Automatic 3D intersubject registration of MR volumetric data in standardized Talairach space
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: In both diagnostic and research applications, the interpretation of MR images of the human brain is facilitated when different data sets can be compared by visual inspection of equivalent anatomical planes. Quantitative analysis with predefined atlas templates often requires the initial alignment of atlas and image planes. Unfortunately, the axial planes acquired during separate scanning sessions are often different in their relative position and orientation, and these slices are not coplanar with those in the atlas. We have developed a completely automatic method to register a given volumetric data set with Talairach stereotaxic coordinate system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The registration method is based on multi-scale, three-dimensional (3D) cross-correlation with an average (n > 300) MR brain image volume aligned with the Talariach stereotaxic space. Once the data set is re-sampled by the transformation recovered by the algorithm, atlas slices can be directly superimposed on the corresponding slices of the re-sampled volume. the use of such a standardized space also allows the direct comparison, voxel to voxel, of two or more data sets brought into stereotaxic space. RESULTS: With use of a two-tailed Student t test for paired samples, there was no significant difference in the transformation parameters recovered by the automatic algorithm when compared with two manual landmark-based methods (p > 0.1 for all parameters except y-scale, where p > 0.05). Using root-mean-square difference between normalized voxel intensities as an unbiased measure of registration, we show that when estimated and averaged over 60 volumetric MR images in standard space, this measure was 30% lower for the automatic technique than the manual method, indicating better registrations. Likewise, the automatic method showed a 57% reduction in standard deviation, implying a more stable technique. The algorithm is able to recover the transformation even when data are missing from the top or bottom of the volume. CONCLUSION: We present a fully automatic registration method to map volumetric data into stereotaxic space that yields results comparable with those of manually based techniques. The method requires no manual identification of points or contours and therefore does not suffer the drawbacks involved in user intervention such as reproducibility and interobserver variability.
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The automatic stereotaxic transformation is as accurate as the manual procedure but shows higher stability.
“It has been shown that the automatic stereotaxic transformation is as accurate as the manual procedure but shows higher stability (Collins et al., 1994).”
From Self-esteem, locus of control, hippocampal volume, and cortisol regulation in young and old adulthood (2005) · cites this paper as Collins et al., 1994
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MethodSelf-citationAutomatic 3‐D model‐based neuroanatomical segmentation
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“…of language, we excluded any participant who had significant impairment on a neuropsychological test of language comprehension and production [i.e., defined as performance at least two standard deviations (SDs) below the mean of the neurologically healthy group on the Boston Naming Test].”
MethodMusical Training Shapes Structural Brain Development
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“We used deformation-based morphometry (DBM), an unbiased and automated approach to brain morphology, to search throughout the whole brain on a voxelwise basis for local brain size or shape differences between groups (Collins et al., 1994; Robbins et al., 2004).”
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“Briefly, the native MRI were first registered into stereotaxic space (Talairach and Tournoux, 1988) using a linear transformation (Collins et al., 1994).”
MethodSelf-citationThe problem of functional localization in the human brain
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MethodInfluentialSpatial Normalization of Brain Images with Focal Lesions Using Cost Function Masking
Brett, M., Leff, A. P., Rorden, C., & Ashburner, J. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0845 · Cited by 931 · see citing works
“An alternative approach has been to use automated brain registration algorithms, such as AIR (Woods et al., 1992), MNI_AutoReg/ANIMAL (Collins et al., 1994), or SPM (Friston et al., 1995).”
MethodIncreased hippocampal activation in mild cognitive impairment compared to normal aging and AD
Dickerson, B. C., Salat, D. H., Greve, D. N., Chua, E. F., Rand-Giovannetti, E., Rentz, D. M., Bertram, L., Mullin, K., Tanzi, R. E., Blacker, D., et al. (2005) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000171450.97464.49 · Cited by 910 · see citing works
ALE meta-analysis: controlling the false discovery rate and performing statistical contrasts
Laird, A. R., Fox, P. M., Price, C. J., Glahn, D. C., Uecker, A. M., Lancaster, J. L., Turkeltaub, P. E., Kochunov, P., & Fox, P. T. (2005) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20136 · Cited by 868 · see citing works
“These coordinates are generally published relative to Talairach [Talairach and Tournoux, 1988] or Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) space [Collins et al., 1994] and must be spatially renormalized to a single template.”
BackgroundAutomatic anatomical brain MRI segmentation combining label propagation and decision fusion
Heckemann, R. A., Hajnal, J. V., Aljabar, P., Rueckert, D., & Hammers, A. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.05.061 · Cited by 865 · see citing works
“The results of this experiment are a caveat against " boot-strapping " approaches, where a single manual segmentation is propagated to a multitude of brains in order to then combine them into a " universal " brain map (e.g., Collins et al., 1994).”
MethodAutomated 3-D Extraction of Inner and Outer Surfaces of Cerebral Cortex from MRI
MacDonald, D. J., Kabani, N. J., Avis, D., & Evans, A. C. (2000) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1999.0534 · Cited by 850 · see citing works
“The images were corrected for RF inhomogeneity artifacts (Sled et al., 1997), linearly transformed into a stereotaxic coordinate system (Collins et al., 1994), and classified into gray matter, white matter, and CSF (Zijdenbos et al., 1993).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe ENIGMA Consortium: large-scale collaborative analyses of neuroimaging and genetic data
the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, E. C., Thompson, P. M., Stein, J. L., Medland, S. E., Hibar, D. P., Vasquez, A. A., Renteria, M. E., Toro, R., Jahanshad, N., Schumann, G., et al. (2014) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-013-9269-5 · Cited by 838 · see citing works
Neuroanatomical correlates of pleasant and unpleasant emotion
Lane, R. D., Reiman, E. M., Bradley, M. M., Lang, P. J., Ahern, G. L., Davidson, R. J., & Schwartz, G. E. (1997) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(97)00070-5 · Cited by 830 · see citing works
Kim, J. S., Singh, V., Lee, J. K., Lerch, J. P., Ad-Dab’bagh, Y., MacDonald, D. J., Lee, J. M., Kim, S. I., & Evans, A. C. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.03.036 · Cited by 816 · see citing works
“In order to spatially align the brains, automatic registration to stereotaxic space (Collins et al., 1994b; Evans et al., 1992, 1993; Talairach and Tournoux, 1988) was performed using the intensitycorrected image.”
MethodSelf-citationBeckmann, M., Johansen-Berg, H., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3328-08.2009 · Cited by 789 · see citing works
“The coordinates were then mapped onto the MNI 152 standard template, one voxel per study (in cases in which more than one cingulate peak was reported, only the set of coordinates with the highest degree of significance was included).”
MethodInfluentialTen simple rules for neuroimaging meta-analysis
Müller, V. I., Cieslik, E. C., Laird, A. R., Fox, P. T., Radua, J., Mataix-Cols, D., Tench, C. R., Yarkoni, T., Nichols, T. E., Turkeltaub, P. E., et al. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.012 · Cited by 805 · see citing works
“A rule of thumb is that coordinates of experiments where authors used SPM (version SPM99 and later) or FSL with normalization to the software's standard template and do not report any transformation should be treated as being in MNI as these software packages use MNI as standard space.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialIaria, G., Petrides, M., Dagher, A., Pike, G. B., & Bohbot, V. D. (2003) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-13-05945.2003 · Cited by 799 · see citing works
“BOLD signal images were spatially smoothed (6 mm Gaussian kernel), corrected for motion, and linearly transformed into standard stereotaxic space (Talairach and Tournoux, 1988) using in-house software (Collins et al., 1994).”
MethodListening to Musical Rhythms Recruits Motor Regions of the Brain
Chen, J. L., Penhune, V. B., & Zatorre, R. J. (2008) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn042 · Cited by 788 · see citing works
Three-Dimensional MRI Atlas of the Human Cerebellum in Proportional Stereotaxic Space
Schmahmann, J. D., Doyon, J., McDonald, D., Holmes, C. J., Lavoie, K., Hurwitz, A. S., Kabani, N. J., Toga, A. W., Evans, A. C., & Petrides, M. (1999) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1999.0459 · Cited by 782 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain areas underlying visual mental imagery and visual perception: an fMRI study
Ganis, G., Thompson, W. L., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2004) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.02.012 · Cited by 765 · see citing works
“Next, we resampled the data to a 4 4 4-mm grid, smoothed slightly with a Gaussian filter (full-width half-maximum = 4 mm, AFNI program ‘‘3dmerge’’) and spatially transformed to match the MNI305 template [6].”
MethodAutomatic "pipeline" analysis of 3-D MRI data for clinical trials: application to multiple sclerosis
Zijdenbos, A. P., Forghani, R., & Evans, A. C. (2002) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/tmi.2002.806283 · Cited by 755 · see citing works
“The stereotaxic target used at our institute is an average -weighted scan of 305 normal volunteers [6], [17], [43].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationLarge-scale evaluation of ANTs and FreeSurfer cortical thickness measurements
Tustison, N. J., Cook, P. A., Klein, A., Song, G., Das, S. R., Duda, J. T., Kandel, B. M., van Strien, N., Stone, J. R., Gee, J. C., et al. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.05.044 · Cited by 670 · see citing works
“…a single individual (e.g., the Talairach atlas; Talairach and Tournoux, 1988) or a publicly available average of multiple individuals (e.g., the MNI template by Collins et al., 1994 or the ICBM template by Mazziotta et al., 1995), or an average template constructed from the individuals under study.”
BackgroundAge-specific CT and MRI templates for spatial normalization
Rorden, C., Bonilha, L., Fridriksson, J., Bender, B., & Karnath, H. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.020 · Cited by 728 · see citing works
“While participants in studies of adult stroke have a mean age in their 60s (e.g. Karnath et al., 2004, 2011), most lesion mapping studies normalize data to the same MNI152 template that is distributed with popular packages such as SPM and FSL (Collins et al., 1994).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialvan den Heuvel, M. P., Stam, C. J., Boersma, M., & Pol, H. E. H. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.08.010 · Cited by 720 · see citing works
“Next, the T1 image and the fMRI time-series were normalized to standard space, using the MNI 305 T1 brain (Collins et al., 1994) as a template and the T1 image as a source.”
Probabilistic Maps of Visual Topography in Human Cortex
Wang, L., Mruczek, R. E. B., Arcaro, M. J., & Kästner, S. (2014) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu277 · Cited by 714 · see citing works
“1999) or a nonlinear volume normalization to MNI space (Collins et al. 1994; Andersson et al. 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWhen zero is not zero: the problem of ambiguous baseline conditions in fMRI
Stark, C. E. L., & Squire, L. R. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.221462998 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
Neuroanatomical correlates of externally and internally generated human emotion
(1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.7.918 · Cited by 711 · see citing works
Pruessner, J. C. (2000) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/10.4.433 · Cited by 706 · see citing works
“This process included correction for magnetic field non-uniformities (Sled et al., 1998), linear stereotaxic transformation (Collins et al., 1994) into coordinates based on the Talairach atlas (Talairach and Tournoux, 1988) and resampling onto a 1 mm voxel grid prior to image segmentation using a…”
MethodCortical thickness analysis examined through power analysis and a population simulation
Lerch, J. P., & Evans, A. C. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.07.045 · Cited by 697 · see citing works
“Intensity correction for nonuniformity is obtained using the N3 algorithm (Sled et al., 1998); spatial normalization is done to the ICBM 152 average using a nine parameter linear registration (Collins et al., 1994).”
Self-citationPruessner, J. C., Champagne, F., Meaney, M. J., & Dagher, A. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3422-03.2004 · Cited by 709 · see citing works
“PET frames were summed, coregistered with the individual magnetic resonance imagings (MRIs), and transformed into standardized stereotaxic space (Talairach and Tournoux, 1988) by means of an automated feature-matching algorithm to the MNI template (Collins et al., 1994).”
MethodValet, M., Sprenger, T., Boecker, H., Willoch, F., Rummeny, E., Conrad, B., Erhard, P., & Tolle, T. R. (2004) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2004.02.033 · Cited by 708 · see citing works
“This template has been determined from 305 MRI scans of healthy subjects at the Montreal Neuological Insitute (Collins et al., 1994).”
MethodSpatial registration of multichannel multi-subject fNIRS data to MNI space without MRI
Singh, A., Okamoto, M., Dan, H., Jurcak, V., & Dan, I. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.05.019 · Cited by 705 · see citing works
Evans, A. C., Janke, A. L., Collins, D. L., & Baillet, S. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.024 · Cited by 697 · see citing works
“The 3D spatial mapping function between individual brains and a template brain may take many forms: from a simple, linear transformation (e.g. Collins et al., 1994; Woods et al., 1993) to more sophisticated non-linear approaches.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationRetinotopic organization of early visual spatial attention effects as revealed by PET and ERPs
Woldorff, M. G., Fox, P. T., Matzke, M., Lancaster, J. L., Veeraswamy, S., Zamarripa, F., Seabolt, M., Glass, T. G., Gao, J., Martin, C. C., et al. (1997) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0193(1997)5:4 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Self-citationPaus, T., Jech, R., Thompson, C. J., Comeau, R. M., Peters, T. M., & Evans, A. C. (1997) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-09-03178.1997 · Cited by 699 · see citing works
“First, a magnetic resonance (MR) image of the subject’s brain is acquired and transformed into the standardized stereotaxic space with an automatic feature-detection algorithm (Collins et al., 1994); the MR images (160 contiguous 1-mm-thick sagittal slices) were obtained from a Philips Gyroscan ACS-II (1.”
InfluentialSelf-citationMRI segmentation: Methods and applications
Clarke, L. P., Velthuizen, R. P., Camacho, M. A., Heine, J., Vaidyanathan, M., Hall, L., Thatcher, R. W., & Silbiger, M. L. (1995) · Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1016/0730-725x(94)00124-l · Cited by 697 · see citing works
Towards a universal taxonomy of macro-scale functional human brain networks
Uddin, L. Q., Yeo, B. T. T., & Spreng, R. N. (2019) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-019-00744-6 · Cited by 683 · see citing works
“…systems such as those utilized in the Talairach atlas (Talairach and Tournoux 1988) and later the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) atlas (Collins et al. 1994) revolutionized neuroimaging by providing a means for researchers to compare results across di ff erent studies using common…”
Functional Specialization within Rostral Prefrontal Cortex (Area 10): A Meta-analysis
Gilbert, S. J., Spengler, S., Simons, J. S., Steele, J. D., Lawrie, S. M., Frith, C., & Burgess, P. W. (2006) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.6.932 · Cited by 681 · see citing works
“Each activation peak was classified as lateral or medial by calculating whether the x coordinate was closer to the midpoint or lateral edge of the MNI template brain (Collins et al., 1994), given the y and z coordinates (where x defines a left–right axis, y defines a rostral– caudal axis, and z defines a superior–infe…”
BackgroundMethodGhrelin Modulates Brain Activity in Areas that Control Appetitive Behavior
Malik, S., McGlone, F., Bedrossian, D., & Dagher, A. (2008) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2008.03.007 · Cited by 677 · see citing works
Mapping of Contralateral Space in Retinotopic Coordinates by a Parietal Cortical Area in Humans
Sereno, M. I., Pitzalis, S., & Martinez, A. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1063695 · Cited by 682 · see citing works
van den Heuvel, M. P., Mandl, R. C. W., Stam, C. J., Kahn, R. S., & Pol, H. E. H. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2874-10.2010 · Cited by 662 · see citing works
“To enable group comparison, the anatomical images were normalized to standard space, using nonlinear transformation of the subject’s T1 image to the standard MNI305 space (Collins et al., 1994).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBuss, C., Davis, E. P., Shahbaba, B., Pruessner, J. C., Head, K., & Sandman, C. A. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1201295109 · Cited by 652 · see citing works
“All images were then registered into stereotaxic space by using the ICBM 152 template (86).”
Method
- Authors
- Collins, D. L., Neelin, P., Peters, T. M., & Evans, A. C.
- Affiliations
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (CA)
- Venue
- Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography
- Published
- 1994-03
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 192-205
- ISSN
- 0363-8715 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2141796362
- Cited by
- 3,431
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 57 · 2025: 76 · 2024: 100 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 134 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 110 · 2018: 108 · 2017: 102 · 2016: 114 · 2015: 154 · 2014: 157 · 2013: 160 · 2012: 160
- FWCI
- 37.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Medical Image Segmentation Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Brain Tumor Detection and Classification
- Keywords
- 3D registration, automatic image registration, interobserver variability
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Basal Ganglia, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cerebellum, Cerebral Cortex, Cerebral Ventricles, Corpus Callosum, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Models, Structural, Stereotaxic Techniques
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