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The relationship of language and emotion: n400 support for an embodied view of language comprehension.
Open accessAbstract
According to embodied theories, the symbols used by language are meaningful because they are grounded in perception, action, and emotion. In contrast, according to abstract symbol theories, meaning arises from the syntactic combination of abstract, amodal symbols. If language is grounded in internal bodily states, then one would predict that emotion affects language. Consistent with this, advocates of embodied theories propose a strong link between emotion and language [Havas, D., Glenberg, A. M., & Rinck, M. Emotion simulation during language comprehension. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14, 436–441, 2007; Niedenthal, P. M. Embodying emotion. Science, 316, 1002–1005, 2007]. The goal of this study was to test abstract symbol vs. embodied views of language by investigating whether mood affects semantic processing. To this aim, we induced different emotional states (happy vs. sad) by presenting film clips that displayed fragments from a happy movie or a sad movie. The clips were presented before and during blocks of sentences in which the cloze probability of mid-sentence critical words varied (high vs. low). Participants read sentences while ERPs were recorded. The mood induction procedure was successful: Participants watching the happy film clips scored higher on a mood scale than those watching the sad clips. For N400, mood by cloze probability interactions were obtained. The N400 cloze effect was strongly reduced in the sad mood compared with the happy mood condition. Furthermore, a difference in late positivity was only present for the sad mood condition. The mood by semantic processing interaction observed for N400 supports embodied theories of meaning and challenges abstract symbol theories that assume that processing of word meaning reflects a modular process.
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“Previous ERP studies showed that mood affects language comprehension (Federmeier et al., 2001; Vissers et al., 2010, 2013; Chwilla et al., 2011; Pinheiro et al., 2013) and production (Hinojosa et al., 2017).”
From Advantage of Handwriting Over Typing on Learning Words: Evidence From an N400 Event-Related Potential Index (2021) · cites this paper as Chwilla et al., 2011
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“Mood has been shown to impact comprehension of single sentences or sentence pairs (Chwilla, Virgillito, & Vissers, 2011;Federmeier, Kirson, Moreno, & Kutas, 2001;van Berkum, De Goede, Van Alphen, Mulder, & Kerstholt, 2013).”
From Grounding the neurobiology of language in first principles: The necessity of non-language-centric explanations for language comprehension (2018) · cites this paper as Chwilla, Virgillito, & Vissers, 2011
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How robust is the language architecture? The case of mood
Berkum, J. J. A. V., Goede, D. D., van Alphen, P. M., Mulder, E. R., & Kerstholt, J. H. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00505 · Cited by 562
Two routes to actorhood: lexicalized potency to act and identification of the actor role
Frenzel, S., Schlesewsky, M., & Bornkessel‐Schlesewsky, I. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00001 · Cited by 240
Affective neurolinguistics: towards a framework for reconciling language and emotion
Hinojosa, J. A., Moreno, E. M., & Ferré, P. (2019) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2019.1620957 · Cited by 200
Hasson, U., Egidi, G., Marelli, M., & Willems, R. M. (2018) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2018.06.018 · Cited by 157
Likowski, K. U., Mühlberger, A., Gerdes, A. B. M., Wieser, M. J., Pauli, P., & Weyers, P. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00214 · Cited by 152
Metadata
- Authors
- Chwilla, D. J., Virgillito, D., & Vissers, C. T. W. M.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- University of Bologna (IT)
- Venue
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- MIT Press - Journals
- Published
- 2011-09-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2400-2414
- ISSN
- 0898-929X (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8898
- OpenAlex
- W2092103714
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Radboud Universiteit
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
- Keywords
- language comprehension, emotions, embodied cognition, N400, mood induction, semantic processing, cloze probability, late positive potential, emotion simulation, word meaning
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Electroencephalography, Emotions, Evoked Potentials, Female, Humans, Language, Male, Reaction Time, Reading, Statistics as Topic, Symbolism, Comprehension, Young Adult
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