The DOI matches its Crossref record; 74 of the 74 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Asymmetry in the Duration of El Niño and La Niña
Abstract
El Niño and La Niña are not a simple mirror image, but exhibit significant differences in their spatial structure and seasonal evolution. In particular, sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over the equatorial Pacific cold tongue are larger in magnitude during El Niño compared to La Niña, resulting in positive skewness of interannual SST variations. The associated atmospheric deep convection anomalies are displaced eastward during El Niño compared to La Niña because of the nonlinear atmospheric response to SST. In addition to these well-known features, an analysis of observational data for the past century shows that there is a robust asymmetry in the duration of El Niño and La Niña. Most El Niños and La Niñas develop in late boreal spring/summer, when the climatological cold tongue is intensifying, and they peak near the end of the calendar year. After the mature phase, El Niños tend to decay rapidly by next summer, but many La Niñas persist through the following year and often reintensify in the subsequent winter. Throughout the analysis period, this asymmetric feature is evident for strong events in which Niño-3.4 SST anomalies exceed one standard deviation in December. Seasonally stratified composite analysis suggests that the eastward displacement of atmospheric deep convection anomalies during El Niño enables surface winds in the western equatorial Pacific to be more affected by remote forcing from the Indian Ocean, which acts to terminate the Pacific events.
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Cites
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NCEP–DOE AMIP-II reanalysis (R-2)
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Cited by
Cai, W., Santoso, A., Wang, G., Yeh, S.-W., An, S.-I., Cobb, K. M., Collins, M., Guilyardi, E., Jin, F.-F., Kug, J.-S., et al. (2015) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/nclimate2743 · Cited by 891
The Defining Characteristics of ENSO Extremes and the Strong 2015/2016 El Niño
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ENSO and Pacific Decadal Variability in the Community Climate System Model Version 4
Deser, C., Phillips, A. S., Tomas, R. A., Okumura, Y. M., Alexander, M. A., Capotondi, A., Scott, J. D., Kwon, Y.-O., & Ohba, M. (2012) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli-d-11-00301.1 · Cited by 328
Self-citationAnalysis of the non-linearity in the pattern and time evolution of El Niño southern oscillation
Dommenget, D., Bayr, T., & Frauen, C. (2013) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1475-0 · Cited by 252
Metadata
- Authors
- Okumura, Y. M., & Deser, C.
- Venue
- Journal of Climate
- Publisher
- American Meteorological Society
- Published
- 2010-11-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 5826-5843
- ISSN
- 0894-8755 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-0442
- OpenAlex
- W2082698062
- Cited by
- 411
- References
- 74
- FWCI
- 8.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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