Cited by 1,098Sleep and related disordersPsychotherapy Techniques and ApplicationsAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Nonpharmacological interventions for insomnia: a meta-analysis of treatment efficacy

Charles M. Morin, J P Culbert, S M Schwartz·1994·American Journal of Psychiatry

DOI 10.1176/ajp.151.8.1172

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Because of the role of psychological factors in insomnia, the shortcomings of hypnotic medications, and patients' greater acceptance of nonpharmacological treatments for insomnia, the authors conducted a meta-analysis to examine the efficacy and durability of psychological treatments for the clinical management of chronic insomnia. METHOD: A total of 59 treatment outcome studies, involving 2,102 patients, were selected for review on the basis of the following criteria: 1) the primary target problem was sleep-onset, maintenance, or mixed insomnia, 2) the treatment was nonpharmacological, 3) the study used a group design, and 4) the outcome measures included sleep-onset latency, time awake after sleep onset, number of nighttime awakenings, or total sleep time. RESULTS: Psychological interventions, averaging 5.0 hours of therapy time, produced reliable changes in two of the four sleep measures examined. The average effect sizes (i.e., z scores) were 0.88 for sleep latency and 0.65 for time awake after sleep onset. These results indicate that patients with insomnia were better off after treatment than 81% and 74% of untreated control subjects in terms of sleep induction and sleep maintenance, respectively. Stimulus control and sleep restriction were the most effective single therapy procedures, whereas sleep hygiene education was not effective when used alone. Clinical improvements seen at treatment completion were well maintained at follow-ups averaging 6 months in duration. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that nonpharmacological interventions produce reliable and durable changes in the sleep patterns of patients with chronic insomnia.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1176/ajp.151.8.1172

Cites

37 of 37 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Cohen, J. (2013) · doi:10.4324/9780203771587 · Cited by 25,373
Meta-analysis in social research
(1982) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/0149-7189(82)90011-8 · Cited by 3,896
Epidemiologic study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders. An opportunity for prevention?
Ford, D. E. (1989) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.262.11.1479 · Cited by 2,440
Untitled work
(1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,324
Self-citation
Epidemiologic Study of Sleep Disturbances and Psychiatric Disorders: An Opportunity for Prevention?
Ford, D. E. (1989) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03430110069030 · Cited by 2,252
The benefits of psychotherapy
Smith, M. L., Glass, G. V., & Miller, T. I. (1980) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,123
Insomnia and Its Treatment: Prevalence and Correlates
Mellinger, G. D. (1985) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790260019002 · Cited by 1,071
Stimulus Control Instructions
Bootzin, R. R., Epstein, D. R., & Wood, J. M. (1991) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9586-8_2 · Cited by 307
Cognitive-behavior therapy for late-life insomnia.
Morin, C. M., Kowatch, R. A., Barry, T., & Walton, E. (1993) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.61.1.137 · Cited by 274
Self-citation

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 32 references

Research works printed but not linked: 11

Mellinger GD, Baiter MB
Bixler EO, 1979, Behav Med, 6, 1
S. Gallup Organization, 1991, Sleep in America
Espie CA, 1991, The Psychological Treatment oflnsomnia
Turner RM, 1983, Failures in Behavioral Therapy
Bootzin RR, 1991, New York
Spielman AJ, 1987, Sleep, 10, 45
Glass GV, McGaw B
American Sleep Disorders Association, 1990, ASDA
Anderson MW, 1988, Sleep Res, 17, 141
10.1037/0022-006X.55.2.260 · DOI

Sorted by citations

Items 501–600 of 1,002

Challenges and Considerations for Managing Suicide Risk in Combat Zones
Bryan, C. J., Kanzler, K. E., Durham, T. L., West, C. L., & Greene, E. (2010) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-09-00248 · Cited by 22
Does cognitive-behavioural therapy improve sleep outcomes in individuals with traumatic brain injury: a scoping review
Ludwig, R. L., Vaduvathiriyan, P., & Siengsukon, C. F. (2020) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2020.1831070 · Cited by 22
Public health impact and treatment of insomnia
Dement, W. C., & Pelayo, R. (1997) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(97)80018-1 · Cited by 22
“BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS A meta-analysis of nonpharmacological treatments for insomnia found that behavioral interventions produce reliable and durable improvements in sleep patterns (Morin et al, 1994).”
Behavioral Treatment of Insomnia: The Wilford Hall Insomnia Program
Hryshko‐Mullen, A., Broeckl, L. S., Haddock, C. K., & Peterson, A. L. (2000) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/165.3.200 · Cited by 22
PALLIATIVE CARE
Newshan, G., & Sherman, D. W. (1999) · Nursing Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0029-6465(22)02366-0 · Cited by 22
NHG-Standaard Slaapproblemen en slaapmiddelen
Neven, A. K., Lucassen, P. L., Bonsema, K., Teunissen, H., Verduijn, M. M., & Bouma, M. (2009) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-313-6614-9_30 · Cited by 21
Co-occurrence of Insomnia and Anxiety Disorders: A Review of the Literature
Marcks, B. A., & Weisberg, R. B. (2009) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827609334681 · Cited by 21
“Insomnia is one of the most common complaints presenting to health care providers.(11) The primary care setting is in fact where the majority of those with insomnia receive treatment.”
Background
Insomnia
Morin, C. M., & Benca, R. M. (2010) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-52007-4.00004-7 · Cited by 22
Self-citation
Eszopiclone
Halas, C. J. (2005) · American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy · doi:10.2146/ajhp050357 · Cited by 21
Applying Sleep Research to University Students: Recommendations for Developing a Student Sleep Education Program
Brown, F. C., & Buboltz, W. C. (2002) · Journal of college student development · Cited by 21
Evaluating the dodo's verdict: Do all interventions have equivalent outcomes?
Reid, W. J. (1997) · Social Work Research · doi:10.1093/swr/21.1.5 · Cited by 21
Sleep: A behavioral account.
Blampied, N. M., & Bootzin, R. R. (2012) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/13938-017 · Cited by 21
Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia to reduce cannabis use: Results from a pilot randomized controlled trial
Arnedt, J. T., Conroy, D. A., Stewart, H. J., Yeagley, E. E., Bowyer, G. E., Bohnert, K. M., & Ilgen, M. A. (2023) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109835 · Cited by 22
A multi-site randomized clinical trial to reduce suicidal ideation in suicidal adult outpatients with Major Depressive Disorder: Development of a methodology to enhance safety
McCall, W. V., Benca, R. M., Rosenquist, P. B., Riley, M. A., Hodges, C., Gubosh, B., McCloud, L., Newman, J. C., Case, D., Rumble, M. E., et al. (2015) · Clinical Trials · doi:10.1177/1740774515573958 · Cited by 20
“approaches to treating insomnia include Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved hypnotic medications(22) and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia.(23) While both treatments are effective, hypnotics work faster but then may lose effectiveness when they are withdrawn, while cognitive behavior therapy has a slow…”
Background
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia Monotherapy in Patients with Medical or Psychiatric Comorbidities: a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Zhou, F., Yang, Y., Wang, Y.-Y., Rao, W., Zhang, S.-F., Zeng, L., Zheng, W., Ng, C. H., Ungvari, G. S., Zhang, L., et al. (2020) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-020-09820-8 · Cited by 22
Sleep health management in community pharmacy: Where are we and where should we be heading?
Basheti, M. M., Gordon, C. J., Bawa, Z., Grunstein, R. R., & Saini, B. (2021) · Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.02.011 · Cited by 21
Die Bedeutung des Schlafs für gesunde Alkoholkonsumenten und alkoholabhängige Patienten
Gann, P. H., van Calker, D., Feige, B., & Riemann, D. (2004) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-003-1637-8 · Cited by 16
High-Yield Cognitive-Behavior Therapy for Brief Sessions
Wright, J. H., Sudak, D. M., Turkington, D., & Thase, M. E. (2010) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615370924 · Cited by 22
Meta-Analysis: Melatonin for the Treatment of Primary Sleep Disorders
Ferracioli-Oda, E., Qawasmi, A., & Bloch, M. H. (2018) · Focus · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.16101 · Cited by 18
Treatment of chronic primary sleep onset insomnia with Kundalini yoga: a randomized controlled trial with active sleep hygiene comparison
Khalsa, S. B. S., & Goldstein, M. R. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.9320 · Cited by 23
“This study focused on sleep-onset insomnia due to the evidence that relaxation-based treatments have been more effective at improving SOL compared to sleep maintenance parameters, 9,10 as well as the advantage of increasing homogeneity of the clinical sample in this small trial study.”
Impact of a Novel Valerian Extract on Sleep Quality, Relaxation, and GABA/Serotonin Receptor Activity in a Murine Model
Şahin, K., Gençoğlu, H., Korkusuz, A. K., Orhan, C., Aldatmaz, İ. E., Erten, F., Er, B., Morde, A. A., Padigaru, M., & Kılıç, E. (2024) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox13060657 · Cited by 19
“While benzodiazepines are beneficial for insomnia, the clinical benefit is minimal (less than 1 h of additional sleep) and comparable to that of exercise therapy alone [6].”
Background
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) for an Adult With Multiple Sclerosis
Majendie, C. M. A., Dysch, L., & Carrigan, N. (2016) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650116674594 · Cited by 22
Current Validated Medical Treatments for Tinnitus
McKenna, L., Vogt, F., & Marks, E. M. (2020) · Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.otc.2020.03.007 · Cited by 20
Sleep Disruption During Pregnancy
Sloan, E. P. (2008) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2007.10.009 · Cited by 19
What predicts patients’ perceptions of improvement in insomnia?
Vincent, N., PENNER, S., & Lewycky, S. T. (2006) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2006.00529.x · Cited by 19
Sleep duration buffers diurnal cortisol increases in older adulthood
Rueggeberg, R., Wrosch, C., & Miller, G. E. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.11.012 · Cited by 21
“If restorative sleep can down-regulate increases in cortisol levels, clinical interventions should target older adults’ sleep patterns (e.g., Morin et al., 1994).”
Insomnia and Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in Elderly People: A Systematic Review
Salvemini, A., D’Onofrio, G., Ciccone, F., Greco, A., Tullio, A. D., Addante, F., Sancarlo, D., Vendemiale, G., Serviddio, G., Ricciardi, F., et al. (2019) · Medical Sciences · doi:10.3390/medsci7060070 · Cited by 21
“Among these the cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBTi) has strong empirical evidence [21].”
Background
Brief Behavioral Treatment of Insomnia
Germain, A., & Buysse, D. J. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-381522-4.00015-8 · Cited by 19
A brief behavior therapy administered by correspondence improves sleep and sleep-related behavior in poor sleepers
ADACHI, Y., Sato, C., KUNITSUKA, K., Hayama, J., & Doi, Y. (2008) · Sleep and Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1111/j.1479-8425.2007.00329.x · Cited by 19
Psychological and Behavioral Treatments for Secondary Insomnias
Lichstein, K. L., Nau, S. D., McCrae, C. S., & Stone, K. C. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-72-160797-7/50069-0 · Cited by 19
Identifying the Demographic and Mental Health Factors That Influence Insomnia Treatment Recommendations Within a Veteran Population
Bramoweth, A. D., Renqvist, J. G., Hanusa, B. H., Walker, J. D., Germain, A., & Atwood, C. W. (2017) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2017.1318752 · Cited by 18
Psychological and Behavioral Treatments for Insomnia I
Morin, C. M. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-6645-3.00079-7 · Cited by 18
Self-citation
Behavioral Sleep Medicine: A Historical Perspective
Stepanski, E. J. (2003) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15402010bsm0101_3 · Cited by 18
Diagnosis and management of insomnia
Roth, T. G. (2000) · Clinical cornerstone · doi:10.1016/s1098-3597(00)90038-3 · Cited by 18
Assessment and treatment for insomnia and fatigue in the symptomatic menopausal woman with psychiatric comorbidity
Alexander, J. L., Neylan, T. C., Kotz, K. J., Dennerstein, L., Richardson, G., & Rosenbaum, R. L. (2007) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.7.11s.s139 · Cited by 19
Insomnia
Epstein, D. R., & Bootzin, R. R. (2002) · Nursing Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0029-6465(02)00028-2 · Cited by 18
Psychopharmacology
Cowen, P. J. (1998) · Comprehensive Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1016/b0080-4270(73)00248-0 · Cited by 17
Optimizing computation of overnight decline in delta power: Evidence for slower rate of decline in delta power in insomnia patients
Lunsford‐Avery, J. R., Edinger, J. D., & Krystal, A. D. (2020) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2020.12.004 · Cited by 17
Developing and Testing a Web-Based Provider Training for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy of Insomnia
Taylor, D. J., Dietch, J. R., Pruiksma, K. E., Calhoun, C. D., Milanak, M. E., Wardle‐Pinkston, S., Rheingold, A. A., Ruggiero, K. J., Bunnell, B. E., & Wilkerson, A. K. (2021) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usaa359 · Cited by 19
“org includes: (1) video introductions to the technique provided by internationally recognized experts in that topic; (2) an overview of the module’s learning objectives; (3) a description of each intervention technique and step-by-step instructions for how to implement them, including sample scripts and handouts that…”
The guidelines for ‘non-restorative sleep’: Relevance for the diagnosis and therapy of insomnia
Riemann, D., Fischer, J., Mayer, G., & Peter, H. J. (2003) · Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin · doi:10.1046/j.1439-054x.2003.03201.x · Cited by 17
Predictors of Perceived Sleep Quality Among Men and Women With Insomnia
Woosley, J. A., Lichstein, K. L., Taylor, D. J., Riedel, B. W., & Bush, A. J. (2012) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2012.666218 · Cited by 17
“Furthermore, because SE and NWAK were important predictors of SQR in men and women, interventions that decrease sleep fragmentation (such as stimulus control and sleep restriction) that have been shown to be superior to relaxation for reducing WASO would be helpful (Morin et al., 1994).”
Background
Tackling sleeplessness: Psychological treatment options for insomnia
McCrae, C. S. (2010) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s7063 · Cited by 18
“34 Differential effects of the treatment approaches were found in some of the reviews, with the most effective treatments overall being stimulus control 30,33 and combination treatments, 32,33 with lower effectiveness reported for paradoxical intention.”
Influential
Cognitive Behavior Therapies for Insomnia I
Morin, C. M., Davidson, J. R., & Beaulieu‐Bonneau, S. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-24288-2.00085-4 · Cited by 18
Self-citation
Sleep Disturbance in Palliative Care
Hajjar, R. R. (2007) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2007.08.003 · Cited by 17
Utilizing Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia to Facilitate Discontinuation of Sleep Medication in Chronic Insomnia Patients
Ong, J. C., & Suh, S. A. (2012) · Sleep Medicine Research · doi:10.17241/smr.2012.3.1.1 · Cited by 17
Making Space for the Quality Care
Zhu, H., Luo, Y., & Choe, E. K. (2017) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3025453.3025549 · Cited by 17
Brief behavioral treatment for insomnia improves psychosocial functioning in veterans: results from a randomized controlled trial
Maguen, S., Gloria, R., Huggins, J., Goldstein, L. A., Kanady, J. C., Straus, L. D., Metzler, T. J., Lujan, C., & Neylan, T. C. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa205 · Cited by 19
Médecine comportementale
Cottraux, J. A. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-70814-5.00019-1 · Cited by 17
Insomnien
Riemann, D. W., & Hajak, G. (2009) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-009-2746-9 · Cited by 17
Exploring the Complexity of Sleep Disturbances in Persons With HIV/AIDS
Nokes, K. M., Chidekel, J. H., & Kendrew, J. (1999) · Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care · doi:10.1016/s1055-3290(05)60117-3 · Cited by 17
Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia helps to reverse cognitive impairment in insomnia patients
Roniger, D. D. G., Arana-Lechuga, Y., Esqueda-León, E., Robles, R. O. G., Escandón, Ó. S., Terán-Pérez, G., & Moctezuma, J. V. (2022) · Sleep Science · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20210026 · Cited by 16
“CBT-I includes different kind of techniques that improve sleep parameters, such as sleep latency (SOL), number of awakenings (NWAK), wake after sleep onset (WASO), time in bed (TIB), total sleep time (TST), and sleep efficiency (SE) 12-15 .”
Background
Sequential psychological and pharmacological therapies for comorbid and primary insomnia: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Morin, C. M., Edinger, J. D., Krystal, A. D., Buysse, D. J., Beaulieu‐Bonneau, S., & Ivers, H. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1242-3 · Cited by 16
“Metaanalyses and systematic reviews [22, 27, 34, 35] indicate that such treatments produce moderate to large improvements in sleep onset latency (effect sizes = .”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Psychological and Behavioral Treatments for Insomnia II
Edinger, J. D., Leggett, M. K., Carney, C. E., & Manber, R. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-24288-2.00086-6 · Cited by 17
A school-based sleep hygiene education program for adolescents in Japan: a large-scale comparative intervention study
Otsuka, Y., Kaneita, Y., Itani, O., & Tokiya, M. (2019) · Sleep and Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1007/s41105-019-00240-1 · Cited by 16
Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: protocol for the randomised, single-blinded, parallel-group Sleep-RA trial
Latocha, K. M., Løppenthin, K. B., Østergaard, M., Jennum, P., Christensen, R., Hetland, M. L., Røgind, H., Lundbak, T., Midtgaard, J., & Esbensen, B. A. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-04282-6 · Cited by 19
Insomnia and Its Comorbidities in Chronic Kidney Disease
Violani, C. (2006) · Seminars in Nephrology · doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2005.06.013 · Cited by 16
A Cognitive-Behavioural Group Intervention for People with Chronic Insomnia: An Initial Evaluation
Green, A., Hicks, J., Weekes, R., & Wilson, S. J. (2005) · British Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1177/030802260506801106 · Cited by 16
“An interest in nonpharmacological methods to manage insomnia, which have been found to be more effective in the long term than medication (Morin et al 1994, Jacobs et al 2004), led to the establishment of a group programme by a psychiatrist and a sleep scientist.”
Background
Treating insomnia disorder in the context of medical and psychiatric comorbidities
Grandner, M. A., & Perlis, M. L. (2015) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.3015 · Cited by 15
Relaxation for Insomnia
Lichstein, K. L., Taylor, D. J., McCrae, C. S., & Thomas, S. J. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-381522-4.00004-3 · Cited by 15
A feasibility and acceptability study of cognitive behavioural treatment for insomnia in adolescents with traumatic brain injury: A–B with follow up design, randomized baseline, and replication across participants
Lah, S. S., Phillips, N. L., Palermo, T. M., Bartlett, D. J., Epps, A., Teng, A. Y., Brookes, N., Parry, L., & Naismith, S. L. (2019) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2019.1693404 · Cited by 15
Sleep impairment is related to health-related quality of life among caregivers of lower-functioning traumatic brain injury survivors.
Carlozzi, N. E., Boileau, N. R., Hanks, R. A., Sander, A. M., Nakase‐Richardson, R., & Massengale, J. (2020) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/rep0000334 · Cited by 16
Insônia na menopausa e perimenopausa: características clínicas e opções terapêuticas
Soares, C. N. (2006) · Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo) · doi:10.1590/s0101-60832006000200010 · Cited by 15
Predictors of improvement in subjective sleep quality reported by older adults following group-based cognitive behavior therapy for sleep maintenance and early morning awakening insomnia
Lovato, N., Lack, L. C., Wright, H., & Kennaway, D. J. (2013) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2013.05.008 · Cited by 15
“The current treatment of choice for insomnia is cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), which consistently produces significant improvements in most sleep variables including wake after sleep onset (WASO) and sleep efficiency (SE) [13–15] for 70–80% of patients [16,17].”
The efficacy of Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT) as related to sleep quality and hyperarousal level in the treatment of primary insomnia.
Gałuszko‐Węgielnik, M., Jakuszkowiak‐Wojten, K., Wiglusz, M. S., Cubała, W. J., & Landowski, J. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 15
The diagnosis of primary insomnia and treatment alternatives
Perlis, M. L., & Youngstedt, S. D. (2000) · Comprehensive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12019-000-0033-6 · Cited by 15
Pharmacologic Management of Chronic Insomnia
Taylor, J. R., Vázquez, C., & Campbell, K. M. (2006) · Southern medical journal (Birmingham, Ala. Print) · doi:10.1097/01.smj.0000243131.25116.bd · Cited by 14
“Chronic insomnia affects about 10 to 15% of the US adult population.(1,2) Despite the common occurrence of insomnia, it is under recognized, under diagnosed, and as a result, under treated.”
Background
Treatment feasibility of a digital tool for brief self‐help behavioural therapy for insomnia ( FastAsleep )
Jernelöv, S., Forsell, E., Westman, H., Dufva, Y. E., Lindefors, N., Kaldo, V., & Kraepelien, M. (2022) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13759 · Cited by 16
“…standalone interventions (Bootzin & Epstein, 2011; Edinger et al., 2021; Harvey et al., 2002; Kaldo et al., 2015; Miller et al., 2014; Morin, 2011; Morin et al., 1994, 2006, 2015), and they are commonly included in brief therapies for insomnia (Edinger et al., 2021), and are thus strong…”
Background
A Meditation Based Cognitive Therapy (HMBCT) for Primary Insomnia: A Treatment Feasibility Pilot Study
Behera, C. K., Reddy, T. K., Behera, L., Birbaumer, N., & Ika, K. (2023) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-023-09586-2 · Cited by 14
Efficacy of an Internet-Delivered Intervention for Improving Insomnia Severity and Functioning in Veterans: Randomized Controlled Trial
Nazem, S., Barnes, S. M., Forster, J. E., Hostetter, T. A., Monteith, L. L., Kramer, E. B., Gaeddert, L. A., & Brenner, L. A. (2023) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/50516 · Cited by 15
Sleep hygiene and problem behaviors in snoring and non-snoring school-age children
Witcher, L. A., Gozal, D., Molfese, D. L., Salathe, S. M., Spruyt, K., & Crabtree, V. M. (2012) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2012.03.013 · Cited by 17
“Similarly, when children do not get sufficient sleep they become fatigued, irritable, and emotionally unstable [26,39], which significantly impacts daytime functioning and has important implications for school performance and social adjustment.”
Background
INSOMNIO, ANSIEDAD Y DEPRESIÓN EN EL PACIENTE ONCOLÓGICO
Maté-Méndez, J., Hollenstein, M. F., & Gil, F. (2004) · Complutensian Scientific Journals (Complutense University of Madrid) · doi:10.5209/rev_psic.2004.v1.n2.17109 · Cited by 14
“Algunos estudios han demostrado la eficacia a largo plazo de este tipo de psicoterapia para el insomnio, confirmado por la satisfacción referida por los pacientes(20).”
Background
Medicinal Plants Combating Against Insomnia
Akram, M., Daniyal, M., Munir, N., Mohiuddin, E., & Sultana, S. (2019) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001052 · Cited by 14
“Numerous prescribed drugs are administered for the treatment of insomnia (Morin et al., 1994; Morin et al., 1999).”
Background
Do emotional distress and functional problems in persons with traumatic brain injury contribute to perceived sleep-related impairment in caregivers?
Kratz, A. L., Boileau, N. R., Sander, A. M., Nakase‐Richardson, R., Hanks, R. A., Massengale, J., Miner, J. A., & Carlozzi, N. E. (2020) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/rep0000327 · Cited by 15
“Fortunately, sleep disturbances, such as poor sleep quality, and sleep disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea and insomnia, are readily treatable (Morin et al., 1994), and treatments can result in significant downstream improvements in associated physical and mental health (Montgomery & Dennis, 2003; Morin et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for insomnia
Wang, C., Deng, C., Han, Q., Zhu, D.-L., Li, Z.-M., & Li, J. (2021) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000026678 · Cited by 9
“The evaluation of CBT-I to treat insomnia has been summarized in metaanalytic studies that showed that CBT-I has a positive impact on both insomnia complaints and comorbid symptoms.([9,10])”
Who to Refer to a Behavioral Insomnia Clinic? — Recommendations Based on Treatment Rationale and Response Prediction
Cho, H. J., Kremer, S., & Young, J. (2021) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-021-00220-3 · Cited by 15
An Evidence-Based Review of Insomnia Treatment in Early Recovery
Kaplan, K. A., McQuaid, J. R., Primich, C., & Rosenlicht, N. Z. (2014) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000052 · Cited by 14
“Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia has been established as an effective treatment in multiple meta-analyses (eg, Morin et al., 1994; Murtagh and Greenwood, 1995; Montgomery and Dennis, 2003; Irwin et al., 2006) and a review conducted by the Standards of Practice Committee of the American…”
Method
Efficacy of a short-term psychoeducational intervention for persistent non-organic insomnia in severely mentally ill patients. A pilot study
Biancosino, B., Rocchi, D., Donà, S., Kotrotsiou, V., Marmai, L., & Grassi, L. (2006) · European psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.03.005 · Cited by 12
Perioperative sleep disturbances in older adults: a scoping review of epidemiology and treatment
Guo, H., Li, L., Xiao, F., & Xie, Y. (2025) · European Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1007/s41999-025-01238-4 · Cited by 13
Advancing the Safety, Health, and Well-Being of Commercial Driving Teams Who Sleep in Moving Semi-Trucks
Olson, R., Johnson, P. W., Shea, S. A., Marino, M., Rimby, J., Womak, K., Wang, F., Springer, R. J., Donovan, C., & Rice, S. P. M. (2020) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000002063 · Cited by 13
“Sleep hygiene education, while typically insufficient as a stand-alone sleep intervention, is a common element of effective multicomponent sleep programs for treating insomnia.(45) Examples of traditionally accepted sleep hygiene practices for the general population include limiting activities in bed to sleep and sex,…”
Background
Brief behavioral treatment for insomnia decreases trauma-related nightmare frequency in veterans
Ranney, R. M., Gloria, R., Metzler, T. J., Huggins, J., Neylan, T. C., & Maguen, S. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.10002 · Cited by 14
“13,33 A manualized 4-session version of PMRT was developed that matched the BBTI treatment for session duration and type (ie, in-person vs by telephone).”
Chronic moderate sleep restriction in older long sleepers and older average duration sleepers: A randomized controlled trial
Youngstedt, S. D., Jean‐Louis, G., Bootzin, R. R., Kripke, D. F., Cooper, J., Dean, L. R., Catao, F., James, S., Vining, C., Williams, N. J., et al. (2013) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2013.06.014 · Cited by 13
“It is noteworthy that sleep restriction therapy is one of themost effective treatments for primary insomnia [80], which is often associated with excessive time in bed in an attempt to compensate for insomnia.”
Internet-guided cognitive, behavioral and chronobiological interventions in depression-prone insomnia subtypes: protocol of a randomized controlled prevention trial
Leerssen, J., Foster‐Dingley, J. C., Lakbila‐Kamal, O., Dekkers, L. M. S., Albers, A. C. W., Ikelaar, S. L. C., Maksimovic, T., Wassing, R., Houtman, S. J., Bresser, T., et al. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02554-8 · Cited by 14
Sleep hygiene use in a psychiatry outpatient setting.
Lyne, J., Quinlivan, L. M., Byrne, C. A., Malone, K. M., & Walsh, C. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 13
Sleep-medication for symptomatic insomnia in the general population of Japan
Doi, Y., Minowa, M., Uchiyama, M., & Okawa, M. (2005) · Sleep and Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1111/j.1479-8425.2005.00182.x · Cited by 13
A Novel Home Sleep Monitoring Device and Brief Sleep Intervention for Bipolar Disorder: Feasibility, Tolerability, and Preliminary Effectiveness
Sylvia, L. G., Salcedo, S., Bianchi, M. T., Urdahl, A., Nierenberg, A. A., & Deckersbach, T. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9575-7 · Cited by 13
“A meta-analysis of 59 studies found that psychological interventions led to durable and reliable changes in sleep latency and time awake after sleep onset (Morin et al. 1994).”
Background
Advances in the management of insomnia
Pigeon, W. R., Bishop, T. M., & Marcus, J. A. (2014) · F1000Prime Reports · doi:10.12703/p6-48 · Cited by 13
“The most efficacious non-pharmacologic insomnia treatment, however, is a multi-component intervention referred to as cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), which typically combines sleep psychoeducation, stimulus control, sleep restriction therapy, sleep hygiene, cognitive therapy and relaxation training […”
Background
Insomnia Treatment Options for Women
Davidson, J. R. (2009) · Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2009.10.004 · Cited by 13
Effect of high-risk sleep apnea on treatment-response to a tailored digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia program: a quasi-experimental trial
Sweetman, A., Reynolds, C. M., Lack, L. C., Vakulin, A., Chai‐Coetzer, C. L., Wallace, D. M., Crawford, M., & Richardson, C. E. (2024) · Frontiers in Sleep · doi:10.3389/frsle.2024.1355468 · Cited by 12
Nonpharmacologic Management of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
Ebben, M. R. (2017) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2017.03.020 · Cited by 13
PREVALENCE OF SEDATIVE DRUG USE IN GERIATRIC IN-PATIENTS: A MULTI-CENTRE STUDY
Petrović, M., Spatharakis, G., Conroy, S., Maele, G. V., & Moulias, S. (2006) · Acta Clinica Belgica · doi:10.1179/acb.2006.019 · Cited by 12
Sequential Treatment for Chronic Insomnia: A Pilot Study
Vallières, A., Morin, C. M., Guay, B., Bastien, C., & LeBlanc, M. (2004) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15402010bsm0202_2 · Cited by 12
Self-citation
Self-help therapy for sleep problems in hospital nurses in Japan: a controlled pilot study
Morimoto, H., Tanaka, H., Ohkubo, R., Mimura, M., Ooe, N., 市川, あ., & Yukitoshi, H. (2015) · Sleep and Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1007/s41105-015-0037-3 · Cited by 12
“Non-pharmacological treatments, especially cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), can overcome the shortcomings of pharmacological treatments, and the efficacy of CBT-I has been confirmed by metaanalyses [8, 9].”
Background
Pregnancy and Postpartum
GAYLOR, E. E., & Manber, R. (2004) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.3109/9780203998007-9 · Cited by 12
CBT-I and HT-I group therapy for adults with insomnia in comparison to those with insomnia and comorbid depression – a pilot study
Schlarb, A. A., Faber, J., & Hautzinger, M. (2018) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s164899 · Cited by 13
“31 On the one hand, components like stimulus control and sleep deprivation appeared to be more effective, whereas sleep hygiene alone showed no effect on sleep.”
Impact of Pharmacist-Led Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Chronic Insomnia
Nurkowski, J., Elshorbagy, H., Halpape, K., Jensen, K., Lamb, D. A., Landry, E., Rémillard, A. J., & Jorgenson, D. J. (2020) · INNOVATIONS in pharmacy · doi:10.24926/iip.v11i3.3378 · Cited by 12
Insomnia
Deak, M. C., & Winkelman, J. W. (2012) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2012.08.012 · Cited by 13
Role of Lormetazepam in the Treatment of Insomnia in the Elderly
Vanna, M. D., Rubiera, M., Onor, M. L., & Aguglia, E. (2007) · Clinical Drug Investigation · doi:10.2165/00044011-200727050-00003 · Cited by 12
Insomnia in adults
Morin, C. M., Daley, M., & Ouellet, M. (2001) · Current Treatment Options in Neurology · doi:10.1007/s11940-001-0020-y · Cited by 12
Self-citation
The condition of insomnia: Etiopathogenetic considerations and their impact on treatment practices
Dikeos, D., & Soldatos, C. (2005) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540260500104466 · Cited by 13
“…and so forth; it usually involves relaxation being practiced during the day, and only when the patient has mastered the technique is he/she allowed to implement it around sleeping time (Kales & Kales, 1984; Kales et al., 1987; Morin, 2002; Morin et al., 1994, 1999b; Soldatos & Dikeos, 2003).”
Background
Clinical assessment and treatment of insomnia.
Pallesen, S., Nordhus, I. H., Havik, O. E., & Nielsen, G. H. (2001) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037//0735-7028.32.2.115 · Cited by 12

Authors: Morin, C. M., Culbert, J. P., & Schwartz, S. M.
Affiliations: Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
ORCID: Charles M. Morin
Venue: American Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher: American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Published: 1994-08-01
Volume: 151
Issue: 8
Pages: 1172-1180
ISSN: 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
1535-7228
DOI: 10.1176/ajp.151.8.1172
OpenAlex: W1926957827
Cited by: 1,098
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 49
FWCI: 6.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r29mh047020-05)
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH MH-47020)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: insomnia, non-pharmacological treatment, psychological intervention, sleep onset insomnia, sleep maintenance insomnia, stimulus control, sleep restriction, sleep hygiene education, sleep latency, treatment efficacy, treatment durability
MeSH terms: Adult, Behavior Therapy, Biofeedback, Psychology, Chronic Disease, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Health Education, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Medical Records, Psychotherapy, Relaxation Therapy, Sleep, Wakefulness, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Nonpharmacological interventions for insomnia: a meta-analysis of treatment efficacy

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks