Corticotropin-releasing hormone directly stimulates cortisol and the cortisol biosynthetic pathway in human fetal adrenal cells
Abstract
Near term the human fetal adrenals (HFAs) initiate production of cortisol, which promotes organ maturation and acts to increase placental CRH biosynthesis. The objective of the present study was to determine whether CRH directly stimulates both cortisol production and expression of the steroidogenic enzymes in HFA-definitive zone cells. CRH stimulated the production of cortisol in a time- and dose-dependent manner, with an effective concentration of as low as 0.01 nm. In real-time RT-PCR experiments, CRH treatment increased the mRNA levels of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and each of the enzymes needed to produce cortisol. CRH induced 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II (HSD3B2) by 34-fold, 21-hydroxylase (CYP21) by 55-fold, and 11beta-hydroxylase by 41-fold. Induction of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cholesterol side chain cleavage (CYP11A), and 17alpha-hydroxylase (CYP17) mRNA by CRH was 6-, 4-, and 6-fold, respectively. We also demonstrated that submaximal concentrations of CRH (30 pm) and ACTH (30 pm) that are seen in fetal circulation were additive on cortisol biosynthesis and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II mRNA induction. We suggest that CRH may play an important role in the late gestational rise in cortisol secretion from the HFAs, which may serve to augment placental CRH production and therefore participate in the endocrine cascade that is involved in fetal organ maturation and potentially in the timing of human parturition.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
CYP21A2 is detected in lymphocytes by RT-PCR, and lymphocytes also express an additional 21-hydroxylase activity that is not mediated by CYP21A2.
“These include lymphocytes, which also express an additional 21-hydroxylase activity that is not mediated by CYP21A2 (161).”
From Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia—Current Insights in Pathophysiology, Diagnostics, and Management (2022) · cites this paper as [161]
Cites
Maternal and Fetal Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axes During Pregnancy and Postpartum
MASTORAKOS, G., & ILIAS, I. (2003) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1290.016 · Cited by 621 · see citing works
Placental Estrogen Biosynthesis During Human Pregnancy1
SIITERI, P. K., & MACDONALD, P. C. (1966) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-26-7-751 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Glucocorticoid stimulates expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone gene in human placenta.
Robinson, B. G., Emanuel, R. L., Frim, D. M., & Majzoub, J. A. (1988) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.85.14.5244 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Plasma Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Concentrations During Pregnancy and Parturition*
CAMPBELL, E. A., Linton, E. A., Wolfe, C. D. A., Scraggs, P. R., Jones, M. T., & Lowry, P. J. (1987) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-64-5-1054 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Evidence for local stimulation of ACTH secretion by corticotropin-releasing factor in human placenta
Petraglia, F., Sawchenko, P. E., Rivier, J., & Vale, W. (1987) · Nature · doi:10.1038/328717a0 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Goland, R., Wardlaw, S. L., Stark, R. I., Brown, L. S., & FRANTZ, A. G. (1986) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-63-5-1199 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Jingami, H., Matsukura, S., Numa, S., & Imura, H. (1985) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-117-4-1314 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Steroids Modulate Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Production in Human Fetal Membranes and Placenta*
JONES, S. A., Brooks, A. N., & Challis, J. R. G. (1989) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-68-4-825 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Smith, R., Mesiano, S. A., Chan, E., Brown, S. A., & Jaffe, R. B. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.83.8.5020 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Plasma ACTH Levels in the Human Fetus and Neonate as Related to Age and Parturition1
Winters, A. J., Oliver, C., COLSTON, C., MacDonald, P. C., & Porter, J. C. (1974) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-39-2-269 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Whittle, W. L., Patel, F. A., Alfaidy, N., Holloway, A. C., Fraser, M., Gyomorey, S., Lye, S. J., Gibb, W., & Challis, J. R. G. (2001) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1095/biolreprod64.4.1019 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Doody, K. M., Carr, B. R., Rainey, W. E., BYRD, W., Murry, B. A., Strickler, R. C., Thomas, J. L., & Mason, J. I. (1990) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-126-5-2487 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Spencer, S. J., Mesiano, S. A., Lee, J. Y., & Jaffe, R. B. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.3.5513 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Mesiano, S. A., Coulter, C. L., & Jaffe, R. B. (1993) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.77.5.8077311 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Spencer, S. J. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.84.3.1110 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Linton, E. A., Wolfe, C. D. A., Behan, D. P., & Lowry, P. J. (1988) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1988.tb01218.x · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Lockwood, C. J., Radunović, N. V., Nastic, D., Petković, S. V., Aigner, S., & Berkowitz, G. S. (1996) · Journal of Perinatal Medicine · doi:10.1515/jpme.1996.24.3.243 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Murphy, B. E. P. (1982) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(82)90579-8 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Narasaka, T., Suzuki, T., Moriya, T., & Sasano, H. (2001) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0303-7207(00)00445-7 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Colocalization of P450c17 and Cytochrome b5 in Androgen-Synthesizing Tissues of the Human1
Dharia, S. P., Slane, A., Jian, M., Conner, M. G., Conley, A. J., & Parker, C. R. (2004) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1095/biolreprod.103.026732 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Role of growth factors in the developmental regulation of the human fetal adrenal cortex
Mesiano, S. A., & Jaffe, R. B. (1997) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/s0039-128x(96)00161-4 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Human corticotropin-releasing hormone during pregnancy
Stalla, G. K., BOST, H., Stalk, J., Kaliebe, T., Dörr, H. G., Pfeiffer, D. G., von Werder, K., & Müller, O. A. (1989) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.3109/09513598909152447 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Shifren, J. L., Mesiano, S. A., Taylor, R. N., Ferrara, N., & Jaffe, R. B. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.83.4.4730 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Coulter, C. L., Goldsmith, P. C., Mesiano, S. A., Voytek, C. C., Martin, M. C., Han, V. K. M., & Jaffe, R. B. (1996) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.137.10.8828511 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Parker, C. R., Faye-Petersen, O. M., Stanković, A. K., Mason, J. I., & Grizzle, W. E. (1995) · Endocrine Research · doi:10.3109/07435809509030422 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulates steroidogenesis in cultured human adrenal cells
Parker, C. R., Stankovic, A. M., & Goland, R. (1999) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0303-7207(99)00118-5 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Chakravorty, A., Mesiano, S. A., & Jaffe, R. B. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.10.6053 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Profiling the Steroidogenic Pathway in Human Fetal and Adult Adrenals
Rehman, K., Carr, B. R., & Rainey, W. E. (2003) · Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation · doi:10.1016/s1071-5576(03)00118-7 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Corticotrophin-releasing hormone-binding protein in human fetal plasma
Perkins, A. V., Wolfe, C. D. A., Eben, F., SOOTHILL, P. W., & Linton, E. A. (1995) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1460395 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Regulation of Placental Corticotropin‐Releasing Hormone by Steroids
Karalis, K. P., & Majzoub, J. A. (1995) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb44709.x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Cord plasma corticotropin-releasing factor-binding protein (CRF-BP) in term and preterm labour
Petraglia, F., Florio, P., Simoncini, T., Woods, R. J., Giuntini, A., Gremigni, R., Serra, G. B., Genazzani, A. R., & Lowry, P. J. (1997) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/s0143-4004(97)90082-5 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Shifren, J. L. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.83.4.1342 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Perkins, A. V., & Linton, E. A. (1995) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/0143-4004(95)90111-6 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Freije, W. A., Pezzi, V., ARICE, A., Carr, B. I., & Rainey, W. E. (1997) · Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation · doi:10.1016/s1071-5576(97)00066-x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Chakravorty, A. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.84.10.3732 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia—Current Insights in Pathophysiology, Diagnostics, and Management
Claahsen - van der Grinten, H. L., Speiser, P. W., Ahmed, S. F., Arlt, W., Auchus, R. J., Falhammar, H., Flück, C. E., Guasti, L., Huebner, A., Kortmann, B. B. M., et al. (2022) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnab016 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Ishimoto, H., & Jaffe, R. B. (2011) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2010-0001 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Hillhouse, E. W., & Grammatopoulos, D. K. (2006) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2005-0034 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Maternal corticosteroid use and orofacial clefts
Carmichael, S. L., Shaw, G. M., Ma, C., Werler, M. M., Rasmussen, S. A., & Lammer, E. J. (2007) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2007.05.046 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Transcriptional regulation of steroidogenic genes: StARD1, CYP11A1 and HSD3B
LaVoie, H. A., & King, S. R. (2009) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.3181/0903-mr-97 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
New insights into the role of perinatal HPA-axis dysregulation in postpartum depression
Glynn, L. M., Davis, E. P., & Sandman, C. A. (2013) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/j.npep.2013.10.007 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Development of adrenal cortex zonation
Xing, Y., Lerario, A. M., Rainey, W., & Hammer, G. D. (2015) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2015.02.001 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopmental origins of the human hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
Howland, M. A., Sandman, C. A., & Glynn, L. M. (2017) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2017.1356222 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Endocrinology of human parturition
Vannuccini, S., Bocchi, C., Severi, F. M., Challis, J. R., & Petraglia, F. (2016) · Annales d'Endocrinologie · doi:10.1016/j.ando.2016.04.025 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Nakamura, Y., Hornsby, P. J., Casson, P., Morimoto, R., Satoh, F., Xing, Y., Kennedy, M. R., Sasano, H., & Rainey, W. E. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-2374 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-citationHogg, K., Blair, J. D., McFadden, D. E., von Dadelszen, P., & Robinson, W. P. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062969 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Adrenal Androgens and Androgen Precursors-Definition, Synthesis, Regulation and Physiologic Actions
Turcu, A., Smith, J. M., Auchus, R., & Rainey, W. E. (2014) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c140006 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Hill, M., Pařı́zek, A., Kancheva, R. L., Dušková, M., Velíková, M., Kříž, L., Klímková, M., Pašková, A., Žižka, Z., Matucha, P., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.10.012 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Neurobehavioral risk is associated with gestational exposure to stress hormones
Sandman, C. A., & Davis, E. P. (2012) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1586/eem.12.33 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The Human Fetal Adrenal Gland, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, and Parturition
Beshay, V. E., Carr, B. R., & Rainey, W. E. (2007) · Seminars in Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2006-956772 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Sirianni, R., Mayhew, B. A., Carr, B. R., Parker, C. R., & Rainey, W. E. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-0680 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Steroid metabolome in fetal and maternal body fluids in human late pregnancy
Hill, M., Pařı́zek, A., Cibula, D., Kancheva, R. L., Jirasek, J. E., Jirkovská, M., Velíková, M., Kubátová, J., Klímková, M., Pašková, A., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.05.007 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Functions of corticotropin‐releasing hormone in anthropoid primates: From brain to placenta
Power, M. L., & Schulkin, J. A. (2006) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.20521 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family of peptides as local modulators of adrenal function
Tsatsanis, C., Dermitzaki, E., Venihaki, M., Chatzaki, Ε., MINAS, V., Gravanis, A., & Margioris, A. N. (2007) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-007-6555-7 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Pediatric Adrenal Insufficiency: Diagnosis, Management, and New Therapies
Bowden, S. A., & Henry, R. K. (2018) · International Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1155/2018/1739831 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Byrns, M. C. (2013) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.01.015 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Transcriptional Regulation of Adrenocortical Steroidogenic Gene Expression
Sewer, M. B., Dammer, E. B., & Jagarlapudi, S. (2007) · Drug Metabolism Reviews · doi:10.1080/03602530701498828 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Grammatopoulos, D. K. (2006) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/2082 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Adrenal disorders in pregnancy
Monticone, S., Auchus, R. J., & Rainey, W. E. (2012) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2012.155 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Ortega, V. A., Mercer, E. M., Giesbrecht, G. F., & Arrieta, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.634539 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Torricelli, M., Novembri, R., Bloise, E., Bonis, M. D., Challis, J. R. G., & Petraglia, F. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2010-1740 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Yang, R., You, X., Tang, X., Gao, L., & Ni, X. (2006) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/jme.1.02119 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Fukuda, T., Takahashi, K., Suzuki, T., Saruta, M., Watanabe, M., Nakata, T., & Sasano, H. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-0090 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
You, X., Yang, R., Tang, X., Gao, L., & Ni, X. (2006) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1095/biolreprod.105.049361 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Neuroendocrinology of pregnancy and parturition
Voltolini, C., & Petraglia, F. (2014) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-59602-4.00002-2 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Preterm Birth and Corticotrophin-Releasing Hormone as a Placental Clock
Herrera, C. L., Maiti, K., & Smith, R. (2022) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqac206 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Class, Q. A., Buß, C., Davis, E. P., Gierczak, M., Pattillo, C., Chicz-DeMet, A., & Sandman, C. A. (2008) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000191213 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Moog, N. K., Heim, C. C., Entringer, S., Simhan, H. N., Wadhwa, P. D., & Buß, C. (2022) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173372 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The hormonal control of parturition
Hamburg‐Shields, E., & Mesiano, S. A. (2024) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00019.2023 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Steine, I. M., LeWinn, K. Z., Lisha, N. E., Tylavsky, F. A., Smith, R., Bowman, M. E., Sathyanarayana, S., Karr, C. J., Smith, A. K., Kobor, M. S., et al. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113461 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Rehman, K. S., Sirianni, R., Parker, C. R., Rainey, W. E., & Carr, B. R. (2007) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1177/1933719107307908 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Neurobehavioral Consequences of Fetal Exposure to Gestational Stress
Sandman, C. A., Glynn, L. M., & Davis, E. P. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-22023-9_13 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The Prenatal Hormone Milieu in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Worsham, W., Dalton, S., & Bilder, D. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.655438 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Psaras, T., Milian, M., Hattermann, V., Will, B. E., Tatagiba, M. S., & Honegger, J. B. (2011) · PubMed · doi:10.3275/7333 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Metastin Stimulates Aldosterone Synthesis in Human Adrenal Cells
Nakamura, Y., Aoki, S., Xing, Y., Sasano, H., & Rainey, W. E. (2007) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1177/1933719107307823 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The human adrenal cortex: growth control and disorders
Lotfi, C. F. P., Kremer, J. L., Passaia, B. D. S., & Cavalcante, I. P. (2018) · Clinics · doi:10.6061/clinics/2018/e473s · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Willenberg, H. S., Haase, M., Papewalis, C., Schott, M., Scherbaum, W. A., & Bornstein, S. R. (2005) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000093126 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
A Comprehensive Evaluation of Steroid Metabolism in Women with Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy
Pařı́zek, A., Hill, M., Dušková, M., Vı́tek, L., Velíková, M., Kancheva, R. L., Šimják, P., Koucký, M., Kokrdová, Z., Adamcová, K., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159203 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Skeletal receptors for steroid‐family regulating glycoprotein hormones
Blair, H. C., Robinson, L., Sun, L., Isales, C., Davies, T. F., & Zaidi, M. (2011) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06287.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Primary Cultures and Cell Lines for In Vitro Modeling of the Human Adrenal Cortex
Nanba, K., Blinder, A., & Rainey, W. E. (2021) · The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1620/tjem.253.217 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Adrenal Androgens and Androgen Precursors—Definition, Synthesis, Regulation and Physiologic Actions
Turcu, A. F., Smith, J. M., Auchus, R. J., & Rainey, W. E. (2014) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.2014.tb00590.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Sirianni, R., Nogueira, E. F., Bassett, M. H., Carr, B. R., Suzuki, T., Pezzi, V., Andò, S., & Rainey, W. E. (2010) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.055806 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Maternal Corticosteroid Use and Hypospadias
Carmichael, S. L., Ma, C., Werler, M. M., Olney, R. S., & Shaw, G. M. (2009) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.01.039 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Rinne, G. R., Somers, J. A., Ramos, I. F., Ross, K. M., Coussons‐Read, M. E., & Schetter, C. D. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579422000621 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Hough, D., Swart, P., & Cloete, S. (2013) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani3020442 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Gehrand, A. L., Phillips, J., Malott, K., & Raff, H. (2019) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2019-00117 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Xu, J., Xu, F., Hennebold, J. D., Molskness, T. A., & Stouffer, R. L. (2007) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2007-0541 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Gao, L., Yi, T., Hu, T., Liu, W., Xu, C., Liu, J., You, X., Gu, H., & Ni, X. (2012) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2012-1453 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
H295R expression of melanocortin 2 receptor accessory protein results in ACTH responsiveness
Nanba, K., Chen, A., Turcu, A. F., & Rainey, W. E. (2015) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/jme-15-0230 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Yang, M., & White, P. C. (2025) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae535 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Placental Endocrine Function and Hormone Action
Albrecht, E. D., & Pepe, G. J. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397175-3.00040-5 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Imperatore, A., Li, W., Petraglia, F., & Challis, J. R. G. (2009) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1177/1933719109332830 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Wang, W. S., Liu, C., Li, W. J., Zhu, P., Li, J. N., & Sun, K. (2014) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2013.10.018 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Xu, C., Gao, L., You, X., Dai, L., Li, Y., Gu, H., Slater, D. M., Olson, D. M., & Ni, X. (2011) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2011-0262 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Expression of urocortin 3/stresscopin in human adrenal glands and adrenal tumors
Takahashi, K., Totsune, K., Saruta, M., Fukuda, T., SUZUKI, T. A., Hirose, T., Imai, Y., Sasano, H., & Murakami, O. (2005) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2005.06.017 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Paul, N., Maiti, K., Sultana, Z., Fisher, J. J., Zhang, H., Cole, N., Morgan, T. K., & Smith, R. (2024) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2024.01.004 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Conradt, E. D., Adkins, D. E., Crowell, S. E., Monk, C. E., & Kobor, M. S. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418000688 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Namgyal, D., & Lim, C. (2025) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s561326 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Vacher, C., Tsompanidis, A., Firestein, M. R., & Penn, A. A. (2025) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.13489 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Malendowicz, L. K. (2011) · Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica · doi:10.2478/v10042-010-0062-7 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Placental urocortin-2 and -3: Endocrine or Paracrine Functioning During Healthy Pregnancy?
Pepels, P. P. L. M., Spaanderman, M. E. A., Hermus, A. R. M. M., Lotgering, F. K., & Sweep, F. C. G. J. (2010) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2010.03.012 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Orexins/hypocretins increase the promoter activity of selective steroidogenic enzymes
Kagerer, S. M., Eichholz, C., & Jöhren, O. (2011) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2011.01.004 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ngema, M., Xulu, N. D., Khathi, A., & Ngubane, P. S. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.29086/10413/24637 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Coshway, L., Indyk, J. A., & Bowden, S. A. (2014) · Global Pediatric Health · doi:10.1177/2333794x14563385 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Fetal and Neonatal Adrenocortical Physiology
Watterberg, K. L. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-3479-7.10181-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Placental Steroid Hypothesis of Human Brain Evolution
Tsompanidis, A., Burton, G. J., Baron‐Cohen, S., & Dunbar, R. (2025) · Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.70003 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Frayre, P., Ponce-Rubio, K., Frayre, J., Medrano, J., & Na, E. S. (2023) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114863 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Gábor, M., Kunochová, I., Krizko, M., Feriancova, M. A., & Ferianec, V. (2021) · Bratislavské lekárske listy/Bratislava medical journal · doi:10.4149/bll_2021_115 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Fetal and Neonatal Adrenocortical Physiology
Watterberg, K. L., & Muglia, L. J. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-35214-7.00147-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Thibeault, A.-A. H., Sanderson, J. T., & Vaillancourt, C. (2017) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7498-6_23 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Placental Steroid Hormones in Preeclampsia: Multilayered Regulation of Endocrine Pathogenesis
Yang, Y. S., Zhang, S., Fang, X., Shao, T., Shao, X., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnaf039 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Current Screening Strategies for the Diagnosis of Adrenal Insufficiency in Children
Bowden, S. A. (2023) · Pediatric Health Medicine and Therapeutics · doi:10.2147/phmt.s334576 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kawka‐Paciorkowska, K., & Bręborowicz, G. H. (2022) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590.2022.2068521 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zaidi, M., Yuen, T., Sun, L., Davies, T. F., Zallone, A. Z., & Blair, H. C. (2013) · Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism · doi:10.1002/9781118453926.ch116 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Factors of Fetal Origin in the Regulation of Labor Initiation and Preterm Birth
Ding, L., & Gao, L. (2023) · Maternal-Fetal Medicine · doi:10.1097/fm9.0000000000000200 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Valego, N. K., & Rose, J. C. (2010) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1177/1933719110361959 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Garg, M., Gulfishan, S., Mazhari, B. B. Z., Alam, M. W., Sirohi, A., Mathew, S., & Varghese, A. (2026) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2026.01.015 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pituitary Hormone-Driven Mechanism for Skeletal Loss
Yuen, T., Sun, L., Abu‐Amer, W., Liu, P., Davies, T. F., Blair, H. C., New, M. I., Zallone, A. Z., & Zaidi, M. (2017) · Molecular and integrative toxicology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56192-9_10 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Katugampola, H., Gevers, E. F., & Dattani, M. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119152712.ch3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Glucocorticoids in pregnancy: a master-switch for fetal maturation
Tan, Y., Stark, M. J., Clifton, V. L., Wiese, M. D., Morrison, J. L., & Gatford, K. L. (2026) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnag015 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Introduction to the 2018 Keith L. Parker Award Lecture, William E. Rainey, PhD
Auchus, R. J. (2018) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.12.017 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cahyadi, D. D., Nurhidayat, N., Supratikno, S., Novelina, S., Nisa, C., & Setijanto, H. (2019) · Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan - Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v13i1.12044 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Li, L., Cui, W., Zhang, Y., & Wang, Y. (2017) · PubMed Central · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Human Fetal Adrenal Gland—A Review of Its Function and Development
Chen, L. X., & Carr, B. R. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.65373-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
DiVall, S. A., & Merjaneh, L. (2023) · Avery's Diseases of the Newborn · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-82823-9.00082-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Elucidating the role of phosphorylation on trafficking of Menkes protein in AtT-20 wild type cells.
Rege, S. S. (2008) · ScholarWorks@BGSU (Bowling Green State University)
The Pituitary–Bone Axis in Health and Disease
Zaidi, M., Yuen, T., Abu-Amer, W., Liu, P., Davies, T., New, M., Blair, H., Zallone, A., Rosen, C., & Sun, L. (2018) · Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism · doi:10.1002/9781119266594.ch133
Nurhidayat, N., Syarifah, I. K., Supratikno, S., & Wahyuni, S. (2008) · Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan - Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v2i2.9783
Sofia, S. (2009) · Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan - Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v3i2.9787
Embryology of the Adrenal Glands
Brookman-May, S. D. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-55405-6_86
Adrenal Cortex and Medulla Physiology during Pregnancy, Labor, and Puerperium
St‐Jean, M., Bourdeau, I., & Lacroix, A. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-23940-3.00052-1
Organoid-like Functional Adrenal Gland Cortex Derived From Human Pluripotent Stem CellsPreprint
MCALPINE, J. N., James, C., Dalal, B., Thomas, K., Knight, T., & Zeltner, N. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.06.30.735632
- Authors
- Sirianni, R., Rehman, K. S., Carr, B. R., Parker, C. R., & Rainey, W. E.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rainey, William E.
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2005-01
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 279-285
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W2100923213
- Cited by
- 98
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archive of Doctoral Theses and Digital Collections (University of Calabria) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (HD-11149)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK 43140)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (T32 HD07190, T32HD007190, HD-11149)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Keywords
- corticotropin-releasing factor, cortisol production, fetal adrenal cortex, steroidogenic enzymes, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, 21-hydroxylase, 11β-hydroxylase, cholesterol side-chain cleavage, 17α-hydroxylase, ACTH, parturition timing
- MeSH terms
- Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein, Adrenal Glands, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Cells, Cultured, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Fetus, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Phosphoproteins, Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase, Time Factors, 3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review