The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Neuroanatomical correlates of externally and internally generated human emotion
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Positron emission tomography was used to investigate the neural substrates of normal human emotional and their dependence on the types of emotional stimulus. METHOD: Twelve healthy female subjects underwent 12 measurements of regional brain activity following the intravenous bolus administration of [15O]H2O as they alternated between emotion-generating and control film and recall tasks. Automated image analysis techniques were used to characterize and compare the increases in regional brain activity associated with the emotional response to complex visual (film) and cognitive (recall) stimuli. RESULTS: Film- and recall-generated emotion were each associated with significantly increased activity in the vicinity of the medial prefrontal cortex and thalamus, suggesting that these regions participate in aspects of emotion that do not depend on the nature of the emotional stimulus. Film-generated emotion was associated with significantly greater increases in activity bilaterally in the occipitotemporparietal cortex, lateral cerebellum, hypothalamus, and a region that includes the anterior temporal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampal formation, suggesting that these regions participate in the emotional response to certain exteroceptive sensory stimuli. Recall-generated sadness was associated with significantly greater increases in activity in the vicinity of the anterior insular cortex, suggesting that this region participates in the emotional response to potentially distressing cognitive or interoceptive sensory stimuli. CONCLUSIONS: While this study should be considered preliminary, it identified brain regions that participate in externally and internally generated human emotion.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Reiman et al. (1997) used either film clips or personal recall to generate emotional response and found that internal and external generation of emotion depended on subtly different brain regions.”
From Affective Cognition and its Disruption in Mood Disorders (2011) · cites this paper as Reiman et al. (1997)
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory
Oldfield, R. C. (1971) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(71)90067-4 · Cited by 35,900
Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain
Talairach, J., & Tournoux, P. (1988) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,798
Automatic 3D intersubject registration of MR volumetric data in standardized Talairach space
Collins, D. L., Neelin, P., Peters, T. M., & Evans, A. C. (1994) · Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography · doi:10.1097/00004728-199403000-00005 · Cited by 3,431
Object vision and spatial vision: Two cortical pathways
Mishkin, M., Ungerleider, L. G., & Macko, K. A. (1983) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(83)90190-x · Cited by 2,947
Circuitry and functional aspects of the insular lobe in primates including humans
AUGUSTINE, J. (1996) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(96)00011-2 · Cited by 1,776
Comparing Functional (PET) Images: The Assessment of Significant Change
Friston, K. J., Frith, C., Liddle, P. F., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1991) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1991.122 · Cited by 1,626
Self-citationFunctional neuroanatomy of face and object processing. A positron emission tomography study.
Sergent, J., Ohta, S., & Macdonald, B. (1992) · Brain : a journal of neurology · doi:10.1093/brain/115.1.15 · Cited by 1,576
The Return of Phineas Gage: Clues About the Brain from the Skull of a Famous Patient
Damásio, H., Grabowski, T. J., Frank, R. J., Galaburda, A. M., & Damásio, A. R. (1994) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8178168 · Cited by 1,520
(1972) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2013-0-02458-9 · Cited by 1,463
Kihlstrom, J. F. (1987) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3629249 · Cited by 1,405
Voluntary Facial Action Generates Emotion‐Specific Autonomic Nervous System Activity
Levenson, R. W., Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1990) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb02330.x · Cited by 1,248
Affect intensity as an individual difference characteristic: A review
Larsen, R. J., & Diener, E. (1987) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(87)90023-7 · Cited by 1,172
Dissociation of object and spatial visual processing pathways in human extrastriate cortex.
Haxby, J. V., Grady, C. L., Horwitz, B., Ungerleider, L. G., Mishkin, M., Carson, R. E., Herscovitch, P., Schapiro, M. B., & Rapoport, S. I. (1991) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.88.5.1621 · Cited by 1,041
Extinction of emotional learning: contribution of medial prefrontal cortex
Morgan, M. A., Romanski, L. M., & LeDoux, J. E. (1993) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(93)90241-c · Cited by 897
International review of studies on emotion
Strongman, K. T. (1991) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 859
The Relationship between Global and Local Changes in PET Scans
Friston, K. J., Frith, C., Liddle, P. F., Dolan, R. J., Lammertsma, A. A., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1990) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1990.88 · Cited by 858
Self-citationNeuroanatomical correlates of happiness, sadness, and disgust
Lane, R. D., Reiman, E. M., Ahern, G. L., SCHWARTZ, G. E. R., & Davidson, R. J. (1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.7.926 · Cited by 756
Self-citationBrain activity during transient sadness and happiness in healthy women
(1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.3.341 · Cited by 737
Visual Mental Imagery Activates Topographically Organized Visual Cortex: PET Investigations
Kosslyn, S. M., Alpert, N. M., Thompson, W. L., Maljkovic, V., Weise, S. B., Chabris, C. F., Hamilton, S. E., Rauch, S. L., & Buonanno, F. S. (1993) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1993.5.3.263 · Cited by 643
Functional imaging of an illusion of pain
Craig, A. D., Reiman, E. M., Evans, A. C., & Bushnell, M. C. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/384258a0 · Cited by 601
Self-citationMetabolic Mapping of Functional Activity in the Hypothalamo-Neurohypophysial System of the Rat
Schwartz, W. J., Smith, C. B., Davidsen, L., Savaki, H., Sokoloff, L., Mata, M., Fink, D. J., & Gainer, H. (1979) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.462184 · Cited by 454
Resting frontal brain asymmetry predicts affective responses to films.
Tomarken, A. J., Davidson, R. J., & Henriques, J. B. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.59.4.791 · Cited by 444
Self-citationResting frontal brain asymmetry predicts affective responses to films.
Tomarken, A. J., Davidson, R. J., & Henriques, J. B. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.4.791 · Cited by 355
Self-citationFox, P. T., & Mintun, M. A. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 335
Neural correlates of self-induced dysphoria
Pardo, J. V., Pardo, P. J., & Raichle, M. E. (1993) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.150.5.713 · Cited by 322
Neuroanatomical correlates of a lactate-induced anxiety attack.
Reiman, E., Raichle, M., Robins, E., Mintun, M., Fusselman, M. J., Fox, P. T., Price, J., & Hackman, K. A. (1989) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810060013003 · Cited by 319
Self-citationCardiovascular differentiation of emotions.
Sinha, R., Lovallo, W. R., & Parsons, O. A. (1992) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199207000-00005 · Cited by 282
Neuroanatomical Correlates of Anticipatory Anxiety
Reiman, E. M., Fusselman, M. J., Fox, P. T., & Raichle, M. E. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2784226 · Cited by 261
Self-citationBrain regions involved in recognizing facial emotion or identity: an oxygen-15 PET study
George, M. S., Ketter, T. A., Gill, D. S., Haxby, J. V., Ungerleider, L. G., Herscovitch, P., & Post, R. M. (1993) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.5.4.384 · Cited by 224
The application of positron emission tomography to the study of normal and pathologic emotions.
Reiman, E. M. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 216
Self-citationThalmic Contributions to Attention and Consciousness
Newman, J. (1995) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1006/ccog.1995.1024 · Cited by 180
Seminars in Basic Neurosciences
George, M. S. (1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.4.639-a · Cited by 174
Functional anatomy of taste perception in the human brain studied with positron emission tomography
Kinomura, S., Kawashima, R., Yamada, K., Ono, S., Itoh, M., Yoshioka, S., Yamaguchi, T., Matsui, H., Miyazawa, H., Itoh, H., et al. (1994) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)90890-7 · Cited by 174
PET Images of Blood Flow Changes During Anxiety: Correction
Drevets, W. C., Videen, T. O., MacLeod, A. K., Haller, J., & Raichle, M. E. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.256.5064.1696 · Cited by 166
A functional cerebral response to frightening visual stimulation
Wik, G., Fredrikson, M., Ericson, K., Eriksson, L. I., Stone‐Elander, S., & Greitz, T. V. B. (1993) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/0925-4927(93)90020-i · Cited by 116
The application of positron emission tomography to the study of the normal menstrual cycle
Reiman, E. M., Armstrong, S. M., Matt, K. S., & Mattox, J. H. (1996) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019214 · Cited by 78
Self-citationDissociation of Object and Spatial Visual Processing Pathways in Human Extrastriate Cortex
Haxby, J. V., Grady, C. L., Horwitz, B., SALERNO, J., Ungerleider, L. G., Mishkin, M., & Schapiro, M. B. (1993) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-042004-2.50028-9 · Cited by 72
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RESEARCH UTILIZING THE VIVIDNESS OF VISUAL IMAGERY QUESTIONNAIRE
Marks, D. F. (1989) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1989.69.3.707 · Cited by 33
The Quest to Establish the Neural Substrates of Anxiety
Reiman, E. M. (1988) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(18)30498-2 · Cited by 9
Self-citationMethods for the correction of vascular artifacts in PET O-15 water brain-mapping studies
Chen, K., Reiman, E. M., Lawson, M. A., Yun, L.-S., Bandy, D. J., & Palant, A. (1996) · IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science · doi:10.1109/23.552742 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- LeDoux JE, 1987, Handbook of Physiology: The Nervous System, V: Higher Cortical Functions of the Brain, 419
- Fox PT, 1989, J Nucl Med, 30, 141
- Lane RD, Davidson RJ
- Spitzer RL, 1990, Gibbon M
- Mintun MA, 1990, J Nucl Med, 31, 816
- Reiman EM, Lane RD, Ahern GL, Schwartz GE, Davidson RJ: Functional brain imaging, emotion, and consciousness, in Toward a Scientific Basis for Consciousness: The First Tucson Discussions and Debates. Edited by Hameroff SR, Kaszniak AW, Scott AC. Boston,MIT Press, 1996, pp311-320
- Goldman-Rakic PS, 1987, Handbook of Physiology: The Nervous System, V: Higher Cortical Functions of the Brain, 373
- Mesulam M-M, 1985, Principals of Behavioral Neurology
- Lang PJ, 1995, Bradley MM
Cited by
Sorted by citations
An fMRI Investigation of Emotional Engagement in Moral Judgment
Greene, J. D., Sommerville, R. B., Nystrom, L. E., Darley, J. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1062872 · Cited by 4,561
Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: A meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI
Phan, K. L., Wager, T., Taylor, S. F., & Liberzon, I. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1087 · Cited by 3,502
“Our findings as well as earlier studies on non-human primates (Augustine et al., 1996) support the suggestion that the insula is preferentially involved in the evaluative, experiential , or expressive aspects of internally generated emotions (Reiman et al., 1997).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSearching for a baseline: Functional imaging and the resting human brain
Gusnard, D. A., & Raichle, M. E. (2001) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35094500 · Cited by 3,371
The functional architecture of human empathy
Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004) · Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews · doi:10.1177/1534582304267187 · Cited by 3,407
“A positron emission tomography study investigated the neural response to externally (by watching emotional laden film clips) versus internally (by autobiographical scripts) generated emotions (Reiman et al., 1997).”
BackgroundBardo, M. T., & Hammer, R. P. (1991) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(91)90226-e · Cited by 3,229
Metadata
- Authors
- Reiman, E. M., Lane, R. D., Ahern, G. L., SCHWARTZ, G. E. R., Davidson, R. J., Friston, K. J., Yun, L. S., & Chen, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 1997-07-01
- Volume
- 154
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 918-925
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W1525298240
- Semantic Scholar
- f12897c2e3c50642666b917f8c8ad7542bb93594
- Cited by
- 711
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 18.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- National Institutes of Health (5k20mh000972-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH00972, MH00875)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- emotions, neural substrates of emotion, sadness, medial prefrontal cortex, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampal formation, anterior insula, interoception, exteroception, regional brain activity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affective Symptoms, Arousal, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Emotions, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Motion Pictures, Oxygen Radioisotopes, Mental Recall, Research Design, Sensation, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Visual Perception, Water
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
