A Randomized, Controlled Trial With 6-Month Follow-Up of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroconvulsive Therapy for Severe Depression
Open accessAbstract
Objective Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been reported to be as effective as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for major depression. The authors conducted a multicenter randomized, controlled trial to test the equivalence of rTMS with ECT. Method Forty-six patients with major depression referred for ECT were randomly assigned to either a 15-day course of rTMS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (N=24) or a standard course of ECT (N=22). The primary outcome measures were the score on the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and the proportion of patients with remissions (Hamilton score, Results HAM-D scores at the end of treatment were significantly lower for ECT, with 13 patients (59.1%) achieving remission in the ECT group and four (16.7%) in the rTMS group. However, at 6 months the HAM-D scores did not differ between groups. Beck scale, visual analogue mood scale, and BPRS scores were lower for ECT at the end of treatment and remained lower after 6 months. Self- and observer-rated cognitive measures were similar in the two groups. Conclusions rTMS was not as effective as ECT, and ECT was substantially more effective for the short-term treatment of depression.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In depression mice models, abnormal energy metabolism features have been documented, including abnormal glucose metabolism, elevated lactate levels, mitochondrial dysfunction, and abnormal ATP levels.
“In the depression mice model, features of abnormal energy metabolism have also been documented, including abnormal glucose metabolism, elevated lactate levels, mitochondrial dysfunction, and abnormal ATP levels [19–22].”
From APOE4 genotype exacerbates the depression-like behavior of mice during aging through ATP decline (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lefaucheur, J.-P., André-Obadia, N., Antal, A., Ayache, S. S., Baeken, C., Benninger, D. H., Cantello, R. M., Cincotta, M., de Carvalho, M., De Ridder, D., et al. (2014) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2014.05.021 · Cited by 2,119 · see citing works
Self-citationCleare, A., Pariante, C., Young, A., Anderson, I., Christmas, D., Cowen, P., Dickens, C., Ferrier, I., Geddes, J., Gilbody, S., et al. (2015) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881115581093 · Cited by 759 · see citing works
Slotema, C. W., Blom, J. D., Hoek, H. W., & Sommer, I. E. C. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.08m04872gre · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Relapse Following Successful Electroconvulsive Therapy for Major Depression: A Meta-Analysis
Jelovac, A., Kolshus, E., & McLoughlin, D. M. (2013) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2013.149 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Self-citationCan noninvasive brain stimulation enhance cognition in neuropsychiatric disorders?
Demirtas-Tatlidede, A., Vahabzadeh-Hagh, A. M., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2013) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.020 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Ren, J., Li, H., Palaniyappan, L., Liu, H., Wang, J., Li, C., & Rossini, P. M. (2014) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.02.004 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Pirnia, T., Joshi, S. H., Leaver, A. M., Vasavada, M., Njau, S., Woods, R. P., Espinoza, R., & Narr, K. L. (2016) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2016.102 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Somatic therapies for treatment-resistant depression: ECT, TMS, VNS, DBS
Cusin, C., & Dougherty, D. D. (2012) · Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1186/2045-5380-2-14 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Fitzgerald, P. B., Hoy, K. E., Herring, S. E., Clinton, A. M., Downey, G., & Daskalakis, Z. J. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22005 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Morland, L. A., Greene, C. J., Rosen, C., Mauldin, P. D., & Frueh, B. C. (2009) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2009.06.006 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
APOE4 genotype exacerbates the depression-like behavior of mice during aging through ATP decline
Fang, W., Xiao, N., Zeng, G., Bi, D., Dai, X., Mi, X., Ye, Q., Chen, X., & Zhang, J. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01631-0 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Zhao, Y. J., Tor, P. C., Khoo, A. L., Teng, M., Lim, B. P., & Mok, Y. M. (2018) · Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface · doi:10.1111/ner.12723 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
- Authors
- Eranti, S., Mogg, A., Pluck, G., Landau, S., Purvis, R., Brown, R. G., Howard, R., Knapp, M., Philpot, M., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Romeo, R., Rothwell, J., Edwards, D., & McLoughlin, D. M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2007-01
- Volume
- 164
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 73-81
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W2166496723
- Cited by
- 188
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 12.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Electroconvulsive Therapy Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, electroconvulsive therapy, major depressive disorder, treatment equivalence, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex stimulation, depression remission, cognitive side effects
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Major Depressive Disorder, Electroconvulsive Therapy, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Functional Laterality, Male, Middle Aged, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Severity of Illness Index, Treatment Outcome, Prefrontal Cortex, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
