The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
In humans, early cortisol biosynthesis provides a mechanism to safeguard female sexual development
Open accessAbstract
In humans, sexual differentiation of the external genitalia is established at 7-12 weeks post conception (wpc). During this period, maintaining the appropriate intrauterine hormone environment is critical. In contrast to other species, this regulation extends to the human fetal adrenal cortex, as evidenced by the virilization that is associated with various forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The mechanism underlying these clinical findings has remained elusive. Here we show that the human fetal adrenal cortex synthesized cortisol much earlier than previously documented, an effect associated with transient expression of the orphan nuclear receptor nerve growth factor IB-like (NGFI-B) and its regulatory target, the steroidogenic enzyme type 2 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD3B2). This cortisol biosynthesis was maximal at 8-9 wpc under the regulation of ACTH. Negative feedback was apparent at the anterior pituitary corticotrophs. ACTH also stimulated the adrenal gland to secrete androstenedione and testosterone. In concert, these data promote a distinctive mechanism for normal human development whereby cortisol production, determined by transient NGFI-B and HSD3B2 expression, provides feedback at the anterior pituitary to modulate androgen biosynthesis and safeguard normal female sexual differentiation.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Following the ninth week after conception, expression of 3HSD2 and synthesis of cortisol wane; 3HSD2 is barely detectable at 10 -11 wk and is absent at 14 wk (334).”
From The Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, and Physiology of Human Steroidogenesis and Its Disorders (2011) · cites this paper as [334]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Low 3HSD and high 17,20-lyase activity account for the abundant production of DHEA and DHEAS by the fetal adrenal, which are converted to estrogens by the placenta.”
From The Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, and Physiology of Human Steroidogenesis and Its Disorders (2011) · cites this paper as [334]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The fetal adrenal transiently produces cortisol during the first trimester, apparently minimizing adrenal synthesis of androgen precursors (334).”
From The Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, and Physiology of Human Steroidogenesis and Its Disorders (2011) · cites this paper as [334]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Nevertheless, 17HSD5/ AKR1C3 is more highly expressed in the human fetal adrenal during the time of sexual differentiation than 17HSD3 (334) and may participate in adrenal testosterone production, particularly in virilizing CAHs.”
From The Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, and Physiology of Human Steroidogenesis and Its Disorders (2011) · cites this paper as [334]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Nevertheless, 17HSD5/ AKR1C3 is more highly expressed in the human fetal adrenal during the time of sexual differentiation than 17HSD3 (334) and may participate in adrenal testosterone production, particularly in virilizing CAHs.”
From The Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, and Physiology of Human Steroidogenesis and Its Disorders (2011) · cites this paper as [334]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Steroidogenic enzymes are immunocytochemically detectable in the fetal zone at 50 -52 d after conception, and by 8 wk the adrenal contains cortisol and responds to ACTH in primary culture systems (334).”
From The Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, and Physiology of Human Steroidogenesis and Its Disorders (2011) · cites this paper as [334]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Human fetal glucocorticoids may be needed to suppress the virilization of female fetuses at about 8 -12 wk (334), but it appears that glucocorticoids are not needed thereafter (329,637,712,713).”
From The Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, and Physiology of Human Steroidogenesis and Its Disorders (2011) · cites this paper as [334]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“( I172N)(154) reduces enzymatic activity to <5% of normal and is associated with the SV form of the disorder (mutation Group B)(107,109,221).”
From Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia—Current Insights in Pathophysiology, Diagnostics, and Management (2022) · cites this paper as [154]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Accumulating evidence suggests that 5␣-reductases are at least sometimes expressed in human adrenal (334) and possibly gonads, but their function(s) in normal physiology or in pathological states is not known.”
From The Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, and Physiology of Human Steroidogenesis and Its Disorders (2011) · cites this paper as [334]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“In normal, untreated pregnancies, fetal cortisol levels are low in very early gestation and rise during weeks 8 to 12, while the external genitalia are differentiating (100); fetal cortisol is only ;10% of maternal levels during midgestation (101) and then increases during the third trimester.”
From Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to Steroid 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency: An Endocrine Society* Clinical Practice Guideline (2018) · cites this paper as [100]
In the citing paper
“In addition, HSD3B2 activity is likely to be relatively low compared with CYP17A1 in both tissues, based on transcript levels (this study and [28–30]).”
From Alternative (backdoor) androgen production and masculinization in the human fetus (2019) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“ACTH stimulated the secretion of all measured metabolites, which is in accordance with previous studies showing a stimulating effect on both cortisol, DHEAS, androstenedione and testosterone (9,30,31,39).”
From Establishment of a novel human fetal adrenal culture model that supports de novo and manipulated steroidogenesis (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency*
White, P. C., & Speiser, P. W. (2000) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.21.3.0398 · Cited by 1,432
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency
White, P. C. (2000) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.21.3.245 · Cited by 877
Developmental and Functional Biology of the Primate Fetal Adrenal Cortex*
Mesiano, S. A., & Jaffe, R. B. (1997) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.18.3.0304 · Cited by 676
Estrogen: Consequences and Implications of Human Mutations in Synthesis and Action
Grumbach, M. M., & Auchus, R. J. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.12.6290 · Cited by 412
Developmental Stages in Human Embryos
Beck, F. (1988) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 400
Developmental stages in human embryos
Eskes, T. K. A. B. (1988) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/0028-2243(88)90025-1 · Cited by 372
The backdoor pathway to dihydrotestosterone
Auchus, R. J. (2004) · Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2004.09.004 · Cited by 347
Beta cell differentiation during early human pancreas development
Hanley, K. P., Brickwood, S., Turnpenny, L., Cameron, I., Ball, S., Wilson, D. I., & Hanley, N. A. (2004) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1810011 · Cited by 312
Prenatal treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia resulting from 21-hydroxylase deficiency
David, M., & Forest, M. G. (1984) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(84)80310-8 · Cited by 253
Regulation of the Primate Fetal Adrenal Cortex*
Pepe, G. J., & Albrecht, E. D. (1990) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-11-1-151 · Cited by 209
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 43 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 283
An update to 21-hydroxylase deficient congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Trakakis, E., Basios, G., Trompoukis, P., Labos, G., Grammatikakis, I., & Kassanos, D. P. (2009) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.3109/09513590903015494 · Cited by 33
The Adrenal Cortex and Its Disorders
Miller, W. L., Achermann, J. C., & Flück, C. E. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-141604090-3.50017-x · Cited by 28
DHEA in prenatal and postnatal life: implications for brain and behavior
Quinn, T., Greaves, R., Badoer, E., & Walker, D. (2018) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2018.03.001 · Cited by 28
Baicalin inhibits recruitment of GATA1 to the HSD3B2 promoter and reverses hyperandrogenism of PCOS
Yu, J., Liu, Y., Zhang, D., Zhai, D., Song, L., Cai, Z., & Yu, C. (2019) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-18-0678 · Cited by 27
Embryological and molecular development of the adrenal glands
Ross, I. L., & Louw, G. (2014) · Clinical Anatomy · doi:10.1002/ca.22422 · Cited by 27
Chin, J. S. R., Phan, T.-A. N., Albert, L. T., Keene, A. C., & Duboué, E. R. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-16257-5 · Cited by 25
Androgens, health and sexuality in women and men
Wylie, K. R., REES, M. C. P., Hackett, G. I., Anderson, R. A., Bouloux, P.-M. G., Cust, M., Goldmeier, D., Kell, P. D., TERRY, T. R., TRINICK, T. R., et al. (2010) · Human Fertility · doi:10.3109/14647273.2010.530966 · Cited by 27
Zheng, D., Zhao, Y., Shen, Y., Chang, X. Y., Ju, S., & Guo, L. (2014) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-013-0035-8 · Cited by 25
Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Yau, M., Khattab, A., & New, M. I. (2016) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2016.01.001 · Cited by 24
Trends in Analysis of Cortisol and Its Derivatives
Boolani, A., Channaveerappa, D., Dupree, E. J., Jayathirtha, M., Aslebagh, R., Grobe, S., Wilkinson, T., & Darie, C. C. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-15950-4_39 · Cited by 24
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Owing to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency
New, M. I., Lekarev, O., Mancenido, D., Parsa, A. A., & Yuen, T. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-416006-4.00003-x · Cited by 24
Inhibins and activins: Their roles in the adrenal gland and the development of adrenocortical tumors
Hofland, J., & de Jong, F. H. (2011) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2011.06.005 · Cited by 23
Virilization of a female infant by a maternal adrenocortical carcinoma
Morris, L. F., Park, S., Daskivich, T. J., Churchill, B. M., Rao, C. V., Lei, Z. M., Martinez, D. S., & Yeh, M. W. (2011) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep10209.cr · Cited by 22
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia—More Dogma Bites the Dust
Auchus, R. J., & Miller, W. L. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1080 · Cited by 22
Pediatric Disorders of Sex Development
Achermann, J. C., & Hughes, I. A. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-29738-7.00023-x · Cited by 21
Prenatal dexamethasone treatment for classic 21-hydroxylase deficiency in Europe
Nowotny, H., Neumann, U., Tardy-Guidollet, V., Ahmed, S. F., Baronio, F., Battelino, T., Bertherat, J. Y., Blankenstein, O., Bonomi, M., Bouvattier, C. M., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-21-0554 · Cited by 23
Nykänen, P., Heinonen, K., Riepe, F. G., Sippell, W. G., & Voutilainen, R. (2010) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000314970 · Cited by 21
Androgenic potential of human fetal adrenals at the end of the first trimester
Savchuk, I., Morvan, M. L., Antignac, J. P., Gemzell-Danielsson, K., Le Bizec, B., Söder, O., & Svechnikov, K. (2017) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-17-0085 · Cited by 20
Yang, M., & White, P. C. (2025) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae535 · Cited by 20
AbdAlmageed, W., Mirzaalian, H., Guo, X. J., Randolph, L. M., Tanawattanacharoen, V. K., Geffner, M. E., Ross, H. M., & Kim, M. S. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.22199 · Cited by 20
Bendezú, J. J., Howland, M. A., Thai, M., Marceau, K., Shirtcliff, E. A., Hastings, P. D., Zahn‐Waxler, C., & Klimes‐Dougan, B. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105365 · Cited by 19
Udhane, S. S., & Flück, C. E. (2015) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2015.10.010 · Cited by 23
Christakoudi, S., Cowan, D., Christakudis, G., & Taylor, N. (2013) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.07.013 · Cited by 20
Craft, T. K. S. (2009) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.08.054.2009 · Cited by 20
The stress of starvation: glucocorticoid restraint of beta cell development
Matthews, L. C., & Hanley, N. A. (2010) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-010-1963-x · Cited by 18
Female external genitalia on fetal magnetic resonance imaging
Nemec, S. F., Nemec, U., Weber, M., Rotmensch, S., Brugger, P. C., Kasprian, G. J., Krestan, C. R., Rimoin, D. L., Graham, J. M., & Prayer, D. (2011) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1002/uog.8973 · Cited by 17
Melau, C., Nielsen, J. E., Perlman, S., Lundvall, L., Langhoff Thuesen, L., Juul Hare, K., Schou Hammerum, M., Frederiksen, H., Mitchell, R. T., Juul, A., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa852 · Cited by 16
Christakoudi, S., Cowan, D., & Taylor, N. (2012) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2012.08.012 · Cited by 16
Fujisawa, Y., Sakaguchi, K., Ono, H., Yamaguchi, R., Kato, F., Kagami, M., Fukami, M., & Ogata, T. (2016) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.02.031 · Cited by 16
The adrenal cortex and sexual differentiation during early human development
Asby, D. J., Arlt, W., & Hanley, N. A. (2008) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-008-9098-9 · Cited by 16
The Androgen Metabolome of Preterm Infants Reflects Fetal Adrenal Gland Involution
Flück, C. E., Kuiri‐Hänninen, T., Silvennoinen, S., Sankilampi, U., & Groessl, M. (2022) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac482 · Cited by 16
Westeinde, A. V., Karlsson, L., Messina, V., Wallensteen, L., Brösamle, M., Maso, G. D., Lazzerini, A., Kristensen, J. K., Kwast, D., Tschaidse, L., et al. (2023) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-22-0400 · Cited by 14
Sengupta, P., Dutta, S., Tusimin, M., & Karkada, I. R. (2019) · Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction · doi:10.4103/2305-0500.268145 · Cited by 14
Stachanow, V., Neumann, U., Blankenstein, O., Fuhr, U., Huisinga, W., Michelet, R., Reisch, N., & Kloft, C. (2021) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-21-0395 · Cited by 15
The Adrenal Cortex and Its Disorders
Miller, W. L., Flück, C. E., Breault, D. T., & Feldman, B. J. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-62520-3.00014-2 · Cited by 14
Assessment of fetal adrenal gland enlargement in term and preterm labor cases
Guler, A., Pehlivan, H., Çakmak, B., & Başer, İ. (2015) · International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · doi:10.5455/2320-6012.ijrms20150501 · Cited by 14
Human Adrenal Cortex: Epigenetics and Postnatal Functional Zonation
Baquedano, M. S., & Belgorosky, A. (2018) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000487995 · Cited by 15
Grunt, S., Steinlin, M., Weisstanner, C., Schöning, M., Mullis, P. E., & Flück, C. E. (2013) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000348515 · Cited by 13
Endocrine Diseases and Disorders of Thyroid Function in Newborns
Ghirri, P., Balsamo, A., Ciantelli, M., Cavarzere, P., Cicognani, A., Boldrini, A., & Cassio, A. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29489-6_259 · Cited by 13
Melau, C., Riis, M. L., Nielsen, J. E., Perlman, S., Lundvall, L., Thuesen, L. L., Hare, K. J., Hammerum, M. S., Mitchell, R. T., Frederiksen, H. W., et al. (2021) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-021-02080-8 · Cited by 13
Savchuk, I., Morvan, M., Søeborg, T., Antignac, J., Gemzell‐Danielsson, K., Bizec, B. L., Söder, O., & Svechnikov, K. (2016) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201600522 · Cited by 13
Endocrinology of the Fetal Testis
Ivell, R., Anand‐Ivell, R., & Morley, S. D. (2017) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29456-8_7-1 · Cited by 15
Zone-specific reference ranges of fetal adrenal artery Doppler indices: a longitudinal study
Xu, R., Zhu, Z., Tang, W., Zhou, Q., & Zeng, S. (2020) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-020-03480-z · Cited by 12
DiVall, S. A., & Merjaneh, L. (2018) · Avery's Diseases of the Newborn · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-40139-5.00094-2 · Cited by 12
HIV Drug Efavirenz Inhibits CYP21A2 Activity with Possible Clinical Implications
Malíková, J., Zingg, T., Fingerhut, R., Sluka, S. H. M., Groessl, M., Brixius‐Anderko, S., Bernhardt, R., McDougall, J., Pandey, A. V., & Flück, C. E. (2019) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000500522 · Cited by 12
Endocrinology of Fetal Development
Dattani, M., & Gevers, E. F. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-29738-7.00022-8 · Cited by 13
Mutation of HSD3B2 Gene and Fate of Dehydroepiandrosterone
Baquedano, M. S., Guercio, G., Costanzo, M., Marino, R. M., Rivarola, M. A., & Belgorosky, A. (2018) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2018.05.002 · Cited by 13
Fetal androgen excess provides a developmental origin for polycystic ovary syndrome
Abbott, D. H., & Dumesic, D. A. (2009) · Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1586/17474108.4.1.1 · Cited by 11
du Toit, T., Finken, M. J. J., Hamer, H. M., Heijboer, A. C., & Swart, A. C. (2018) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2018.06.003 · Cited by 11
Fetal and Neonatal Endocrinology
Gevers, E. F., Fisher, D. A., & Dattani, M. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-18907-1.00145-1 · Cited by 11
Rare forms of genetic steroidogenic defects affecting the gonads and adrenals
Boettcher, C., & Flück, C. E. (2021) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2021.101593 · Cited by 10
Organizational Effects of Gonadal Hormones on Human Sexual Orientation
Swift‐Gallant, A., Aung, T., Rosenfield, K. A., Dawood, K., & Puts, D. A. (2023) · Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology · doi:10.1007/s40750-023-00226-x · Cited by 11
Turning the spotlight on the C11-oxy androgens in human fetal development
du Toit, T., & Swart, A. C. (2021) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105946 · Cited by 11
Antenatal Betamethasone Depresses Maternal and Fetal Aldosterone Levels
Kessel, J. M., Cale, J. M., Verbrick, E., Parker, C. R., Carlton, D. P., & Bird, I. M. (2008) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1177/1933719108324140 · Cited by 10
The Adrenal Life Cycle: The Fetal and Adult Cortex and the Remaining Questions
Merke, D. P., & Stratakis, C. A. (2006) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem.2006.19.11.1299 · Cited by 9
Pourquet, A., Teoli, J., Bouty, A., Renault, L., Roucher‐Boulez, F., Mallet, D., Rigaud, C., Dijoud, F., Mouriquand, P. D. E., Mure, P., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac656 · Cited by 8
A spatiotemporal steroidogenic regulatory network in human fetal adrenal glands and gonads
Wang, Y., Guo, B., Guo, Y., Qi, N., Lv, Y., Ye, Y., Huang, Y., Long, X., Chen, H., Su, C., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1036517 · Cited by 9
Human P450 Oxidoreductase Deficiency
Flück, C. E., & Pandey, A. V. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.64966-8 · Cited by 8
Prenatal and Pregnancy Management of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Nowotny, H. F., Tschaidse, L., Auer, M. K., & Reisch, N. (2024) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.15131 · Cited by 11
Potential role of increased oxygenation in altering perinatal adrenal steroidogenesis
Agrawal, V., Tee, M. K., Qiao, J., Muench, M. O., & Miller, W. L. (2014) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/pr.2014.194 · Cited by 7
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA Sulfate: Roles in Brain Function and Disease
Quinn, T., Robinson, S. R., & Walker, D. W. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.71141 · Cited by 10
Classic genetic and hormonal switches during fetal sex development and beyond
Holterhus, P., Kulle, A. E., Busch, H. S., & Spielmann, M. (2023) · Medizinische Genetik · doi:10.1515/medgen-2023-2036 · Cited by 10
Assessing the Function of the Human Adrenal Cortex
Flück, C. E. (2011) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000327417 · Cited by 8
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: An Endocrine Disorder with Neonatal Onset
STOKOWSKI, L. A. (2009) · Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2009.01.008 · Cited by 7
Physiology of the Adrenal Gland
(2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0755-7.00568-6 · Cited by 7
Endocrinology of the Fetal Testis
Ivell, R., Anand‐Ivell, R., & Morley, S. D. (2017) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44441-3_7 · Cited by 9
Cortisol: A Growth Hormone for the Fetal Heart?
Wintour, E. M. (2006) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2006-0530 · Cited by 7
Human sexuality and sex steroids.
Wróbel, B., & Karasek, M. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 7
Fetal and Neonatal Adrenocortical Physiology
Watterberg, K. L. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-3479-7.10181-8 · Cited by 7
Steroidogenesis and the initiation of parturition
Conley, A. J., & Reynolds, L. P. (2019) · Bioscientifica Proceedings · doi:10.1530/biosciprocs.8.028 · Cited by 6
Witchel, S. F., & Lee, P. A. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-4858-7.00014-7 · Cited by 5
Hormonal abnormalities leading to disorders of sexual development
Kim, S. S., & Kolon, T. F. (2009) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1586/17446651.4.2.161 · Cited by 6
Adrenal hyperplasias in childhood: An update
Pitsava, G., & Stratakis, C. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.937793 · Cited by 5
Yauch, L. M., Mayhew, A., Gomez‐Lobo, V., Shimy, K., & Sarafoglou, K. (2020) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/jendso/bvaa169 · Cited by 5
Development and Function of the Adrenal Cortex and Medulla in the Fetus and Neonate
Antonini, S. R. R., Stecchini, M. F., & Ramalho, F. S. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814823-5.00036-2 · Cited by 6
The Development and Functional Regulation of the Fetal Adrenal Cortex
Yang, X., Zhen, Y., & Liu, L. (2020) · Yangtze Medicine · doi:10.4236/ym.2020.44024 · Cited by 5
Life Course Impact of Glucocorticoids During Pregnancy on Muscle Development and Function
Liu, Y., Ding, Q., & Guo, W. (2021) · Frontiers in Animal Science · doi:10.3389/fanim.2021.788930 · Cited by 5
Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Pasterski, V., & Hughes, I. A. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803592-4.00070-5 · Cited by 5
Fetal and Neonatal Adrenocortical Physiology
Watterberg, K. L., & Muglia, L. J. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-35214-7.00147-5 · Cited by 5
The Principles, Enzymes, and Pathways of Human Steroidogenesis
Auchus, R. J., & Miller, W. L. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-5583-9.00096-4 · Cited by 6
Abalı, Z. Y., Kurnaz, E., & Güran, T. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology · doi:10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2024.2024-6-10-s · Cited by 4
Normal Hypothalamic and Pituitary Development and Physiology in the Fetus and Neonate
Katugampola, H., Cerbone, M., & Dattani, M. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814823-5.00030-1 · Cited by 5
Witchel, S. F., & Lee, P. A. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-141604090-3.50009-0 · Cited by 4
Witchel, S. F., & Lee, P. A. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-62520-3.00006-3 · Cited by 4
Genetic Basis of Gonadal and Genital Development
Quigley, C. A., & Vilain, E. J. N. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-5583-9.00118-0 · Cited by 4
Genetic Basis of Gonadal and Genital Development
Arboleda, V. A., Quigley, C. A., & Vilain, E. J. N. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-18907-1.00118-9 · Cited by 6
Schneider, G., Ruggiero, C., Renault, L., Doghman-Bouguerra, M., Durand, N., Hingrai, G., Dijoud, F., Plotton, I., & Lalli, E. (2023) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvad118 · Cited by 3
Preterm birth: A neuroinflammatory origin for metabolic diseases?
Diao, S., Chen, C., Bénani, A., Magnan, C., Steenwinckel, J. V., Gressèns, P., Cruciani‐Guglielmacci, C., Jacquens, A., & Bokobza, C. (2024) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100745 · Cited by 3
Abawi, O., Sommer, G., Größl, M., Halbsguth, U., du Toit, T., Hannema, S. E., de Bruin, C., Charmandari, E., van den Akker, E. L. T., Leichtle, A. B., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvaf121 · Cited by 3
Use of hydrocortisone in extremely preterm infants: emphasis on those born least mature
Jensen, E. A., Rysavy, M. A., Kusuda, S., Kribs, A., Bell, E. F., Younge, N., Ågren, J., Battarbee, A. N., Vier, K., & Backes, C. H. (2025) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/s41372-025-02424-9 · Cited by 3
Güleroğlu, F. Y., Ozmen, A. B., Bakırcı, I. T., Ekmez, M., & Çetin, A. (2022) · Journal of Perinatal Medicine · doi:10.1515/jpm-2022-0239 · Cited by 3
Voegel, C. D., Murari, M., Ghaemmaghami, P., Kræmer, T., Binz, T. M., & Restin, T. (2025) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2025.109663 · Cited by 3
Pituitary-Adrenal Axis During Human Development
Goto, M. (2007) · Clinical Pediatric Endocrinology · doi:10.1297/cpe.16.37 · Cited by 3
Self-citationBaquedano, M. S., Garrido, N. P., Goñi, J., Saraco, N. I., Aliberti, P., Berensztein, E. B., Rivarola, M. A., & Belgorosky, A. (2016) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2016.09.024 · Cited by 3
Fahmy, M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-37621-5_4 · Cited by 3
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia owing to 21-hydroxylase deficiency
New, M. I., Lekarev, O., Jacob, M., Macdonald, A., Parsa, A. A., & Yuen, T. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821424-4.00031-9 · Cited by 4
Review of Adrenal Androgen Synthesis, Hypersecretion, and Blockade
Olson, P., & Ristau, B. T. (2025) · Urologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2025.01.004 · Cited by 2
Regulation of Adrenal Steroidogenesis
Pihlajoki, M., Heikinheimo, M., & Wilson, D. B. (2017) · Contemporary Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-62470-9_2 · Cited by 3
Leukocyte Telomere Length in Children With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Raftopoulou, C., Abawi, O., Sommer, G., Binou, M., Paltoglou, G., Flück, C. E., van den Akker, E. L. T., & Charmandari, E. (2022) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac560 · Cited by 2
Serotonin and Adrenals: Regulation of Functions, Regulation of Development
Melnikova, V. I., & Бондаренко, Н. С. (2023) · Russian Journal of Developmental Biology · doi:10.1134/s1062360423010083 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Goto, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Southampton (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Goto, M.
- ORCID
- Goto, M.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 2006-03-23
- Volume
- 116
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 953-960
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1421344
- OpenAlex
- W2115432253
- Cited by
- 284
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 5.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- University of Southampton
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Keywords
- fetal adrenal cortex, cortisol production, external genitalia development, Nur77, HSD3B2, ACTH, negative feedback, androgen production, androstenedione, testosterone, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, masculinization
- MeSH terms
- Adrenal Cortex, Androgens, DNA-Binding Proteins, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Gestational Age, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Models, Biological, Pituitary Gland, Anterior, Receptors, Steroid, Sex Differentiation, Transcription Factors, 3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases, Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear, Sexual Development, Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
