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Neuroanatomical correlates of externally and internally generated human emotion
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Positron emission tomography was used to investigate the neural substrates of normal human emotional and their dependence on the types of emotional stimulus. METHOD: Twelve healthy female subjects underwent 12 measurements of regional brain activity following the intravenous bolus administration of [15O]H2O as they alternated between emotion-generating and control film and recall tasks. Automated image analysis techniques were used to characterize and compare the increases in regional brain activity associated with the emotional response to complex visual (film) and cognitive (recall) stimuli. RESULTS: Film- and recall-generated emotion were each associated with significantly increased activity in the vicinity of the medial prefrontal cortex and thalamus, suggesting that these regions participate in aspects of emotion that do not depend on the nature of the emotional stimulus. Film-generated emotion was associated with significantly greater increases in activity bilaterally in the occipitotemporparietal cortex, lateral cerebellum, hypothalamus, and a region that includes the anterior temporal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampal formation, suggesting that these regions participate in the emotional response to certain exteroceptive sensory stimuli. Recall-generated sadness was associated with significantly greater increases in activity in the vicinity of the anterior insular cortex, suggesting that this region participates in the emotional response to potentially distressing cognitive or interoceptive sensory stimuli. CONCLUSIONS: While this study should be considered preliminary, it identified brain regions that participate in externally and internally generated human emotion.
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“Reiman et al. (1997) used either film clips or personal recall to generate emotional response and found that internal and external generation of emotion depended on subtly different brain regions.”
From Affective Cognition and its Disruption in Mood Disorders (2011) · cites this paper as Reiman et al. (1997)
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BackgroundInfluentialDolcos, F., LaBar, K. S., & Cabeza, R. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.05.015 · Cited by 439
“This notion is consistent with evidence supporting medial PFC involvement in processing emotionally arousing stimuli irrespective of valence (Lane et al., 1997a,b,c; Reiman, 1997; Reiman et al., 1997; Schneider et al., 1995; Teasdale et al., 1999).”
ResultInfluentialLiotti, M., Mayberg, H. S., Brannan, S. K., McGinnis, S., Jerabek, P., & Fox, P. T. (2000) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00874-x · Cited by 424
“…0 0Ϯ 0 Anxious 0.6 Ϯ 1.2 6 Ϯ 1.3 0.3 Ϯ 0.5 0 Ϯ 0 36 M. Liotti et al ported when subjects viewed emotional pictures and in film-generated emotion (Blair et al 1999; Reiman et al 1997), in script-generated anger and anxiety (Dougherty et al 1999; Kimbrell et al 1999), in normal anticipatory anxiety…”
BackgroundInfluentialFunctional neuroimaging studies of human emotions
Phan, K. L., Wager, T. D., Taylor, S. F., & Liberzon, I. (2004) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900009196 · Cited by 433
Supramodal Representations of Perceived Emotions in the Human Brain
Peelen, M. V., Atkinson, A. P., & Vuilleumier, P. O. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2161-10.2010 · Cited by 437
“…of emotion perception using different stimulus types, as well as in studies of emotion experience (Bush et al., 2000; Kober et al., 2008; Adolphs, 2009), particularly when participants evaluate emotional states (Lane et al., 1997; Reiman et al., 1997; Lee and Siegle, 2009; Zaki et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMethodFunctional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cocaine Craving
Wexler, B. E., Gottschalk, C. H., Fulbright, R. K., Prohovnik, I., Lacadie, C. M., Rounsaville, B. J., & Gore, J. C. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.1.86 · Cited by 420
“sponse (column C, z=4 to z=32) (8, 9) Indeed, the signal”
BackgroundNeural correlates of individual ratings of emotional salience: A trial-related fMRI study
Phan, K. L., Taylor, S. F., Welsh, R. C., Ho, S.-H., Britton, J. C., & Liberzon, I. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.09.072 · Cited by 416
“, 1997), and recollecting personal affect-laden life events (George et al., 1996; Reiman et al., 1997).”
BackgroundInfluentialEmotion, motivation, and the brain: Reflex foundations in animal and human research
Lang, P. J., & Davis, M. (2006) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(06)56001-7 · Cited by 410
Depersonalization: neurobiological perspectives.
Sierra, M., & Berrios, G. E. (1998) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00015-8 · Cited by 394
Aversive gustatory stimulation activates limbic circuits in humans
Zald, D. H. (1998) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/121.6.1143 · Cited by 385
“This conclusion converges with evidence that visual stimuli that induce positive emotions often produce rCBF increases in the thalamus similar to those with visual stimuli that induce negative emotions (Lane et al., 1997a, b; Reiman et al., 1997).”
BackgroundRegulation of Human Affective Responses by Anterior Cingulate and Limbic µ-Opioid Neurotransmission
Zubieta, J., Ketter, T. A., Bueller, J. A., Xu, Y., Kilbourn, M. R., Young, E. A., & Koeppe, R. A. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.11.1145 · Cited by 390
“As noted earlier, this area is consistently found to be activated in response to affective stimuli and thought to reflect more visceral, or interoceptive, aspects of emotional experiences.(50,64) A similar situation was encountered in the hypothalamus.”
ResultSubjective rating of emotionally salient stimuli modulates neural activity
Taylor, S. F., Phan, K. L., Decker, L. R., & Liberzon, I. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(02)00051-4 · Cited by 371
The role of the fusiform face area in social cognition: implications for the pathobiology of autism
Schultz, R. T., Grelotti, D. J., Klin, A., Kleinman, J., Van der Gaag, C., Marois, R., & Skudlarski, P. (2003) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1208 · Cited by 469
BREMNER, J. D., VERMETTEN, E., SCHMAHL, C., VACCARINO, V., VYTHILINGAM, M., AFZAL, N., GRILLON, C., & CHARNEY, D. S. (2005) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291704003290 · Cited by 370
“This level of significance has been shown to maximally decrease the occurrence of type I and II errors in imaging studies (Reiman et al. 1997).”
BackgroundfMRI during affect discrimination in bipolar affective disorder
Yurgelun‐Todd, D. A., Gruber, S. A., Kanayama, G., Killgore, W. D., Baird, A. A., & Young, A. D. (2000) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1034/j.1399-5618.2000.20304.x · Cited by 359
Canli, T., Omura, K., Haas, B. W., Fallgatter, A. J., Constable, R. T., & Lesch, K. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0503880102 · Cited by 359
The emotional power of music: How music enhances the feeling of affective pictures
Baumgartner, T., Lutz, K., Schmidt, C. F., & Jäncke, L. (2006) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.12.065 · Cited by 354
“Consistent with these findings, it is postulated that the amygdala may be more responsible for processing of externally cued perceptual emotional stimuli (Reiman et al., 1997; Teasdale et al., 1999).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialKeil, A., Müller, M. M., Gruber, T., Wienbruch, C., Stolarova, M., & Elbert, T. R. (2001) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(01)00654-x · Cited by 359
“…thalamus, hypothalamus and midbrain (Lane et al., 1997b), anterior cingulate (Lane et al., 1997a, 1998), anterior temporal cortex, amygdala and hippocampal formation (Reiman et al., 1997), orbitofrontal cortex (Royet et al., 2000), left pre-frontal cortex, and fusiform gyrus (Dolan et al., 1996).”
BackgroundBrain activity underlying emotional valence and arousal: a response-related fMRI study
Anders, S., Lotze, M., Erb, M., Grodd, W., & Birbaumer, N. (2004) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20048 · Cited by 341
“Many of these studies have been guided by the notion that different emotions are associated with the activation of circumscribed neural networks [e.g., Damasio et al., 2000; Lane et al., 1997b; Paradiso et al., 1997; Phillips et al., 1997; Reiman et al., 1997].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialfMRI of emotional responses to odors:
Royet, J., Plailly, J., Delon‐Martin, C., Kareken, D. A., & Segebarth, C. M. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00388-4 · Cited by 374
“For example, Reiman et al. (1997) suggested that the superior frontal gyrus might play a role in the conscious experience of emotion.”
BackgroundA Functional Anatomy of Anticipatory Anxiety
Chua, P. M.-L., Krams, M., Toni, I., Passingham, R. E., & Dolan, R. J. (1999) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1999.0407 · Cited by 339
Distinct neural systems subserve person and object knowledge
Mitchell, J. P., Heatherton, T. F., & Macrae, C. N. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.232395699 · Cited by 407
Affective Cognition and its Disruption in Mood Disorders
Elliott, R., Zahn, R., Deakin, J. F. W., & Anderson, I. M. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.77 · Cited by 330
“Reiman et al (1997) used either film clips or personal recall to generate emotional response and found that internal and external generation of emotion depended on subtly different brain regions.”
Insular cortex and neuropsychiatric disorders: A review of recent literature
Nagai, M., Kishi, K., & Kato, S. (2007) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.02.006 · Cited by 332
“[62] examined regional brain activity associated with the emotional responses of happiness, sadness, and disgust to complex visual (film) stimuli, as well as to recallgenerated sadness.”
BackgroundThe Functional Neuroanatomy of Maternal Love: Mother’s Response to Infant’s Attachment Behaviors
Noriuchi, M., Kikuchi, Y., & Senoo, A. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.05.018 · Cited by 334
“own emotional state to make personally relevant decisions (42).”
Brain Activation during Facial Emotion Processing
Gur, R. C., Schroeder, L. F., Turner, T. H., McGrath, C., Chan, R. M., Turetsky, B. I., Alsop, D. C., Maldjian, J. A., & Gur, R. E. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1097 · Cited by 339
The limbic lobe and its output channels: implications for emotional functions and adaptive behavior
Heimer, L., & Van Hoesen, G. W. (2006) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.06.006 · Cited by 366
The role of the cerebellum in affect and psychosis
Schmahmann, J. D. (2000) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/s0911-6044(00)00011-7 · Cited by 332
Rice, G. E., Ralph, M. A. L., & Hoffman, P. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv024 · Cited by 328
A review of neuroimaging studies in PTSD: heterogeneity of response to symptom provocation
Lanius, R. A., Bluhm, R., Lanius, U., & Pain, C. (2006) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.07.007 · Cited by 380
“In support of this hypothesis, Sierra and Berrios note that the medial prefrontal cortex has been shown to be involved in both the monitoring and the modulation of emotions (Damasio, 1994; Reiman et al., 1997).”
BackgroundOn the relationship between interoceptive awareness, emotional experience, and brain processes
Pollatos, O., Kirsch, W., & Schandry, R. (2005) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.09.019 · Cited by 316
“Activity recorded over this region may be generated in the anterior cingulate and the medial prefrontal region [3,32,61,65,68,69,80,90].”
BackgroundRecall of emotional states in posttraumatic stress disorder: an fMRI investigation
Lanius, R. A., Williamson, P. C., Hopper, J., Densmore, M., Boksman, K., Gupta, M. A., Neufeld, R. W. J., Gati, J. S., & Menon, R. S. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01466-x · Cited by 311
Köster, E. P., & Mojet, J. (2015) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2015.04.006 · Cited by 344
Kennedy, S. H., Konarski, J. Z., Segal, Z. V., Lau, M. A., Bieling, P. J., McIntyre, R. S., & Mayberg, H. S. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.5.778 · Cited by 420
The cerebellum and emotional experience
Turner, B. M., Paradiso, S., Marvel, C. L., Pierson, R., Boles Ponto, L. L., Hichwa, R. D., & Robinson, R. G. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.09.023 · Cited by 310
“Functional neuroimaging studies designed to visually induce emotion (Paradiso et al., 1997; Paradiso, Robinson, Boles Ponto, Watkins, & Hichwa, 2003b; Reiman et al., 1997) or requiring the recognition on an emotion in the face (George et al.”
BackgroundAssociation of neural and physiological responses during voluntary emotion suppression
Ohira, H., Nomura, M., Ichikawa, N., Isowa, T., Iidaka, T., Sato, A., Fukuyama, S., Nakajima, T., & Yamada, J. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.08.047 · Cited by 318
Neural activity associated with episodic memory for emotional context
Maratos, E. J., Dolan, R. J., Morris, J. S., Henson, R. N. A., & Rugg, M. D. (2001) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(01)00025-2 · Cited by 306
“positive contrasts, has been linked with the processing of disgust [54], generation of sadness [29,43] and emotional learning and fear conditioning [6].”
Brain responses associated with consciousness of breathlessness (air hunger)
Mario Liotti, A., Brannan, S., Egan, G. F., Shade, R. E., Madden, L., Abplanalp, B., Robillard, R., Lancaster, J. L., Zamarripa, F., Fox, P. T., et al. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.98.4.2035 · Cited by 303
Neural correlates of social and nonsocial emotions: An fMRI study
Britton, J. C., Phan, K. L., Taylor, S. F., Welsh, R. C., Berridge, K. C., & Liberzon, I. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.11.027 · Cited by 301
“Conceivably sadness could have had less self-relevance and more cognitive processing (Reiman et al., 1997), though this interpretation is clearly speculative.”
InfluentialWilliams, L. M., Phillips, M. L., Brammer, M. J., Skerrett, D., Lagopoulos, J., Rennie, C., Bahramali, H., Olivieri, G., David, A. S., Peduto, A., et al. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0904 · Cited by 300
Metadata
- Authors
- Reiman, E. M., Lane, R. D., Ahern, G. L., SCHWARTZ, G. E. R., Davidson, R. J., Friston, K. J., Yun, L. S., & Chen, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 1997-07-01
- Volume
- 154
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 918-925
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W1525298240
- Semantic Scholar
- f12897c2e3c50642666b917f8c8ad7542bb93594
- Cited by
- 711
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 18.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- National Institutes of Health (5k20mh000972-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH00972, MH00875)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- emotions, neural substrates of emotion, sadness, medial prefrontal cortex, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampal formation, anterior insula, interoception, exteroception, regional brain activity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affective Symptoms, Arousal, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Emotions, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Motion Pictures, Oxygen Radioisotopes, Mental Recall, Research Design, Sensation, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Visual Perception, Water
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