The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Ghrelin modulates the activity and synaptic input organization of midbrain dopamine neurons while promoting appetite
Open accessAbstract
The gut hormone ghrelin targets the brain to promote food intake and adiposity. The ghrelin receptor growth hormone secretagogue 1 receptor (GHSR) is present in hypothalamic centers controlling energy metabolism as well as in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), a region important for motivational aspects of multiple behaviors, including feeding. Here we show that in mice and rats, ghrelin bound to neurons of the VTA, where it triggered increased dopamine neuronal activity, synapse formation, and dopamine turnover in the nucleus accumbens in a GHSR-dependent manner. Direct VTA administration of ghrelin also triggered feeding, while intra-VTA delivery of a selective GHSR antagonist blocked the orexigenic effect of circulating ghrelin and blunted rebound feeding following fasting. In addition, ghrelin- and GHSR-deficient mice showed attenuated feeding responses to restricted feeding schedules. Taken together, these data suggest that the mesolimbic reward circuitry is targeted by peripheral ghrelin to influence physiological mechanisms related to feeding.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“neurons in the VTA and/or NAc express GLP-1 (24,25), ghrelin (26,27), leptin (28,29), insulin (30), orexin (31) and melanocortin receptors (32).”
From Obesity and addiction: Neurobiological overlaps (2013) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, neurons in VTA and/or nucleus accumbens (NAc) express glucagon-like peptide-1 (11,12), ghrelin (13,14), leptin (15,16), insulin (17), orexin (18), and melanocortin receptors (19).”
From The Addictive Dimensionality of Obesity (2013) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“In contrast, ghrelin action directly within the VTA appears to activate dopamine neurons, increase accumbens dopamine turnover, and increase food intake”
From Food reward, hyperphagia, and obesity (2011) · cites this paper as [1]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach
Kojima, M., Hosoda, H., Date, Y., Nakazato, M., Matsuo, H., & Kangawa, K. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/45230 · Cited by 8,479
Beaton, A. E., & Keppel, G. (1975) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1162588 · Cited by 5,857
Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents
Tschöp, M., Smiley, D. L., & Heiman, M. L. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35038090 · Cited by 3,949
Self-citationA role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding
Nakazato, M., Murakami, N., Date, Y., Kojima, M., Matsuo, H., Kangawa, K., & Matsukura, S. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35051587 · Cited by 3,443
Watterson, K. R., Bestow, D., Gallagher, J. R., Hamilton, D. L., Ashford, F. B., Meakin, P. J., & Ashford, M. L. J. (2012) · Neurosignals · doi:10.1159/000334144 · Cited by 3,395
Plasma Ghrelin Levels after Diet-Induced Weight Loss or Gastric Bypass Surgery
Cummings, D. E., Weigle, D. S., Frayo, R. S., Breen, P. A., Marina, K., Dellinger, E. P., & Purnell, J. Q. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa012908 · Cited by 2,271
A Receptor in Pituitary and Hypothalamus That Functions in Growth Hormone Release
Howard, A., Feighner, S., Cully, D., Arena, J. P., Liberator, P., Rosenblum, C., Hamelin, M., Hreniuk, D. L., Palyha, O., Anderson, J., et al. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.273.5277.974 · Cited by 2,106
Food reward: brain substrates of wanting and liking
Berridge, K. C. (1996) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/0149-7634(95)00033-b · Cited by 1,901
Cowley, M. A., Smith, R. G., Diano, S., Tschöp, M., Pronchuk, N., Grove, K. L., Strasburger, C. J., Bidlingmaier, M., Esterman, M., Heiman, M. L., et al. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00063-1 · Cited by 1,679
Self-citationOpioids excite dopamine neurons by hyperpolarization of local interneurons
Johnson, S., & North, R. (1992) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.12-02-00483.1992 · Cited by 1,637
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Lacey, 1990, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 253, 395
- Small, S.V. 1968. Measurement of section thickness. In Proceedings of the 4th European Congress on Electron Microscopy. Volume 1. D.S. Bocciarelli, editor. Poliglotta Vaticana. Rome, Italy. 609–610.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–982 of 982
Tamas Horvath: The hunger view on body, brain and behavior
Horváth, T. L., Hirsch, J., & Molnár, Z. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818093-8.00009-4
Hege, M. A., Stingl, K. T., & Preissl, H. T. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-62657-4_43-1
Guebre‐Egziabher, F. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-44858-5_28
(2008) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0b013e3282f4f084
(2011) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b10790-15
Hege, M. A., Stingl, K. T., & Preissl, H. T. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-00087-5_43
Alftieh, A. (2022) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2022-14953
“For example, ghrelin and AGRP neurons have direct projections to DA cells in the VTA and can directly impact their firing rate to influence reward-related behaviours (Abizaid et al., 2006; Dietrich et al., 2012; Menzies, Skibicka, Leng, & Dickson, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialSante, S. D. (2022) · doi:10.22215/etd/2022-14843
“This dose reliably induces a feeding response based on previous literature (Abizaid et al., 2006; Naleid et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialOvernight fasting affects avoidance learning and reliefPreprint
Papalini, S., Neefs, L., Beckers, T., Oudenhove, L. V., & Vervliet, B. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/muz38
Natural and Synthetic Growth Hormone Secretagogues
Motta, G., Allasia, S., Zavattaro, M., Ghigo, E., & Lanfranco, F. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.95972-5
(2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811351-6.00026-7
Stranger Danger! The Role of Ghrelin in Modulation of Social Behavior
Park, S. (2017) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2017-12211
(2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-375674-9.10021-7
Stressor-induced eating : psychological and neuroendocrine factors
Raspopow, K. (2011) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2011-09751
Morari, J., Haddad-Tóvolli, R., Maróstica, R., Tobar, N., Ramos, C. D., Velloso, L. A., Bóbbo, V. C. D., & Anhê, G. F. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3945548
Ghrelin-dependent mechanisms of food reward. Part 1. Ghrelin and dopamine
Reikhardt, B. A., & Shabanov, P. D. (2022) · Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy · doi:10.17816/rcf20129-54
“Как известно, грелин повышает привлекательность вкусной пищи, стимулируя активность DA-нейронов VTA [86].”
InfluentialEngel, J. A., Pålsson, E., Vallöf, D., & Jerlhag, E. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1722685/v1
AlGhamdi, S. A., Alsulami, N., Khoja, S., Alsufiani, H. M., Tayeb, H. O., Alshaibi, H. F., & Tarazi, F. I. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1927825/v1
Endocrine Disturbances in Anorexia Nervosa
Sjögren, M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67929-3_31-1
Gut Microbiota and Eating Disorders on the Extremes of Aging
Miller, B. C., Mishra, S. P., Jain, S., Marotta, F., & Yadav, H. (2023) · Healthy ageing and longevity · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14023-5_6
Abshire, K. M., & Leggio, L. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823453-2.00013-8
Kresna, A., Fuk, L. J., Widyahening, I. S., Soemarko, D. S., & Fitriani, D. Y. (2023) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine Journal of Indonesia · doi:10.7454/oemji.v1i2.1022
(2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15596-3.16001-1
New Perspectives in Eating Disorders
Monteleone, A. M., Sala, L., Gorwood, P. A. P. M., Treasure, J. L., & Monteleone, P. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009067287.006
The Main Biological Functions and the Endocrinological Mechanisms of Behavior
Masson, S., Bleuer‐Elsner, S., Muller, G., Médam, T., Chevallier, J., & Gaultier, E. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-53012-8_3
Ghrelin Regulates Food Intake in the Ventral Tegmental Area During Chronic Psychosocial Stress
Smith, A. (2024) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2024-16006
Gambhir, K. K. (2024) · Endocrinology and Disorders · doi:10.31579/2640-1045/182
Natural and synthetic growth hormone secretagogues
Berton, A. M., Cuboni, D., Ghigo, E., & Gasco, V. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13825-6.00237-5
Wetzel, L., Hoffmann, S., Reinhard, I., Riegler, A., Pourbaix, M., Ardern, I., Link, T., Vollstädt‐Klein, S., Lenz, B., Kiefer, F., et al. (2025) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107456
“More precisely, in a preclinical study, effects of ghrelin on mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways were shown, which play a role in development and maintenance of AUD (Abizaid et al., 2006) by stimulating dopaminergic neurons ’ activity especially in mesolimbic reward system (Edvardsson et al., 2021).”
Bernstein, M. X., Koita, O., Trzeciak, M., Fan, A., McAuley, D. T., Jin, S., & Zweifel, L. S. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.07.17.665396 · Cited by 1
“…in hungry mice are not yet known, but candidates include NTS, which has been shown to regulate feeding (Gazit Shimoni et al., 2025; Ramirez-Virella and Leinninger, 2021), and the gut-derived peptide ghrelin that is also G q/11 coupled and enhances dopamine neuron activity (Abizaid et al., 2006).”
Leitch, M., Simkus, J., & Geliebter, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780197688908.003.0005
Brain Mechanisms of Food “Liking” and “Wanting”
Peciña, S., & Berridge, K. C. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780197688908.003.0007
Immunometabolic state modulation of sequential decision making in patch-foraging micePreprint
Lau, D., Gagnon, P., Fay, A., Palmer, D. D., Boisjoly, F., Majeur, D., Manceau, R., Nakajima, S., Robb, J. L., Zeighami, Y., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.09.07.674667
“Of note, dopaminergic responses are sensitive to metabolic state, with mesoaccumbens dopamine opposingly enhanced by hunger 14,15,118,119,120,121,122,123 and suppressed by inflammation 22,73,124,125,126 .”
Geysen, S., Brands, A. M. A., Schultz, H., Koenig, J., Tittgemeyer, M., & Peters, J. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.20.683454
Lee, S., Yoon, H. S., & Kim, J. (2025) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2025.106081
Effect of ninjin'yoeito on age-related decline in responsiveness of the brain reward system in mice
Miyazaki, S., Mizuno, K., & Ikeda, Y. (2025) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2025.112967
Constitutive Activity of the Ghrelin Receptor
Mokrosiński, J., Madsen, A. N., & Holst, B. (2014) · The Receptors · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0823-3_1
Ghrelin Regulation of Learning, Memory, and Neurodegeneration
Horváth, T. L. (2012) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-903-7_9
Wang, G., Volkow, N. D., Fowler, J. S., & Thanos, P. K. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511782091.035
Jerlhag, E., & Engel, J. A. (2014) · The Receptors · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0823-3_7
“Acc (Abizaid et al. 2006).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFrom stomach to striatum: Ghrelin infusions increase work for rewardsPreprint
Schulz, C., Peglow, F., la Fougère, C., Bender, B., Klaus, J., Ellinger, S., Walter, M., Reischl, G., Reimold, M., & Kroemer, N. B. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2025.12.04.691596
“It can interact with homeostatic hubs, such as the hypothalamus 31 , and is modulated by signals from the gut via vagal signals 10,32 or gut hormones 33–35 .”
Major Biological Functions and Endocrinological Mechanisms of Behavior
Bleuer‐Elsner, S., Masson, S., Lacoste, M., & Muller, G. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-06260-4_3
AlGhamdi, S. A., Alsulami, N., Khoja, S., Alsufiani, H. M., Tayeb, H. O., Alshaibi, H. F., & Tarazi, F. I. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1927825/v2
GHSR agonism increases blood glucose but delays food intake in GHSR hyperresponsive rats
Zizzari, P., Ramírez‐Penas, O., Pons, V., Oujezdska, M., Sammarcelli, A., Saint‐Yves, T., Chevallier‐Chantepie, I., Baussart, L., Nhan, V. J., Phalip, A., et al. (2026) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.70143
“23,24 To investigate whether this relationship contributes to the previously mentioned locomotor abnormalities observed in GHSR-stimulated M/M rats, we compared the locomotor response of M/M and WT/WT rats following cocaine treatment.”
Ghrelin e i GH secretagoghi sintetici
Gasco, V., & Ghigo, E. (2026) · L Endocrinologo · doi:10.1007/s40619-026-01782-6
Détection des nutriments et contrôle central de la prise alimentaire
Delaere, F. (2009) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/2e9fa6a2z6f59z4d47zaabbz04010b09ce15
Galmiche, M. C. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/86478abdzfb8bz4442z8e08z65e991beb2b0
Triglyceride-sensing in the mesocorticolimbic system and reward-driven behaviour control
Berland, C. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/3a1dc076z7d5az413czbc66z525614a40de5
“Peptide YY3–36 (PYY3–36) is an enteric hormone released from the gastrointestinal tract proportionally to the calorie-content of a meal (Adrian et al., 1985), that can reduce food intake in rodents and humans by targeting the Arc (Batterham et al.”
Nogueira, D. D. S. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/d429d5dbz5001z4e60z9622z4f636e667f17
Salles, J. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/40181baczefeaz416dz8542zd4525164a953
Reward abnormalities in the genetics of addictive disorders
Mattioni, J. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/e375f801z0fd1z4fc6z9d73zc74380dd25f4
Gabriel-Segard, T. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/2f469c9fz7a22z4f47z9e37zcf0e1f890660
Multisystem regulation of reward and addiction: beyond the dopaminergic system
Arias-Carrión, Ó., Ortega‐Robles, E., Treviño, M., Guerra‐Crespo, M., Manjarrez, E., & Pöppel, E. (2026) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1840096 · Cited by 1
PF5190457 reduces fentanyl intake and seeking with a low risk pharmacological profile in male rats
Merritt, C. R., Salinsky, L. M., Garcia, E. J., Fox, R. G., Chapman, H. L., Linares, J. J., Russell, W. K., Moeller, F. G., Anastasio, N. C., & Cunningham, K. A. (2026) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.jpet.2026.104978
Astrocytes in systemic regulation of blood glucose and the development of type 2 diabetes
Wen, Z., Bai, P., Du, L., Zhao, Q., Yang, M., Shan, J., Hu, X., Min, J., Qiu, K., Liao, Y., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2026.1850636
Brain barriers as checkpoints in endocrine regulation of body homeostasis
Kang, D. Y., Lee, M. J., Kim, S. C., Park, S., An, J. H., Pyo, C. H., Kim, Y., Jeong, J., Park, Y., Yeo, M., et al. (2026) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x261444202
“146,147 This increased in BBB permeability is related to morphological changes in astrocytes in the mediobasal hypothalamus.”
Geysen, S., Brands, A. M. A., Schultz, H., Koenig, J., Tittgemeyer, M., & Peters, J. (2026) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag.a.1330
“VTA and NAc, core regions of the mesolimbic DA neurocircuitry, are modulated by ghrelin ( Abizaid et al., 2006; Al Massadi et al., 2019; Schulz et al., 2023; Stievenard et al., 2017).”
To eat or not to eat: that is the question!
Cooke, M. E., & Ross, R. (2026) · Open Biology · doi:10.1098/rsob.260119
Lactation increases food seeking and palatable feeding through mesolimbic dopamine signaling in mice
Pattnaik, T., Patel, V., Butts, J., Wang, B., Zheng, Q., Borrowman, E., Congdon, S., Villano, L., & Sweeney, P. R. (2026) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117720
Oraegbuna, C. S., Kola, P. K., Griggs, S. L., & Lei, S. (2026) · Advanced Biology · doi:10.1002/adbi.70145
Gaudino, R., Antoniazzi, F., Zaffanello, M., Pietrobelli, A., Zoller, T., Lanzafame, R., & Piacentini, G. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1804285
Prins, K., Meng, L., McLuskey, A., Huisman, M., Steenbergen, J., Delhanty, P. J. D., & Visser, J. A. (2026) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00108.2026
A hypothalamic circuit links hunger to mesolimbic dopamine to drive feedingPreprint
Bacharach, S. Z., Zappetti, K. A., Coutinho, L. D. O., Bacherer, A., Wahba, J. I., Schneps, H. M., Liu, Z.-W., Dietrich, M. O., & Alhadeff, A. L. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.09.10.750730
Self-citationBrain-body crosstalk in T2DM: An integrative framework from central sensing to peripheral feedback
Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., Fang, X., Zhao, X., Xiao, C., Fan, M., Zhang, Y., & Liu, Z. (2026) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106975
Self-citationBaenas, I., Camacho‐Barcia, L., Granero, R., Tamarit, S., Tovar, S. A., Sánchez, I., Diéguez, C., du Montcel, C. T., Gorwood, P. A. P. M., Ehrlich, S., et al. (2026) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-026-10096-9
BindingDB Entry 50045235: Small molecule ghrelin receptor inverse agonists and antagonists.
BindingDB (2016) · UC San Diego · doi:10.7270/q2542q74
Histaminergic regulation of appetite
Clapp, R. (2010) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)
MC3R and MC4R Knockdown via RNA Interference
Mankin, D. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/3088231
Neuromodulation and Synaptic Plasticity in the Dorsomedial Hypothalamus
Crosby, K. M. (2013) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/27085
Metadata
- Authors
- Abizaid, A., Liu, Z.-W., Andrews, Z. B., Shanabrough, M., Borok, E., Elsworth, J. D., Roth, R. H., Sleeman, M. W., Picciotto, M. R., Tschöp, M. H., Gao, X.-B., & Horvath, T. L.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Regeneron (United States) (US)
- University of Cincinnati (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 2006-12-01
- Volume
- 116
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 3229-3239
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2086950122
- Cited by
- 984
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 60 · 2013: 73 · 2012: 78
- FWCI
- 15.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Yale University
- Ipsen
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh057483-13, DK056863)
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Institute for Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Yale University
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (P50AA015632)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG022880, AG-022880)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01-MH057483, R01MH014092, MH014092, MH057483, R37MH014092)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK070723, DK-056863, DK-069987, DK 060711, DK 070723, P01DK056863, DK074386, R01DK069987, R01DK074386, R01DK060711)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS041725, NS-041725)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- ghrelin, ventral tegmental area, dopaminergic neurons, nucleus accumbens, synaptic plasticity, feeding behavior, appetite, mesolimbic reward circuitry, energy metabolism
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Animals, Appetite, Dopamine, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Male, Mesencephalon, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Neurons, Nucleus Accumbens, Time Factors, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Ventral Tegmental Area, Mice, Knockout, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Peptide Hormones, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, Mice, Rats, Ghrelin, Receptors, Ghrelin
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
