. (2022) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.02.006 · Cited by 50
A biological rationale for the disparate effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular disease outcomes
Sherratt, S. C. R., Libby, P., Bhatt, D. L., & Mason, R. P. (2022) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102450 · Cited by 49
Short-term ezetimibe is well tolerated and effective in combination with statin therapy to treat elevated LDL cholesterol in HIV-infected patients
Chow, D. C., Chen, H., Glesby, M. J., Busti, A. J., Souza, S. A., Andersen, J., Kohrs, S., Wu, J. W., & Koletar, S. L. (2009) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0b013e32833068e3 · Cited by 45
Comparative Cardiovascular Benefits of Bempedoic Acid and Statin Drugs
Lincoff, A. M., Ray, K. K., Sasiela, W. J., Haddad, T. M., Nicholls, S. J., Li, N., Cho, L., Mason, D., Libby, P., Goodman, S. G., et al. (2024) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2024.04.048 · Cited by 44
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Lipid lowering efficacy and safety of Ezetimibe combined with rosuvastatin compared with titrating rosuvastatin monotherapy in HIV-positive patients
Saeedi, R., Johns, K., Frohlich, J. J., Bennett, M. T., & Bondy, G. P. (2015) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-015-0054-x · Cited by 43
Cardiovascular disease risk in women living with HIV
Kentoffio, K., Temu, T. M., Shakil, S. S., Zanni, M. V., & Longenecker, C. T. (2022) · Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS · doi:10.1097/coh.0000000000000756 · Cited by 41
Per-Particle Cardiovascular Risk of Lipoprotein(a) vs Non-Lp(a) Apolipoprotein B-Containing Lipoproteins
Marston, N., Melloni, G. E. M., Murphy, S. A., Morze, J., Kamanu, F., Ellinor, P. T., Ruff, C. T., & Sabatine, M. S. (2024) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2023.09.836 · Cited by 41
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Eicosapentaenoic Acid Improves Endothelial Nitric Oxide Bioavailability Via Changes in Protein Expression During Inflammation
Sherratt, S. C. R., Libby, P., Dawoud, H., Bhatt, D. L., & Mason, R. P. (2024) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.123.034076 · Cited by 33
Statins as preventive therapy for anthracycline cardiotoxicity: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
D’Amario, D., Laborante, R., Bianchini, E., Galli, M., Ciliberti, G., Mennuni, M. G., & Patti, G. (2023) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.131219 · Cited by 29
Cardio-protective effects of statins in patients undergoing anthracycline-based chemotherapy: An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Felix, N. S., Nogueira, P. C., Mamede, I., Costa, T. A., Jorge, C. A. C., Stecca, C., & Lópes, R. D. (2024) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2024.04.007 · Cited by 29
Temporal trends in cardiovascular risk factors, lifestyle and secondary preventive medication for patients with myocardial infarction attending cardiac rehabilitation in Sweden 2006–2019: a registry-based cohort study
Leósdóttir, M., Hagström, E., Hadziosmanovic, N., Norhammar, A., Lindahl, B., Hambræus, K., Jernberg, T., & Bäck, M. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069770 · Cited by 27
Effect of bempedoic acid plus ezetimibe fixed-dose combination vs ezetimibe or placebo on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypercholesterolemia not treated with statins
Bays, H. E., Baum, S. J., Brinton, E. A., Plutzky, J., Hanselman, J. C., Teng, R., & Ballantyne, C. M. (2021) · American Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2021.100278 · Cited by 25
Association between subclinical atherosclerosis burden and unrecognized myocardial infarction detected by cardiac magnetic resonance in middle-aged low-risk adults
Fernández‐Friera, L., García‐Álvarez, A., Oliva, B., García‐Lunar, I., García, I., Moreno‐Arciniegas, A., Gómez‐Talavera, S., Pérez-Herreras, C., Sánchez‐Gonzalez, J., de Vega, V. M., et al. (2024) · European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging · doi:10.1093/ehjci/jeae044 · Cited by 15

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In Vivo Base Editing of PCSK9 with VERVE-102 for Hypercholesterolemia
Vafai, S. B., Täubel, J., Ashdown, T., Patel, R. S., Diamondali, S., Cegla, J., Soran, H., Bashir, B., Abitbol, A., Gaudet, D., et al. (2026) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2601283 · Cited by 54
Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography in Prediction of First Coronary Events
Bergström, G. M. L., Engström, G., Björnson, E., Adiels, M., Andersson, J. S. O., Andersson, T., Carlhäll, C., Cederlund, K., Erlinge, D., Fagman, E., et al. (2025) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2025.21077 · Cited by 45
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The ‘10 commandments’ for the 2025 focused update of the 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias
Mach, F., van Lennep, J. E. R., & Koskinas, K. C. (2025) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf919 · Cited by 37
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Update on familial hypercholesterolemia: An expert clinical consensus from the National Lipid Association
Ahmad, Z., Agarwala, A., Cuchel, M., Duell, P. B., Hegele, R. A., Hudgins, L. C., Jamison, A., Kalra, D. K., Khera, A., Knowles, J. W., et al. (2026) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2026.01.011 · Cited by 37
Intensive LDL Cholesterol Targeting in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease
Lee, Y., Lee, S. J., Kim, J. W., Lee, S., Kim, G.-S., Park, J. H., Cho, J., Kang, W. C., Yoon, H., Kim, W., et al. (2026) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2600283 · Cited by 37
Evolocumab to Reduce First Major Cardiovascular Events in Patients Without Known Significant Atherosclerosis and With Diabetes
Marston, N., Bohula, E. A., Bhatia, A. K., Ferrari, G. M. D., Leiter, L., Nicolau, J. C., Park, J., Murphy, S. A., Walsh, E., Liu, L., et al. (2026) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2026.3277 · Cited by 28
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Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement
Wiegman, A., Bourbon, M., Freiberger, T., Gidding, S. S., Greber‐Platzer, S., Grošelj, U., Holven, K. B., Hudgins, L. C., Humphries, S. E., Hutten, B. A., et al. (2026) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehag382 · Cited by 28
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Residual lipid risk in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
Nordestgaard, B. G., & Hegele, R. A. (2026) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehag087 · Cited by 26
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The Systemic Link Between Oral Health and Cardiovascular Disease: Contemporary Evidence, Mechanisms, and Risk Factor Implications
Bida, F. C., Curca, F. R., Lupușoru, R. V., Virvescu, D. I., Scurtu, M., Rotundu, G., Butnaru, O., Tudorici, T. A., Luchian, I. A., & Budală, D. G. (2025) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases13110354 · Cited by 25
2026 ESC Guidelines on cardiac rehabilitation
Bäck, M., Wilhelm, M., Marcin, T., Machado, F. V. C., Sandberg, A., Buccheri, S., Conde, A. C., Czapla, M., Rosa, S. D., Gibson, I., et al. (2026) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehag099 · Cited by 25
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2026 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease, in collaboration with the European Renal Association (ERA)
Damman, K., ter Maaten, J. M., Mayne, K. J., Bolignano, D., Brown, E. M., da Costa, B. R., Dagre, A. G., Gansevoort, R. T., Gavina, C., Goette, A., et al. (2026) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehag098 · Cited by 24
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Acute Coronary Syndromes in Premenopausal Women: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Kovacic, J. C., Reynolds, H. R., Alasnag, M. A., Blakeman, J. R., Ijioma, N., Kim, E. S. H., Sandner, S. E., Sanghavi, M., Saw, J., & Tamis‐Holland, J. E. (2026) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001416 · Cited by 21
Oral PCSK9 Inhibitor Enlicitide Versus Oral Nonstatin Therapies
Catapano, A. L., Mikhailova, E., Navar, A. M., Banka, P., Corral, P., Saxena, M., Steg, P. G., Verma, S., Kordahi, A. Y., Mendizabal, G., et al. (2026) · JACC · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2026.03.036 · Cited by 19
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Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering and risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in primary prevention trials: A meta-analysis
Kalra, D. K., Ray, K. K., Bajaj, A., Kushner, P. R., Wilcox, M. L., Dicklin, M. R., Kirkpatrick, C. F., & Maki, K. C. (2026) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2026.02.006 · Cited by 18
Optimal Medical Therapy Targeting Lipids and Inflammation for Secondary Prevention in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Forzano, I., Florimonte, D., Narciso, V., Canonico, M. E., Castiello, D. S., Manzi, L., Cristiano, S., Spinelli, A. M., Vallone, D. M., D’Alconzo, D., et al. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14238334 · Cited by 17
Cardiovascular Prevention: Current Gaps and Future Directions
Dores, H., Santos, J. F., Gil, V. M., & Gonçalves, P. D. A. (2025) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics16010016 · Cited by 16
Effect of APOC3 Inhibition With Olezarsen on Coronary Atherosclerosis: Essence-TIMI 73b Imaging Study
Marston, N., Bergmark, B. A., Prohaska, T. A., Moura, F. A., Zimerman, A., Alexander, V. J., Kang, Y. M., Weinland, J., Ran, X., Murphy, S. A., et al. (2026) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.126.080012 · Cited by 16
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Ziltivekimab in heart failure with preserved and mildly reduced ejection fraction: rationale and design of the ATHENA and HERMES trials
Mendieta, G., Ridker, P. M., Borlaug, B. A., Ducharme, A., Lam, C. S. P., Voors, A. A., Auerbach, P., Čikeš, M., Fudim, M., Hvelplund, A., et al. (2026) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1093/ejhf/xuag153 · Cited by 15
Lipoprotein(a)-lowering therapies: a promising future
Zhang, J., Návar, A. M., & Tokgözoğlu, L. S. (2026) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehag092 · Cited by 13
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Assessment and management of cardiovascular–kidney–liver metabolic-syndrome in the primary care setting: A multidisciplinary consensus statement
Kreutz, R. H., Canbay, A., Haluzı́k, M., Januszewicz, A., Mendive, J. M., Sarafidis, P. A., & Schattenberg, J. M. (2026) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2026.106902 · Cited by 14
Lipoprotein(a) and incident venous thromboembolism in pre- and postmenopausal women, and in men
Ezzat, D., Lopez, D. M., Claggett, B. L., Li, L., Mohammadnia, N., Schuermans, A., Hemeryck, J., Chang, A., Murillo, S., O’Donoghue, M. L., et al. (2026) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehag252 · Cited by 13
Efficacy and Safety of Very Low Achieved LDL Cholesterol in Patients With Previous Ischemic Stroke
Monguillon, V., Kelly, P. J., O’Donoghue, M. L., Park, J., Bohula, E. A., Saver, J. L., Atar, D., KEECH, A. C., Sever, P. S., Wang, H., et al. (2025) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.125.077549 · Cited by 12
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Atherogenic dyslipidaemia and residual cardiovascular risk: Understanding the link to heart disease
Girón, G. O., Otero, S., Nikolaou, P., Alcover, S., Ramos-Regalado, L., Zaragoza, C., Liberale, L., Borrell-Pagés, M., Padró, T., Suades, R., et al. (2026) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.70167 · Cited by 12
From clinical inertia to therapeutic optimization in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: A Monte Carlo simulation within the ITACARE-P registry
Faggiano, A., Maloberti, A., Ambrosetti, M., Giallauria, F., Mureddu, G., Venturini, E., Ruzzolini, M., Maranta, F., Vatri, M., Zadre, L., et al. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2025.11.010 · Cited by 10
A practical guide to the management of dyslipidaemia
Siegel, P. M., Katzmann, J. L., Weinmann‐Menke, J., Landmesser, U., Schunkert, H., Baldus, S. E., Böhm, M., Laufs, U., Lüscher, T. F., & Hilgendorf, I. (2026) · Clinical Research in Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00392-025-02833-y · Cited by 10
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Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary artery bypass grafting for unprotected left main stenosis: 10-year final results from the randomised, open-label, non-inferiority NOBLE trial
Holck, E. N., Holm, N. R., Hildick‐Smith, D., Lindsay, M. M., Spence, M. S., Ērglis, A., Menown, I. B. A., Steigen, T. K., Mogensen, L. J. H., Modrau, I. S., et al. (2026) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(26)00205-9 · Cited by 10
Optimizing cardiovascular pharmacotherapy in older adults with frailty
Nguyen, T. N., Woodward, M., Butt, J. H., McMurray, J. J. V., Lip, G. Y. H., & Kaski, J. C. (2026) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-025-01244-w · Cited by 9
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Therapeutic Inertia in Lipid-Lowering Treatment: A Narrative Review
Vatri, M., Faggiano, A., Angelino, E., Ambrosetti, M., Faggiano, P. M., & Fattirolli, F. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15031075 · Cited by 9
Prediction of incident heart failure in individuals without prior cardiovascular disease: the SCORE2-HF risk model
Kaptoge, S. K., Keene, S. J., Reitsma, T. H., Shi, W., Lees, J. S., Loo, L., Gynnild, M. N., Chilala, C. I., Ritchie, S. C., Spackman, S., et al. (2026) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehag154 · Cited by 9
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Not all fibrates are made equal: Learning from biology and clinical trials
Zambon, A., Staels, B., Farnier, M., Vrablı́k, M., & Catapano, A. L. (2025) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2025.120555 · Cited by 8
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Role of Coronary Artery Calcium Score CT in Risk Stratification of Asymptomatic Individuals
Gómez-Díaz, D., Díez‐Villanueva, P., López‐Melgar, B., Flores, L., de Toffol, G., Ramos, A., Montes, Á., Cecconi, A., Jiménez‐Borreguero, L. J., & Alfonso, F. (2025) · Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease · doi:10.3390/jcdd12110442 · Cited by 8
Vademecum for the Physician Evaluating a Master Athlete
Palermi, A., Vecchiato, M., Gioia, G. D., Perone, F., Tse, G., Gallina, S., Luca, M. D., Graziano, F., Zorzi, A., Tsampasian, V., et al. (2025) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-025-01370-3 · Cited by 8
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Association of Statin Discontinuation in Pregnancy With Maternal Cardiovascular Health and Birth Outcomes: A Nationwide Cohort Study
Cho, Y., Kang, D., Lim, H., Lee, H., Choi, E.-Y., Shin, J., & Choi, K. H. (2026) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.125.078919 · Cited by 8
A new liver-targeted agonist of thyroid hormone receptor beta resmetirom in treating MASLD/MASH: From mechanism to therapy
Liu, M., Ma, Y., Cheang, W. S., Su, Z., & Xu, S. (2026) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2026.04.011 · Cited by 8
Global Burden of Elevated LDL-C
Collaborators, G. 2. L. C., Razo, C., DeCleene, N. K., Johnson, C. O., Stark, B. A., LeGrand, K. E., Aalruz, H., Abaraogu, U. O., ElHafeez, S. A., Abdelmasseh, M., et al. (2026) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2026.8628 · Cited by 8
Prevalence of Silent Atherosclerosis across Adult Life
Bundgaard, H., García‐Lunar, I., Kofoed, K. F., Hasselbalch, R. B., Pérez‐García, C. N., Kunkel, J. B., Stæger, F. F., Sánchez‐Cabo, F., Fuster, J. J., Mass, V., et al. (2026) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2609059 · Cited by 8
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Lipid management for primary and secondary stroke prevention consensus paper of the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP)
Banach, M., Toth, P. P., Ahn, H., Bielecka-Dabrowa, A. M., Cicero, A. F. G., Covic, A. C., Dalakoti, M., Escobar, C., Fogacci, F., Gaiță, D. I., et al. (2025) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2025.11.003 · Cited by 7
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Lipid-Lowering Efficacy and Safety of Oral Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 Inhibitors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Masson, W. M., Lobo, M., Giunta, G. A., Barbagelata, L., & Nogueira, J. P. (2025) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12325-025-03418-x · Cited by 7
Steatotic liver disease and liver transplantation: Candidate selection and post-transplant management
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2026 Dyslipidemia Guideline-at-a-Glance
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Lipoprotein(a) Levels, Risk of Cardiovascular Events, and Benefit of Evolocumab: Findings From the VESALIUS-CV Trial
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Hunting for a coronary artery disease diagnosis in asymptomatic patients with diabetes mellitus: if, how and when
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Protective Role of Lipid-Lowering Drugs in Breast Cancer: Effects on Cancer Incidence and Cardiotoxicity
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Acute Coronary Syndromes: State-of-the-Art Diagnosis, Management, and Secondary Prevention
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Lipoprotein(a) and Cardiovascular Disease: From Genetic Risk Factor to Therapeutic Target
Yun, H. R., Singh, M. K., Han, S., Ranbhise, J. S., Ha, J., Kim, S. S., & Kang, I. (2026) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells15040315 · Cited by 6
Lipoprotein(a) and residual cardiovascular risks in Japanese patients with coronary artery disease who achieve guideline-recommended low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals
Kataoka, Y., Ray, K. K., Nicholls, S. J., Katasako-Yabumoto, A., Kitahara, S., Hosoda, H., Mitsui, K., Murai, K., Sawada, K. S., Matama, H., et al. (2026) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehag446 · Cited by 6
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Oral triple combination lipid-lowering therapy and LDL cholesterol goal attainment: a simulation using the SANTORINI study cohort
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From physiopathology to treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia: Existing and emerging pharmacotherapies
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Update on genetics of familial hypercholesterolemia
Freiberger, T. (2026) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0000000000001027 · Cited by 5
Bempedoic acid vs ezetimibe added to statin therapy: Cardiovascular outcomes in the real-world—The BEYOND-REAL Study
White, R. T., Ansong, B. O., & Cowart, K. (2026) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2026.02.014 · Cited by 5
Comparative efficacy and safety of obicetrapib vs bempedoic acid on top of statin therapy: A network meta-analysis
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Obicetrapib and lipoprotein(a) levels in patients at high cardiovascular risk: a pooled analysis of trials
Nicholls, S. J., Nelson, A. J., Ray, K. K., Ditmarsch, M., Kling, D., Hsieh, A., Szarek, M. J., Kastelein, J. J. P., & Davidson, M. H. (2026) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehag399 · Cited by 5
New and Emerging Therapeutic Targets for ApoB-Containing Particles Lowering
Gaudet, D., Larouche, M., Raal, F. J., & Catapano, A. L. (2026) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.126.327270 · Cited by 5
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Diagnostic and therapeutic inertia for LDL cholesterol management of consecutively verified patients with acute myocardial infarction
Gragnano, F., Artana, C., Carrara, G., Sacco, A., Montalto, C., Mennuni, M. G., Zuin, M., D’Ascenzo, F., Nevo, F. D., Sio, V. D., et al. (2026) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2026.106990 · Cited by 5
Residual Platelet Reactivity and Dyslipidemia in Post-CABG Patients Undergoing Repeat Revascularization: Insights from Kazakhstan
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An Updated Review of Novel Triglyceride-Lowering Therapies in Adults with Familial Chylomicronemia Syndrome
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Elevated apoB due to high remnant cholesterol confers high risk of ASCVD without prompting sufficient lipid-lowering therapy: a guideline-based limitation and an unmet medical need
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Trends in lipoprotein(a) testing and impact on clinical care: A contemporary systemwide analysis
Mangla, M., Bimal, T., Akhabue, E., Huang, X., Koschinsky, M. L., Vaidean, G. D., Donnelly, J., Ayyalu, T., Mintz, G. L., & Gianos, E. (2025) · American Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2025.101402 · Cited by 4
Coronary artery disease in the absence of standard modifiable risk factors (SMuRFs): The impact of sex
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Dyslipidemia management in stroke prevention: An individualized approach
Stefanou, M., Panagiotopoulos, E., Liberopoulos, E. N., Milionis, H. J., Theodorou, A., Mira, K., de Sousa, D. A., Palaiodimou, L., Vlachopoulos, C., Siasos, G., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Stroke · doi:10.1177/17474930261418388 · Cited by 4
Cardiac Rehabilitation in Patients After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Core Components and Long-Term Follow-Up
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Atrial fibrillation among master athletes: A complex relationship
Sciarra, L., D’Ascenzi, F., Borrelli, A., Santarelli, M., Fusari, M., Scognamiglio, D., Zanin, F., Pignalosa, L., Spiriti, G., Petrungaro, M., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2026.134212 · Cited by 4
Adjunctive pharmacological strategies for residual risk reduction after myocardial revascularisation
Oshima, A., Serruys, P. W. J. C., Garg, S., McEvoy, J. W., Wood, D. A., Doenst, T., Taggart, D. P., Puskas, J. D., Shajahan, A., Sharif, F., et al. (2026) · EuroIntervention · doi:10.4244/eij-d-25-00598 · Cited by 4
Underuse of statins in MASLD despite population-based associations with lower liver stiffness
Pustjens, J., van Kleef, L. A., Pavlović, J., Lahousse, L., Holleboom, A. G., Janssen, H. L. A., Ayada, I., Kavousi, M., Chaker, L., van Lennep, J. E. R., et al. (2026) · JHEP Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jhepr.2026.101764 · Cited by 4
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Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease is associated with vascular dysfunction in type 1 diabetes
Mertens, J., Stoop, T., Dirinck, E. L., Francque, S., Heuten, H., & Block, C. E. M. D. (2026) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-026-03114-2 · Cited by 4
Intra-Individual Variability of Lipoprotein(a) After Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Long-Term Cohort Study
González-Aguado, N., Larrubia-Valle, J. I., Franco-Hita, R., Piserra‐López, A., Expósito, A. D., Garcia-Ruiz, V., Puyol-Ruiz, F., Barquero-Alegre, O., Chinchilla, F. C., Domínguez-Franco, A. J., et al. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15051938 · Cited by 4
Focus on lipoprotein(a)
Biolo, M., Portinari, C., Goffi, C., Berti, R., Bertocco, S., Previato, L., Zambon, S., Simioni, P., & Zambon, A. (2026) · European Heart Journal Supplements · doi:10.1093/eurheartjsupp/suag048 · Cited by 4
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Radiation-Induced Carotid Artery Disease: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Management
Mauriello, A., Correra, A., Maratea, A. C., Benfari, G., Ilardi, F., Giugliano, G., Lisi, M., Malagoli, A., Mandoli, G. E., Pastore, M. C., et al. (2026) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics16060841 · Cited by 4
SdLDL‑C/LDL‑C discordance as a practical surrogate for triglyceride‑associated cardiovascular risk: identification of at‑risk lipid phenotypes in the CHARLS prospective cohort
Xue, Y., Luo, J., Yang, X., Ren, Z., Fan, H., Luo, W., & Liang, B. (2026) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-026-02925-2 · Cited by 4
Secondary Prevention After Myocardial Infarction in the United States
Chiu, N., Libby, P., Gong, J., Bhatt, D. L., & Wadhera, R. K. (2026) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2026.03.157 · Cited by 4
Cardiovascular event rate modifies response to pharmacologic LDL-C lowering in primary prevention: implications of a systematic review and meta-analysis for clinical practice
Karungi, I., Stevens, C. A. T., Brandts, J., & Ray, K. K. (2026) · American Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2026.101655 · Cited by 4
Evolocumab in Patients With High-Risk Diabetes: Results From the VESALIUS-CV Trial
Leiter, L. A., Giugliano, R. P., Marston, N., Ferrari, G., Nicolau, J. C., Bhatia, A. K., Cyrille, M., Park, J., Kuder, J., Murphy, S. A., et al. (2026) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc26-0847 · Cited by 4
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Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio: A disease severity biomarker in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
Vanetti, M., Visca, D., Ardesi, F., Zappa, M., Pessano, S., Pignatti, P., Fabbri, L. M., & Spanevello, A. (2026) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2026.107036 · Cited by 4
Incremental Predictive Value of Deep Learning–Quantified Coronary Atherosclerotic Volume
Malmqvist, J., Wang, C., Bergström, G. M. L., Engström, G., Hagström, E., Juszczyk, J., Kader, R., Söderberg, S., Östgren, C. J., Reitan, C., et al. (2026) · JACC. Cardiovascular imaging · doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2026.08.004 · Cited by 4
Effects of Eicosapentaenoic Acid vs Eicosapentaenoic/Docosahexaenoic Acids on Cardiovascular Mortality
Sheppard, J. P., Palatnic, L., Lakshmanan, S., Drago, T., Bhogal, J., Roy, S. K., Bhatt, D. L., Budoff, M. J., & Nelson, J. R. (2025) · JACC: Advances · doi:10.1016/j.jacadv.2025.102149 · Cited by 3
Cardiovascular endpoints and psychosocial challenges of lipoprotein(a) of 5726 participants in the ELITE-study over 5 years
Schrader, B., Lorenz, F., Weers, A., Scorcelletti, M., Lüders, S., Vaske, B., Garstecki, S., Schrader, J., & Elsässer, A. (2025) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-025-02785-2 · Cited by 3
Differential effects of PCSK9 inhibitors and statins on plasma ceramides in coronary artery disease
Zhang, L., Ding, Y., & Zeng, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1726925 · Cited by 3
Country-specific prevalence and clinical relevance of elevated Lp(a) as a risk enhancer in 2 Greek cohorts
Delialis, D., Manifava, P., Giannakopoulou, S., Konstantaki, C., Athanasopoulos, S., Zervas, G., Nastatos, P., Mavraganis, G., Sopova, K., Dimopoulou, M., et al. (2025) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2025.12.016 · Cited by 3
Comprehensive risk factor control and its biomarker‐mediated association with diabetic microvascular complications
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TRIM29 drives ulcerative colitis by disrupting lipid metabolism via lysosomal dysfunction: a multi-omics and experimental study
Guo, X.-Z., Zhang, L.-Y., Tan, Z.-B., He, H., Liu, Y., Yu, B.-P., & Dong, W.-G. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1728932 · Cited by 3
Diagnostic and Severity Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease Using ApoB/ApoA-I Ratio: Insights from a Statin-Treated Eastern European Cohort
Jigoranu, A. R., Mitu, O., Oancea, A. F., Miftode, R.-Ş., Buburuz, A. M., Bazyani, A., Gavril, R. S., Stamate, T.-C., Adam, C. A., Miftode, I.-L., et al. (2026) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina62020297 · Cited by 3
Familial hypercholesterolemia in pregnancy
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Biomarkers for Screening and Diagnosis of Heart Failure in Cardiovascular–Kidney–Metabolic Syndrome: A Narrative Review
Pintea, A.-M., Minciună, I., & Pop, D. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27052462 · Cited by 3
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Cardiometabolic Risk Profiles Associated with Chronic Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Exploratory Analysis Using Routine Clinical Markers
Tomuța, R. A., Brata, R. D., Ghitea, M. C., Ghiţea, E. C., Gîtea, M. F., Ghitea, T. C., & Bănică, F. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18060892 · Cited by 3
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with asymptomatic acute abdomen among elderly patients admitted to acute tertiary care hospital wards
Tumminia, A., Romano, R., Frasca, F., Galeano, F., Baratta, R., Oteri, V., Longo, A., Frittitta, L., Moli, R. L., Piticchio, T., et al. (2026) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-026-02671-y · Cited by 3
Excess apolipoprotein B predicts long-term survival in statin-treated CAD irrespective of achieved LDL-C levels: a pooled cohort analysis
Pan, W., Lu, X., Zhou, Z., Liu, J., Zhang, S., Huang, H., He, Y., Deng, J., Ling, Y., Ruan, X., et al. (2026) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-026-02928-z · Cited by 3
Knowledge, Use, and Barriers in Dyslipidemia Management: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Clinicians
Mesquita-Lousada, A., Barbosa, A., Silva, J., D’Oria, M., Silva, D. S., Andrade, J. P., Ribeiro, H., & Rocha-Neves, J. P. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15072745 · Cited by 3
Lipid management in type 2 diabetes and non-HDL-cholesterol: target all atherogenic lipoproteins
Brandts, J., Verket, M., Zambon, A., Marx, N., Müller-Wieland, D., & Federici, M. (2026) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-026-03166-4 · Cited by 3
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From Failure to Promise: Obicetrapib and the Renaissance of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Inhibition in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease
Prajapathi, S., Mahajan, K., Mohta, A., & Pradhan, A. K. (2026) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.125.047676 · Cited by 3
The joint association of intrinsic capacity and physical activity with cardiovascular risk in older adults: evidence from four longitudinal cohorts
Zhang, Z., Liu, Z., Ye, F., Shi, Y., Zang, W., Liu, R., Wu, H., Zheng, J., Chen, M., Qin, Y., et al. (2026) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-026-07568-7 · Cited by 3
Low‐Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Lowering With Inclisiran Plus Usual Care in Recent Acute Coronary Syndrome: VICTORION‐INCEPTION, a Randomized, Controlled, Open‐Label Trial
Knowlton, K. U., Návar, A. M., Anderson, J. L., Brown, A. S., Muhlestein, J. B., Kleeman, K., Sarwat, S., Abbas, C. A., Ramirez, M. A., Grines, C. L., et al. (2026) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.125.043655 · Cited by 3
Evolocumab in Patients With Prior Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and No Prior Myocardial Infarction: Results From the VESALIUS-CV Trial
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Global Lipid Guidelines: More Aligned Than They Appear
Sethi, Y., Mahajan, K., & Banach, M. (2026) · Global Heart · doi:10.5334/gh.1559 · Cited by 3
Metabolic Perspective on Atherosclerosis: Macrophage Reprogramming and Novel Therapeutic Targets
Wang, Z. Q., Zhang, Y., Li, L., & Wang, Z. (2026) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.125.047847 · Cited by 3
GLP-1 receptor agonists associated with better cardiovascular outcomes in obese or diabetic patients with elevated Lp(a) levels: A Multicenter retrospective study
Mahmoud, A., Sheashaa, H., Killian, M., Awad, K., Ibrahim, R., Mahmoud, A., Farina, J., Abdelnabi, M., Kamel, I., Horn, B., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2026.134588 · Cited by 3
BET-induced metabolic reprogramming fuels inflammation at the vascular-fat interface in mice and patients with cardiometabolic disease
Mengozzi, A., Costantino, S., Mongelli, A., Duranti, E., Mohammed, S. A., Gorica, E., Cappelli, F., Telesca, M., Armenia, S., Hornemann, T., et al. (2026) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117365 · Cited by 3

A practical guide to the management of dyslipidaemia
Siegel, P. M., Katzmann, J. L., Weinmann‐Menke, J., Landmesser, U., Schunkert, H., Baldus, S. E., Böhm, M., Laufs, U., Lüscher, T. F., & Hilgendorf, I. (2026) · Clinical Research in Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00392-025-02833-y · Cited by 10
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Neue Strategien der Lipidtherapie: Implikationen des ESC/EAS-Updates 2025
Schneider, T., & Laufs, U. (2026) · DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1055/a-2676-2694
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Management of dyslipidemia in patientswith cardiovascular disease”
Gencer, B. (2023) · Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) · doi:10.13097/archive-ouverte/unige:173669
Dyslipidemia Treatment in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome: Is It Time to Move to Combination Therapy?
Brie, D. M., Mornoş, C., Adam, O., Tîrziu, A., & Brie, A. D. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14186445 · Cited by 7
The ‘10 commandments’ for the 2025 focused update of the 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias
Mach, F., van Lennep, J. E. R., & Koskinas, K. C. (2025) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf919 · Cited by 37
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Authors: Mach, F., Koskinas, K. C., Roeters van Lennep, J. E., Tokgözoğlu, L., Badimon, L., Baigent, C., Benn, M., Binder, C. J., Catapano, A. L., De Backer, G. G., Delgado, V., Fabin, N., Ference, B. A., Graham, I. M., Landmesser, U., Laufs, U., Mihaylova, B., Nordestgaard, B. G., Richter, D. J., Sabatine, M. S., ESC/EAS Scientific Document Group, Mueller, C. E., Drexel, H., Abreu, A., Adamo, M., Aktaa, S., Asselbergs, F. W., Baldini, A., Boriani, G., Brida, M., Brodmann, M., Cenko, E., Dagres, N., Dopheide, J., Ebenbichler, C., Gandjbakhch, E., Gorog, D. A., Gouni-Berthold, I., Guasti, L., Heidecker, B., Ibanez, B., James, S., Juni, P., Kałużna-Oleksy, M., Krychtiuk, K. A., Lip, G. Y. H., Lorusso, R., Mahfoud, F., Metra, M., Moelgaard, I., Morais, J., Neubeck, L., Nissen, S. E., Osto, E., Parhofer, K. G., De Isla, L. P., Pesce, M., Petrulioniene, Z., Prescott, E., Rietzschel, E., Rocca, B., Rodriguez Palomares, J. F., Rossello, X., Sannino, A., Semb, A. G., Siller-Matula, J. M., Socrates, T., Tanner, F. C., Wojta, J., Zambon, A., Zeppenfeld, K., Laredj, N., Hayrapetyan, H., Speidl, W. S., Samadov, F., van de Borne, P., Kusljugic, Z., Postadzhiyan, A., Heracleous, H., Ostadal, P., Henriksen, F. L., Mohamed, M. S., Viigimaa, M., Juonala, M., Boccara, F., Chukhrukidze, A., Weingärtner, O., Marketou, M., Kiss, R. G., Sigurdsson, A. F., Maher, V., Henkin, Y., Nodari, S., Bekbossynova, M., Ibrahimi, P., Mirrakhimov, E., Jegere, S., Arnaout, S., Bheleel, O., Plisiene, J., Visser, L., Abela, M., Ivanov, V., Boskovic, A., Mbarek, N., Leening, M. J. G., Bosevski, M., Vesterbekkmo, E. K., Kubica, J., Ferreira, J., Pop, D., Stefanelli, U. M., Giga, V., Pella, D., Fras, Z., Fernandez-Olmo, R., Nilsson, L., Sudano, I., Marjeh, M. Y. B., Triki, F., Degertekin, M. M., Mitchenko, O., Banerjee, A., & Shek, A.
Affiliations: (Switzerland)
(Netherlands)
(Türkiye)
(Spain)
(United Kingdom)
(Denmark)
(Austria)
(Italy)
(Belgium)
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Corresponding author: Mach, François
Koskinas, Konstantinos C
ORCID: Mach, François
Koskinas, Konstantinos C
Roeters van Lennep, Jeanine E
Tokgözoğlu, Lale
Badimon, Lina
Baigent, Colin
Benn, Marianne
Binder, Christoph J
Catapano, Alberico L
De Backer, Guy G
Delgado, Victoria
Fabin, Natalia
Graham, Ian M
Landmesser, Ulf
Laufs, Ulrich
Mihaylova, Borislava
Nordestgaard, Børge Grønne
Richter, Dimitrios J
Sabatine, Marc S
Mueller, Christian Eugen
Drexel, Heinz
Abreu, Ana
Adamo, Marianna
Aktaa, Suleman
Asselbergs, Folkert W
Boriani, Giuseppe
Brida, Margarita
Brodmann, Marianne
Cenko, Edina
Dagres, Nikolaos
Dopheide, Jörn
Ebenbichler, Christoph
Gandjbakhch, Estelle
Gorog, Diana A
Guasti, Luigina
Heidecker, Bettina
James, Stefan
Krychtiuk, Konstantin A
Lip, Gregory Y H
Lorusso, Roberto
Mahfoud, Felix
Metra, Marco
Neubeck, Lis
Nissen, Steven E
Osto, Elena
Parhofer, Klaus G
Pesce, Maurizio
Prescott, Eva
Rietzschel, Ernst
Rocca, Bianca
Sannino, Anna
Semb, Anne Grete
Siller-Matula, Jolanta M
Socrates, Thenral
Tanner, Felix C
Wojta, Johann
Zambon, Alberto
Zeppenfeld, Katja
Hayrapetyan, Hamlet
Speidl, Walter Stefan
Samadov, Fuad
van de Borne, Philippe
Postadzhiyan, Arman
Henriksen, Finn Lund
Juonala, Markus
Boccara, Franck
Chukhrukidze, Archil
Weingärtner, Oliver
Marketou, Maria
Nodari, Savina
Bekbossynova, Makhabbat
Mirrakhimov, Erkin
Bheleel, Osama
Abela, Mark
Ivanov, Victoria
Leening, Maarten J G
Bosevski, Marijan
Vesterbekkmo, Elisabeth K
Kubica, Jacek
Ferreira, Jorge
Pop, Dana
Giga, Vojislav
Pella, Daniel
Sudano, Isabella
Triki, Faten
Mitchenko, Olena
Banerjee, Amitava
Shek, Aleksandr
Venue: European Heart Journal
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2025-08-29
Volume: 46
Issue: 42
Pages: 4359-4378
ISSN: 0195-668X (ISSN-L)
1522-9645
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf190
OpenAlex: W4413804012
Cited by: 688
References: 136
Citations by year: 2026: 601 · 2025: 87
FWCI: 649.14
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: academic.oup.com/pages/standard-publication-reuse-rights (vor)
Locations: European Heart Journal (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
IrInSubria (University of Insubria) (submittedVersion)
Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention
Keywords: dyslipidemia, dyslipidemia management, cardiovascular risk prediction, LDL-C lowering therapy, acute coronary syndrome, lipoprotein(a), hypertriglyceridemia, HIV infection, cancer patients, statins, dietary supplements, treatment goals, cardiovascular risk reduction, cardiovascular mortality, cardiovascular hospitalization, cardiovascular disease prevention

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