The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Nonpharmacological interventions for insomnia: a meta-analysis of treatment efficacy
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Because of the role of psychological factors in insomnia, the shortcomings of hypnotic medications, and patients' greater acceptance of nonpharmacological treatments for insomnia, the authors conducted a meta-analysis to examine the efficacy and durability of psychological treatments for the clinical management of chronic insomnia. METHOD: A total of 59 treatment outcome studies, involving 2,102 patients, were selected for review on the basis of the following criteria: 1) the primary target problem was sleep-onset, maintenance, or mixed insomnia, 2) the treatment was nonpharmacological, 3) the study used a group design, and 4) the outcome measures included sleep-onset latency, time awake after sleep onset, number of nighttime awakenings, or total sleep time. RESULTS: Psychological interventions, averaging 5.0 hours of therapy time, produced reliable changes in two of the four sleep measures examined. The average effect sizes (i.e., z scores) were 0.88 for sleep latency and 0.65 for time awake after sleep onset. These results indicate that patients with insomnia were better off after treatment than 81% and 74% of untreated control subjects in terms of sleep induction and sleep maintenance, respectively. Stimulus control and sleep restriction were the most effective single therapy procedures, whereas sleep hygiene education was not effective when used alone. Clinical improvements seen at treatment completion were well maintained at follow-ups averaging 6 months in duration. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that nonpharmacological interventions produce reliable and durable changes in the sleep patterns of patients with chronic insomnia.
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“The recommended first-line treatment, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBTI) does not carry these risks and is therefore preferable for reasons beyond demonstrated efficacy(244-248), efficacy relative to medications(249-253), and effectiveness(254).”
From Sleep: important considerations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (2016) · cites this paper as [247]
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“Research suggests that relaxation is especially effective in helping with sleep initiation [29].”
From Non-Pharmacological Treatment of Insomnia (2012) · cites this paper as [29]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Morin, C. M., Culbert, J. P., & Schwartz, S. M.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- ORCID
- Charles M. Morin
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 1994-08-01
- Volume
- 151
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1172-1180
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W1926957827
- Cited by
- 1,098
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 49
- FWCI
- 6.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r29mh047020-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH MH-47020)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- insomnia, non-pharmacological treatment, psychological intervention, sleep onset insomnia, sleep maintenance insomnia, stimulus control, sleep restriction, sleep hygiene education, sleep latency, treatment efficacy, treatment durability
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Behavior Therapy, Biofeedback, Psychology, Chronic Disease, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Health Education, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Medical Records, Psychotherapy, Relaxation Therapy, Sleep, Wakefulness, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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