Saccades to future ball location reveal memory-based prediction in a virtual-reality interception task.
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Despite general agreement that prediction is a central aspect of perception, there is relatively little evidence concerning the basis on which visual predictions are made. Although both saccadic and pursuit eye-movements reveal knowledge of the future position of a moving visual target, in many of these studies targets move along simple trajectories through a fronto-parallel plane. Here, using a naturalistic and racquet-based interception task in a virtual environment, we demonstrate that subjects make accurate predictions of visual target motion, even when targets follow trajectories determined by the complex dynamics of physical interactions and the head and body are unrestrained. Furthermore, we found that, following a change in ball elasticity, subjects were able to accurately adjust their prebounce predictions of the ball's post-bounce trajectory. This suggests that prediction is guided by experience-based models of how information in the visual image will change over time.
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The vertical position of the gaze fixation (gaze pitch angle) is sensitive to beliefs about likely ball trajectories, with fixations directed to a higher location when larger bounces are expected, and thus provides an indicator of prior beliefs over time.
“The vertical position of this fixation (the gaze pitch angle) is sensitive to beliefs about likely ball trajectories, with fixations directed to a higher location when larger bounces are expected.”
From Testing predictive coding theories of autism spectrum disorder using models of active inference (2023) · cites this paper as [67]
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“As discussed, individuals generally direct a single fixation to a location a few degrees above the bounce position of an oncoming ball [67,68].”
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- Authors
- Diaz, G., Cooper, J., Rothkopf, C., & Hayhoe, M.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- Venue
- Journal of Vision
- Published
- 2013-01-16
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 20-20
- ISSN
- 1534-7362 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3587002
- OpenAlex
- W2138012559
- Cited by
- 196
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8
- FWCI
- 6.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Vision (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (EY05729)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin
- National Eye Institute (EY 019174, R01EY019174, R01EY005729, EY05729)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Keywords
- saccades, visual prediction, memory-based prediction, interception task, virtual reality, ball trajectory prediction, visual motion perception, eye movements
- MeSH terms
- Computer Simulation, Female, Humans, Learning, Male, Memory, Motion Perception, Psychomotor Performance, Pursuit, Smooth, Saccades, User-Computer Interface
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