The DOI matches its Crossref record; 201 of the 203 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Immune responses to stroke: mechanisms, modulation, and therapeutic potential.
Open accessAbstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide and a leading cause of disability. Most strokes are caused by occlusion of a major cerebral artery, and substantial advances have been made in elucidating how ischemia damages the brain. In particular, increasing evidence points to a double-edged role of the immune system in stroke pathophysiology. In the acute phase, innate immune cells invade brain and meninges and contribute to ischemic damage, but may also be protective. At the same time, danger signals released into the circulation by damaged brain cells lead to activation of systemic immunity, followed by profound immunodepression that promotes life-threatening infections. In the chronic phase, antigen presentation initiates an adaptive immune response targeted to the brain, which may underlie neuropsychiatric sequelae, a considerable cause of poststroke morbidity. Here, we briefly review these pathogenic processes and assess the potential therapeutic value of targeting immunity in human stroke.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“numerous studies show that meningeal immune cells play an important role in the brain injury response”
From Living on the Edge of the CNS: Meninges Cell Diversity in Health and Disease (2021) · cites this paper as Iadecola et al., 2020
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Acute Ischemic Stroke
(1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199512143332401 · Cited by 11,654
Thrombectomy 6 to 24 Hours after Stroke with a Mismatch between Deficit and Infarct
Nogueira, R. G., Jadhav, A. P., Haussen, D. C., Bonafé, A., Budzik, R. F., Bhuva, P., Yavagal, D. R., Ribó, M., Cognard, C., Hanel, R. A., et al. (2017) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1706442 · Cited by 5,667
Thrombectomy for Stroke at 6 to 16 Hours with Selection by Perfusion Imaging
Albers, G. W., Marks, M. P., Kemp, S. M., Christensen, S., Tsai, J. P.-C., Ortega‐Gutiérrez, S., McTaggart, R., Torbey, M., Kim‐Tenser, M. A., Leslie‐Mazwi, T. M., et al. (2018) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1713973 · Cited by 5,105
Pathobiology of ischaemic stroke: an integrated view
Dirnagl, U., Iadecola, C., & Moskowitz, M. A. (1999) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(99)01401-0 · Cited by 3,943
Self-citationJohnson, C. O., Nguyen, M., Roth, G. A., Nichols, E., Alam, S., Abate, D., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Abraha, H. N., Abu-Rmeileh, N. M., et al. (2019) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(19)30034-1 · Cited by 3,449
Thresholds in cerebral ischemia - the ischemic penumbra.
Astrup, J., Siesjö, B. K., & Symon, L. (1981) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.12.6.723 · Cited by 2,820
A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Oral Fingolimod in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
Kappos, L., Radue, E. W., O'Connor, P. W., Polman, C. H., Hohlfeld, R., Calabresi, P. A., Selmaj, K. W., Agoropoulou, C., Leyk, M., Zhang-Auberson, L., et al. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0909494 · Cited by 2,670
The immunology of stroke: from mechanisms to translation
Iadecola, C., & Anrather, J. (2011) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2399 · Cited by 2,596
Self-citationBenardete, E. A., & Nair, A. K. (2015) · Cerebrovascular Diseases Extra · doi:10.1159/000370060 · Cited by 2,559
Genomic analysis of reactive astrogliosis
Zamanian, J. L., Xu, L., Foo, L. C., Nouri, N., Zhou, L., Giffard, R. G., & Barres, B. A. (2012) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6221-11.2012 · Cited by 2,404
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–857 of 857
Sokolova, I. B., & Gorshkova, O. P. (2026) · I P Pavlov Russian Medical Biological Herald · doi:10.17816/pavlovj677013
Zhao, W., Deng, M., Wang, Z., He, G., Xu, W., Feng, T., Peng, J., Song, K., Xiao, L., & Li, F. (2026) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1760381
Predictive Value of Composite Inflammatory Markers for Stroke Prognosis: A Prospective Cohort Study
Wu, B., Li, J., Jing, J., Jx, L., Meng, X., Jiang, Y., Wang, Y., & Gu, H. (2026) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.70473
Lyu, Y., Yin, Y., & Ma, J.-F. (2026) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.72801
Xiao, M., Qiao, N., 张瑞红, Xi, R., Ma, X. C., Li, H., Zhou, H.-Q., Liu, Y., & Lin, J. (2026) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-026-03971-4
High-altitude exposure and ischemic stroke: pathophysiological mechanisms and current perspectives
Qiao, Y., Luo, Y., Hu, Y., Duan, C., Li, J., Luo, X., & Wang, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1830751
Lei, T., Tan, K., He, X., Li, D., Zou, M., Yi, T., Qiu, F., Meng, P., Hu, L., Fang, R., et al. (2026) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2026.158623
Li, Q., Li, R., Lin, L., Gong, M., Liang, Y., & Sui, D. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0354184
Lei, Y., Zhu, T., & Lu, X. (2026) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000049941
Piechota, M., Korostyński, M., Węglarczyk, K., Siedlar, M., & Dziedzic, T. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1856274
Association between temporal trajectories of inflammatory markers and prognosis in ischemic stroke
Xu, J., Wu, X., Lu, X., & Li, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1765722
Wang, Y., Lei, X., Liang, X., Huang, Y., Zhang, X., & Tian, T. (2026) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark · doi:10.31083/fbl52994
Song, W., Liu, Y., Zeng, L., Cao, D., Han, J., Wen, J., Huang, Z., Miao, L., Liao, Z., & Hu, C. (2026) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2026.117036
Gut-brain axis: a revolutionary paradigm in the pathogenesis and treatment of ischemic stroke
Gou, Y., Bai, H., Zhou, X., & Huang, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1793860
Fang, X., Chen, W.-F., Wu, J., Liao, T., 童成民, & Xu, B. (2026) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1819306
Huang, Z. (2026) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2026.1927695
Li, X., Duan, Y., Ma, Y., Ma, Y., Ma, X., Liang, X., & Xin, D. (2026) · IBRO Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.08.003
Jiang, P., Xu, B., 胡洲全, Tang, Y., Luo, X., & Sandeep, B. (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1913156
Bao, Y., Chen, Z., & Jia, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1893074
Zhou, L., Leng, H., Wang, Z., & Liu, W. (2026) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2026.1868705
Yashuo, F., Sha, X., Fan, W., Cao, L., Deng, X., Xie, H., Yu, K., Xu, D., Liu, G., Wu, Y., et al. (2026) · Journal of Acupuncture and Tuina Science · doi:10.1007/s11726-026-1592-7
Gong, F., Tian, P., Gong, N., Liu, R., Chen, L., Zhang, R., Xiang, S., Chen, Z., Zhang, H., & Zhao, W. (2026) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2026.115064
Huang, Y., Hou, X., Zhao, H., Kong, Q., Wang, X., Geng, X., & Sun, Z. (2026) · Responsive materials · doi:10.1002/rpm2.70073
Kosikowska, A., Tołkacz, A., Nowak, Z., Lebiedzińska, A., Kędziora, J., Goździk, W., Woźniak, J., & Burzyńska, M. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15176718
Zheng, J., Wu, Z., Lin, D., Fang, M., & Lin, P. (2026) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.70191
From Neuroinflammation to Precision Stroke Recovery: A Phase-Specific Immune–Metabolic Framework
Kaewkaen, P. (2026) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark · doi:10.31083/fbl54110
Battakova, S., Grigolashvili, M. A., Кlyuyev, D., Kasatkin, D. S., Shayakhmetova, Y., Beisembayeva, M., Сабитовна, М. Ш., Koshelyuk, A., & Marchenko, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1876777
Tuo, L., Li, X., & Zhao, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1884472
Xie, M.-D., Shang, X., Zhou, T., Shi, L., Zhou, Z., Wang, H., & Pang, H. (2026) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.09.011
Zhang, T., Huang, C., Zhang, P., Guo, Y., Xu, J., Xu, X., Zhao, G., Yang, S., Zhou, Z., & Huang, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1863605
Liao, B., Li, D., Li, X., Ma, J., Ooi, C. T., & Jian, C. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10668797/v1
Mu, J., Deng, M., Xu, L., Yu, J., & Peng, K. (2026) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000050533
IL-6 and TNF-α in Ischemic Stroke: A Cardiogenetic Perspective on Inflammation and Clinical Outcomes
Catană, M.-G., & Matei, C. (2026) · Cardiogenetics · doi:10.3390/cardiogenetics16030018
Zhang, P., Xia, W., Huang, Y., Yu, J., Wang, N., & Huang, Y. (2026) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2026.116013
Zhang, Q., Liu, J.-X., Lu, S., Huang-fu, F.-Y., Zhao, L.-N., He, S., Zhu, Y., Fan, G., & Xiao, G. (2026) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2026.158805
Mu, C., Ding, Y., Weiss, A., Rosenfeld, S., Li, F., & Geng, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1890630
Yuan, Y., Xie, C., Huang, Y., Xi, J., Wang, P., Chen, Z., Wu, X., Suo, Y., Yin, X., & Bao, B. (2026) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1925262
Cognitive impairment after cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury: a neuroecosystem perspective
Xie, J., Zhang, T., Zhang, J., Zhang, L., Huang, T., Bi, W., & Zhao, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1912737
Williams, J. O., Raven, R. M., Whelan, C., Toms, R., Crabtree, M., Morris, K., White, J., Geen, J., & James, P. E. (2026) · Journal of Stroke Medicine · doi:10.1177/25166085261478705
A mast cell gatekeeper for skull–dura–brain inflammation after stroke
Wang, R., Zhu, G., & Xu, S. (2026) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awag328
Fan, X., Dai, X., Peng, Q., Dai, W., Yin, X., & Hou, S. (2026) · British Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.31083/bjhm58254
Gut microbiota primes stroke severity via the AHR in intestinal dendritic cells
Jiménez, R. D., Ruggles, A., Adedokun, M. A., Sorbie, A., Fink, D., Laudani, S., Simats, A., He, Y., Pahl, V., Díaz-Marugán, L., et al. (2026) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2026.09.013
Oses, M., Torres, M. A. G., del Castillo, C. S., Moraga, A., Navas, I., Guillán, M., Zamarbide, I., Mora, V., Peña-Martinez, C., Ostos, F., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2026.1889912
Zhu, X.-Y., Jiang, T., Yin, Y., & Yuan, G.-L. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1969226
Biletska, O. M., Latoguz, S., & Garyachiy, Y. V. (2026) · Psychiatry Neurology and Medical Psychology · doi:10.26565/2312-5675-2026-36-09
B Lymphocytes in Acute Ischemic Stroke: From Immune Tolerance to Neuroprotection and Autoimmunity
Zouali, M. (2026) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.70707
Liu, Z., Zhang, W., Si, X., Zhao, J., Xia, Y., Qiao, H., Wang, J., Chai, G., Hao, J., & Hou, S. (2026) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2026.107066
Xue, H., Wang, J., Hua, X., He, K., Jin, X., Liu, L., & Hu, J. (2026) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2026.112168
Zhao, X., Zhang, W., Yang, Z., Liu, Z., Zhang, L., & Chen, Z. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1986786
Research Progress on the Immunomodulatory Mechanism of Acupuncture in Ischemic Stroke
李, 鸿. (2026) · Traditional Chinese Medicine · doi:10.12677/tcm.2026.1510595
Liu, H., Lu, Z., Xie, L., Miao, F., Li, J., & Chen, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1896641
Arnăutu, S.-F., Arnăutu, D.-A., Patankar, T. F., Shariq, M., Qazi, H., Lewis, M., Sciacca, S., Jianu, D. C., Om, C., Săndesc, D., et al. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15218333
Yang, N., Li, M., Wang, M., Li, X., Dong, H.-Y., Yao, J.-H., Sun, Y., Pan, J., Wang, S., Wu, J., et al. (2026) · Drug Development Research · doi:10.1002/ddr.70397
Wang, J., Peng, Z., Xu, M.-M., Zhang, H., Hang, C., & Zhao, P. (2026) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106780
McAtee, A. M., Kenwood, M., Ujas, T., Colson, M. K., Watkins, J., Winford, E. D., Cotter, K. M., Britsch, D., Betz, D., Turchan-Cholewo, J., et al. (2026) · doi:10.64898/2026.03.02.709112 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Iadecola, C., Buckwalter, M. S., & Anrather, J.
- Affiliations
- Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Iadecola, Costantino
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 2020-05-11
- Volume
- 130
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2777-2788
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-8238
- PMC
- PMC7260029
- OpenAlex
- W3022448963
- Cited by
- 853
- References
- 203
- Citations by year
- 2026: 151 · 2025: 171 · 2024: 175 · 2023: 167 · 2022: 128 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 10
- FWCI
- 8.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Heart Association (19PABHI34580007)
- National Institutes of Health (NS34179, R01-NS34179)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS034179, R01NS081179, R01NS094507)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Intracerebral and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Research
- Keywords
- stroke, immune response, ischemic stroke, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, neuroinflammation, secondary infection, antigen presentation, neuropsychiatric sequelae, immunomodulatory therapy, cerebral ischemia
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain Ischemia, Humans, Inflammation, Stroke, Adaptive Immunity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
