Long-term benzodiazepine users 3 years after participation in a discontinuation program
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Clinical status and use of benzodiazepines and other psychotropic drugs at follow-up were assessed in patients who had been chronically dependent on benzodiazepines and had been referred for participation in a discontinuation study. METHOD: Of 123 benzodiazepine-dependent patients screened for entry into a tapered discontinuation program, 48 had completed the program, 38 had not, and 37 had not undergone drug tapering. Follow-up information was obtained through a structured telephone interview and a mail questionnaire that included a global severity scale assessing anxiety and depression and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist. The time to follow-up was 2.7-5.0 years, and the mean +/- SD interval between screening and follow-up was 2.9 +/- 0.9 years. RESULTS: Outcome at follow-up significantly favored the patients who had completed the discontinuation program; 73% were not using benzodiazepines, compared to 39% in the unsuccessful taper group and 14% in the no-taper group. Moderate or marked anxiety was still reported by 35% of the patients who were taking benzodiazepines and 25% of those who were not. At follow-up, 22% of the patients were being treated with nonbenzodiazepine psychotropic agents, primarily antidepressants. CONCLUSIONS: The high percentage of patients who were benzodiazepine-free at follow-up and the continued anxiety and depression present in many patients suggest that some patients may have been taking benzodiazepines because of chronic or recurrent anxiety or depression, not physical dependence.
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In Rickels 1991, anxiety and depression levels were significantly lower for patients who had discontinued benzodiazepines versus those taking benzodiazepines.
“Anxiety and depression levels were significantly lower for patients who had d/c BZD versus those taking BZD”
From Long-term neurological consequences following benzodiazepine exposure: A scoping review (2025) · cites this paper as [63]
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- Authors
- Rickels, K., CASE, W. G., Schweizer, E. E., España, F. G., & Fridman, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 1991-06-01
- Volume
- 148
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 757-761
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W2406339002
- Cited by
- 87
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 3.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1f31mh009857-01)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-09857)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- benzodiazepine dependence, benzodiazepine tapering, long-term follow-up, anxiety, depression, psychotropic drug use, antidepressants
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Benzodiazepines, Chronic Disease, Depressive Disorder, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Recurrence, Regression Analysis, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Substance-Related Disorders
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