Expectancy Induces Dynamic Modulation of Corticospinal Excitability
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Behavioral studies using motor preparation paradigms have revealed that increased expectancy of a response signal shortens reaction times (RTs). Neurophysiological data suggest that in such paradigms, not only RT but also neuronal activity in the motor structures involved is modulated by expectancy of behaviorally relevant events. Here, we directly tested whether expectancy of a response signal modulates excitability of the corticospinal system used in the subsequent movement. We combined single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor cortex with a simple RT task with variable preparatory delays. We found that, in line with typical behavioral observations, the subjects' RTs decreased with increasing response signal expectancy. TMS results revealed a modulation of corticospinal excitability in correspondence with response signal expectancy. Besides an increased excitability over the time-course of the preparatory delay, corticospinal excitability transiently increased whenever a response signal was expected. Paired-pulse TMS showed that this modulation is unlikely to be mediated by excitability changes in interneuronal inhibitory or facilitatory networks in the primary motor cortex. Changes in corticospinal synchronization or other mechanisms involving spinal circuits are candidates mediating the modulation of corticospinal excitability by expectancy.
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Movement-system readying occurs through pre-movement excitation or inhibition of neuromuscular systems relevant to upcoming movement execution.
“Movement-system readying occurs through pre-movement excitation or inhibition of neuromuscular systems relevant to upcoming movement execution.”
From Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning (2016) · cites this paper as van Elswijk et al., 2007
These neuromuscular systems, including the corticospinal tract, have recently been attributed to expectations.
“These, including the corticospinal tract, have been recently attributed to expectations (Arias, Robles-García, Espinosa, Corral-Bergantiños, Mordillo-Mateos, Grieve et al., 2014;Mooshagian, Keisler, Zimmermann, Schweickert, & Wassermann, 2015;van Elswijk, Kleine, Overeem, & Stegeman, 2007).”
From Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning (2016) · cites this paper as van Elswijk et al., 2007
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- Authors
- van Elswijk, G., Kleine, B. U., Overeem, S., & Stegeman, D. F.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- ORCID
- Overeem, Sebastiaan
- Venue
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- MIT Press - Journals
- Published
- 2007-01-01
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 121-131
- ISSN
- 0898-929X (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8898
- OpenAlex
- W2111495216
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 6.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- response expectancy, corticospinal excitability, primary motor cortex, reaction time, motor preparation, paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation, spinal cord circuits
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Electric Stimulation, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Male, Motor Cortex, Psychomotor Performance, Pyramidal Tracts, Reaction Time, Time Factors, Nonlinear Dynamics, Evoked Potentials, Motor, Intention, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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