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Eastern Pacific Emitted Aerosol Cloud Experiment
Open accessAbstract
Aerosol–cloud–radiation interactions are widely held to be the largest single source of uncertainty in climate model projections of future radiative forcing due to increasing anthropogenic emissions. The underlying causes of this uncertainty among modeled predictions of climate are the gaps in our fundamental understanding of cloud processes. There has been significant progress with both observations and models in addressing these important questions but quantifying them correctly is nontrivial, thus limiting our ability to represent them in global climate models. The Eastern Pacific Emitted Aerosol Cloud Experiment (E-PEACE) 2011 was a targeted aircraft campaign with embedded modeling studies, using the Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely-Piloted Aircraft Studies (CIRPAS) Twin Otter aircraft and the research vessel Point Sur in July and August 2011 off the central coast of California, with a full payload of instruments to measure particle and cloud number, mass, composition, and water uptake distributions. EPEACE used three emitted particle sources to separate particle-induced feedbacks from dynamical variability, namely 1) shipboard smoke-generated particles with 0.05–1-μm diameters (which produced tracks measured by satellite and had drop composition characteristic of organic smoke), 2) combustion particles from container ships with 0.05–0.2-μm diameters (which were measured in a variety of conditions with droplets containing both organic and sulfate components), and 3) aircraft-based milled salt particles with 3–5-μm diameters (which showed enhanced drizzle rates in some clouds). The aircraft observations were consistent with past large-eddy simulations of deeper clouds in ship tracks and aerosol– cloud parcel modeling of cloud drop number and composition, providing quantitative constraints on aerosol effects on warm-cloud microphysics.
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“the first MCB field trial (E-PEACE) took place in 2011”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“E-PEACE reported variability in droplet activation efficiency due to uncertainties in organic aerosol hygroscopicity and chemical aging processes (Russell et al., 2013)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“E-PEACE highlighted discrepancies in simulating aerosol-cloud interactions, particularly in resolving how particle composition and updraft variability modulate droplet activation and the non-linear feedback between aerosol-induced precipitation changes and boundary layer dynamics (Russell et al., 2013)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, scalability was a shared consideration, with E-PEACE and GBR trials testing incremental deployment strategies (e.g., earlier small-scale spray systems for GBR) and the UoW systematically scaling nozzle arrays to assess operational feasibility (Russell et al., 2013; Wood et al., 2024)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“E-PEACE relied on localized, crosswind plumes of emitted particles to minimize lasting impacts (Russell et al., 2013)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“EPEACEemphasized operational flexibility, adjusting ship headings or smoke generator maintenance schedules to align with shifting cloud conditions (Russell et al., 2013)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Satellite and aircraft observations indicated that perturbed cloud properties (e.g., droplet number, albedo) dissipated rapidly as wind dispersed the aerosol plumes, with cloud systems returning to background states (Russell et al., 2013)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“E-PEACE's approach focused on leveraging meteorological conditions (e.g., crosswind dispersion, which refers to the rapid mixing and dilution of the seeded aerosol plume perpendicular to the wind direction) to create localized aerosol plumes, enabling targeted study of aerosol-cloud interactions while minimizing uncontrolled environmental impacts (Russell et al., 2013)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These pauses ensured measurements reflected controlled perturbations rather than confounding environmental shifts (Russell et al., 2013)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“EPEACE achieved this through Passive Cavity Aerosol Spectrometer Probe (PCASP) real-time measurement thresholds for aerosol size and concentration (80-200 cm -3 ) (Russell et al., 2013)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“For the E-PEACE campaign, while no explicit social license frameworks were mentioned in the study, as previously mentioned, it was designed as a fundamental aerosol-cloud interaction experiment (not an SRM trial), the project maintained scientific transparency through peer-reviewed publication of methodologies and results (Russell et al., 2013)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“All three campaigns also integrated real-time or near-real-time observational tools, such as satellite remote sensing (E-PEACE), miniaturized sensors and lidar (UoW), and airborne cloud probes (GBR), to track aerosol plumes and validate dispersion models (Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024, 2025; Russell et al., 2013; Wood et al., 2024)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“after Flight 3's data corruption (13 July 2011), E-PEACE compensated by prioritizing ship-based aerosol measurements from a research vessel (R/V Point Sur) and satellite retrievals (MODIS/GOES) to fill observational gaps, ensuring continuity in tracking aerosol-cloud interactions (Russell et al., 2013)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“E-PEACE campaign documented interactions between drizzle formation, liquid water path variability, and updraft heterogeneity, obscuring aerosol-cloud interactions (Russell et al., 2013)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“All three experiments incorporated real-time aerosol or cloud property thresholds, such as plume overconcentration (particle densities exceeding natural marine levels due to poor dispersion or excessive emissions), to trigger protocol adjustments ( > 50,000 cm -3 in GBR) (Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024); an excessive fraction of GCCN ( > 0.2%) in UoW trials (Wood et al., 2024), or the PCAS”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“MCB experiments, including E-PEACE (2011) and the Great Barrier Reef trials (2020-ongoing), advanced understanding of aerosol-cloud interactions under controlled conditions.”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“E-PEACE's feasibility hinged on a multi-platform approach, combining ship, aircraft, and satellite data to capture aerosol-cloud interactions in a natural marine environment (Russell et al., 2013)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, these studies faced challenges in isolating seeding effects from meteorological noise, particularly in resolving non-linear feedbacks between aerosol perturbations, cloud dynamics, and precipitation processes (Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024, 2025; Russell et al., 2013).”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“E-PEACE used smoke generators and aircraft-dispersed milled salt particles (3-5 μm) as giant cloud condensation nuclei (GCCN) to impact cloud microphysics (Russell et al., 2013)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“they targeted persistent stratocumulus cloud layers for stable, repeatable conditions”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Results revealed that aerosol perturbations increased cloud reflectivity (e.g., ∼ 14%-15% brighter ship tracks) and modified precipitation processes, with implications for understanding anthropogenic aerosol impacts on marine clouds and climate (Russell et al., 2013).”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“E-PEACE emphasized resolving non-linear feedback between aerosol perturbations, cloud dynamics, and boundary layer processes to improve climate models (Russell et al., 2013)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“EPEACE used CPCs and aerosol mass spectrometers (AMS) to track particle composition and number (Russell et al., 2013)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“All three experiments also employed remote sensing tools, such as satellite imagery (MODIS, GOES) or lidar (miniMPL), to contextualize aerosol plumes within larger atmospheric structures, enabling multi-scale analysis of perturbations as described in the integration of lidar, aircraft, and modeling tools (Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024; Russell et al., 2013; Wood et al., 2024)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“E-PEACE faced challenges in reliably locating the seeded aerosol plumes to sample within them.”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
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Hersey, S. P., Sorooshian, A., Murphy, S. M., Flagan, R. C., & Seinfeld, J. H. (2009) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-9-2543-2009 · Cited by 72
Self-citationCloud–Aerosol Interactions from the Micro to the Cloud Scale
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Effect of Aerosol on the Susceptibility and Efficiency of Precipitation in Warm Trade Cumulus Clouds
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Self-citationDetection of the Climate Response to the Solar Cycle
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Limitation on Oxygen Concentration in a Primitive Planetary Atmosphere
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MODIS Observations of Ship Tracks in Summertime Stratus off the West Coast of the United States
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A Quest for Effective Hygroscopic Cloud Seeding
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Response of a Subtropical Stratocumulus-Capped Mixed Layer to Climate and Aerosol Changes
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Size- and Composition-Resolved Externally Mixed Aerosol Model
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Self-citationAerosol dynamics in ship tracks
(1999) · Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/1999jd900985 · Cited by 44
Self-citationOrganic aerosol effects on fog droplet spectra
Ming, Y., & Russell, L. M. (2004) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2003jd004427 · Cited by 40
Self-citationParameterization of cloud droplet size distributions: Comparison with parcel models and observations
Hsieh, W. C., Nenes, A., Flagan, R. C., Seinfeld, J. H., Buzorius, G., & Jonsson, H. H. (2009) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2008jd011387 · Cited by 38
Self-citationHegg, D. A., Covert, D. S., Jonsson, H. H., & Woods, R. K. (2012) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-12-1229-2012 · Cited by 38
Self-citationDistinct CCN activation kinetics above the marine boundary layer along the California coast
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Self-citationSandu, I., Brenguier, J. L., Thouron, O., & Stevens, B. (2009) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-9-4039-2009 · Cited by 33
Measurements of size-resolved hygroscopicity in the California coastal zone
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Self-citationCloud seeding as a technique for studying aerosol‐cloud interactions in marine stratocumulus
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Analytic Studies of Cloud Droplet Coalescence I
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Russell, L. M., Sorooshian, A., Seinfeld, J. H., Albrecht, B. A., Nenes, A., Ahlm, L., Chen, Y.-C., Coggon, M., Craven, J. S., Flagan, R. C., Frossard, A. A., Jonsson, H., Jung, E., Lin, J. J., Metcalf, A. R., Modini, R., Mülmenstädt, J., Roberts, G., Shingler, T., Song, S., Wang, Z., & Wonaschütz, A.
- Affiliations
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Miami (US)
- Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
- Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely-Piloted Aerosol Studies, Marina, California
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
- Publisher
- American Meteorological Society
- Published
- 2013-05-01
- Volume
- 94
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 709-729
- ISSN
- 0003-0007 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-0477
- OpenAlex
- W2124476609
- Cited by
- 121
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 7
- FWCI
- 7.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (publishedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Calhoun: The Naval Postgraduate School Institutional Archive (Naval Postgraduate School) (submittedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0744636, 0349015, 1013319, 1008848, 1013381, 1013423, 0821599)
- Office of Naval Research (N00014-10-1-0811, N00014-11-1-0783, N00014-10-1-0200, N00014)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations
- Keywords
- aerosol-cloud interactions, aerosol-cloud-radiation interactions, ship track, marine boundary layer clouds, warm cloud microphysics, cloud droplet number concentration, drizzle, combustion particles, sulfate, water absorption, radiative forcing, aircraft observations, large eddy simulation
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