Symptom dimensions of depression following myocardial infarction and their relationship with somatic health status and cardiovascular prognosis
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The reporting of depressive symptoms following myocardial infarction may be confounded by complaints originating from the myocardial infarction. Therefore, it is difficult to estimate the effects of post-myocardial infarction depression and its treatment on cardiovascular prognosis. The authors' goal was to study the relationship between depressive symptom dimensions following myocardial infarction and both somatic health status and prospective cardiovascular prognosis. METHOD: In two studies of myocardial infarction patients (N=494 and 1,972), the Beck Depression Inventory was used to determine the dimensional structure of depressive symptoms following myocardial infarction. Three symptom dimensions-somatic/affective, cognitive/affective, and appetitive-were compared with baseline left ventricular ejection fraction, Charlson comorbidity index, Killip class, and previous myocardial infarction. The relationship between depressive symptom dimensions and prospective cardiovascular mortality and cardiac-related readmissions was also examined (mean follow-up duration=2.5 years). RESULTS: Somatic/affective symptoms were associated with poor health status (left ventricular ejection fraction, Charlson comorbidity index, Killip class, and previous myocardial infarction) and predicted cardiovascular mortality and cardiac events. Cognitive/affective symptoms were only marginally associated with somatic health status and not with cardiovascular death and cardiac events. Appetitive symptoms were related to somatic health status but did not predict cardiovascular death or cardiac events. CONCLUSIONS: Somatic/affective depressive symptoms following myocardial infarction were confounded by somatic health status yet were prospectively associated with cardiac prognosis even after somatic health status was controlled. Cognitive/affective depressive symptoms were only marginally related to health status and not to cardiac prognosis. These findings suggest that treatment of depression following myocardial infarction might improve cardiovascular prognosis when it reduces somatic/affective symptoms.
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In patients with myocardial infarction or chronic heart failure, somatic/affective symptoms of depression are more predictive of overall mortality than cognitive/affective symptoms of depression.
“Indeed, several recently published papers even suggest that (in patients with myocardial infarction or with chronic heart failure) the so-called somatic/affective symptoms of depression are more predictive of overall mortality than the cognitive/affective symptoms of depression (De Jonge et al., 2006; Schiffer et al., 2009).”
From Presence and predictors of pain in depression: Results from the FINDER study (2010) · cites this paper as De Jonge et al., 2006
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MethodEffects of antidepressant treatment following myocardial infarction
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ResultDepression and Cardiovascular Disease
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BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialNew Onset Depression Following Myocardial Infarction Predicts Cardiac Mortality
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“More recent findings, that somatic symptoms of post-MI depression are linked to cardiac toxicity (23), may indicate that particular subtypes of depression may be linked to adverse cardiac outcomes.”
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“In recent years, this distinction has been applied to patients with CHD (14).”
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“The MACCE endpoint was defined as fatal or non-fatal hospitalisation for myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris, repeat revascularization, sustained arrhythmia, stroke or cerebrovascular accident, heart failure, left ventricular failure and mortality due to cardiac causes, as consistent with previous research…”
ResultSomatic symptom overlap in Beck Depression Inventory–II scores following myocardial infarction
Thombs, B. D., Ziegelstein, R. C., Pilote, L., Dozois, D. J. A., Beck, A. T., Dobson, K. S., Fuss, S., de Jonge, P., Grace, S. L., Stewart, D. E., et al. (2010) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.076596 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
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“Specifically, the distinction between somaticaffective versus cognitive-affective has proved to be of interest, in which the first is consistently found to be associated with a worsened prognosis than the latter (e.g. De Jonge et al., 2006; Martens et al., 2009; Linke et al., 2009).”
Depression as a risk factor for adverse outcomes in coronary heart disease
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de Jonge, P., Denollet, J., van Melle, J. P., Kuyper, A. M. G., Honig, A., Schene, A. H., & Ormel, J. (2007) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.06.002 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Depressive symptoms in persons with acute coronary syndrome: specific symptom scales and prognosis
Doyle, F., Conroy, R., McGee, H., & Delaney, M. (2010) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.07.013 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“This finding supports research outlined previously [10,41].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialHerrmann, N., Rapoport, M. J., Rajaram, R. D., Chan, F., Kiss, A., Ma, A. K., Feinstein, A., Cullagh, S. M. C., & Lanctôt, K. L. (2009) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.2009.21.2.181 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Association of Depressive Symptoms and Heart Rate Variability in Vietnam War–Era Twins
Huang, M., Shah, A. J., Su, S., Goldberg, J. H., Lampert, R. J., Levantsevych, O. M., Shallenberger, L. H., Pimple, P. M., Bremner, J. D., & Vaccarino, V. (2018) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0747 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Bosch, N. M., Riese, H., Dietrich, A., Ormel, J., Verhulst, F. C., & Oldehinkel, A. J. (2009) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181bc756b · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“(18) showed that, in patients with myocardial infarction (MI), somatic/affective depressive symptoms were associated with a poor cardiovascular prognosis 2.”
BackgroundDepression in People with Coronary Heart Disease: Prognostic Significance and Mechanisms
Dickens, C. M. (2015) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-015-0640-6 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Carney, R., & Freedland, K. (2012) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3182405ac4 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“For example, de Jonge and his colleagues (1) found that somatic/affective but not cognitive/affective depression symptoms predicted cardiac events after acute myocardial infarction (MI), even after adjusting for left ventricular ejection fraction and other major prognostic medical variables.”
BackgroundMood, anxiety, and physical illness: body and mind, or mind and body?
Balon, R. (2006) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20217 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Clinical events in coronary patients who report low distress: Adverse effect of repressive coping.
Denollet, J., Martens, E. J., Nyklı́ček, I., Conraads, V. M., & de Gelder, B. (2008) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.3.302 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Depression as a non-causal variable risk marker in coronary heart disease
Meijer, A., Zuidersma, M., & de Jonge, P. (2013) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-130 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Objective physical functioning in patients with depressive and/or anxiety disorders
Milligen, B. A. L.-V., Lamers, F., de Hoop, G. T., Smit, J. H., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.12.005 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Unipolar Depression and the Progression of Coronary Artery Disease: Toward an Integrative Model
Ormel, J., & de Jonge, P. (2011) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000323165 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Depressive Symptom Clusters Are Differentially Associated with General and Visceral Obesity
Marijnissen, R. M., Bus, B. A. A., Holewijn, S., Franke, B., Purandare, N. B., Graaf, J. D., den Heijer, M., Buitelaar, J. K., & Voshaar, R. C. O. (2011) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03228.x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“In patients with depression and CVD, the somatic-affective symptom cluster of depression, but not the cognitive-affective symptom cluster, was related to subsequent vascular events.(15) Similarly, one may hypothesize, that the somatic-affective symptoms of depression are more strongly related to WHR and WC than the co…”
ResultPersistent cognitive depressive symptoms are associated with coronary artery calcification
Hamer, M., Mika Kivimaki, B., Lahiri, A., Marmot, M. G., & Steptoe, A. (2010) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.01.038 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Symptom Dimensions of Depression and Anxiety and the Metabolic Syndrome
Luppino, F. S., Dortland, A. K. B. V. R., Wardenaar, K. J., Bouvy, P. F., Giltay, E. J., Zitman, F. G., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2011) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31820a59c0 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“, cognitive/affective and appetitive), was most strongly associated with cardiovascular risk and outcome (42,43).”
BackgroundTully, P., Winefield, H., Baker, R., Turnbull, D., & de Jonge, P. (2011) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105310383604 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Also, two studies even reported that increasing scores on a cognitive-affective factor were protective for adverse cardiovascular outcomes (de Jonge et al., 2006; Martens et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialKupper, N. H. M., Widdershoven, J. W. M. G., & Pedersen, S. S. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.10.029 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Our results also add to the ongoing debate as to the nature of depression in heart disease (de Jonge et al., 2006, 2007; Doyle et al., 2006), as cognitive/affective symptoms of depression in HF seem to be more pronounced than might have been expected from observations in post-MI patients (Martens…”
Thombs, B., Ziegelstein, R., Beck, C., & Pilote, L. (2008) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.02.027 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Consistent with this, several authors have argued that studies linking depression to cardiac and all-cause mortality post-AMI have not adequately controlled for potential bias in the measurement of depressive symptoms related to confounding of somatic symptoms of depression and symptoms of the AMI [11–13].”
BackgroundCompare, A., Germani, E., Proietti, R., & Janeway, D. (2011) · Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/1745017901107010148 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“These findings, which are in concordance with earlier studies [24-26], put further light on possible behavioral pathways which could explain the relationship between depressive symptoms and prognosis in ACS patients via unhealthy behavior, like smoking, less compliance, unhealthy diet and inactivity [27] and lack of p…”
ResultInflammation, Cardiovascular Disease, and Metabolic Syndrome as Sequelae of Violence Against Women
Kendall-Tackett, K. A. (2007) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838007301161 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Patients who become depressed after a myocardial infarction (MI) are 2 to 3 times more likely to have another one and are 3 to 4 times more likely to die (deJong et al., 2006; Lesperance & Frasure-Smith, 2000).”
BackgroundAnxiety and clinical outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndrome: a meta-analysis
Li, J., Ji, F., Song, J., Gao, X.-Y., Jiang, D.-G., Chen, G.-D., Chen, S., Lin, X.-D., & Zhuo, C. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034135 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Lett, H. S., Blumenthal, J. A., Babyak, M. A., Catellier, D., Carney, R. M., Berkman, L. F., Burg, M. M., Mitchell, P. H., Jaffe, A. S., & Schneiderman, N. (2009) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-009-9040-x · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Similarly, although clinical depression is a psychiatric condition with specific diagnostic criteria, only recently have researchers begun to consider the importance of components of depression such as somatic and cognitive/ affective symptoms [11-13].”
Inflammation and symptoms of depression and anxiety in patients with acute coronary heart disease
Steptoe, A., Wikman, A., Molloy, G. J., Messerli‐Bürgy, N., & Kaski, J. C. (2012) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.09.002 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Zuidersma, M., Thombs, B., & de Jonge, P. (2011) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000322633 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Depressive Symptom Clusters and 5-Year Incidence of Coronary Artery Calcification
Stewart, J. C., Zielke, D. J., Hawkins, M. A. W., Williams, D. R., Carnethon, M. R., Knox, S. S., & Matthews, K. A. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.112.094946 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Genetic predictors of depressive symptoms in cardiac patients
McCaffery, J. M., Duan, Q., Frasure‐Smith, N., Barhdadi, A., Lespérance, F., Théroux, P., Rouleau, G. A., & Dubé, M. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30824 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“It is important to note that these associations did not appear to be attributable to associations with CAD severity [de Jonge et al., 2006], as left ventricular ejection fraction, previous cardiac history, and current cardiac medications were not related to depressive symptoms in this sample.”
BackgroundGallagher, D., O’Regan, C., Savva, G. M., Cronin, H., LAWLOR, B. A., & Kenny, R. A. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.04.012 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“It is possible for a symptom to be alternately assigned to a ‘‘somatic’’ or ‘‘affective’’ factor depending on the nature of the instrument used and the factor analysis conducted (De Jonge et al., 2006; Barefoot et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialRelative lack of depressive cognitions in post-myocardial infarction depression☆
MARTENS, E., Denollet, J., Pedersen, S. S., Scherders, M. J. W. T., Griez, E. J. L., Widdershoven, J. W. M. G., Szabó, B. M., Bonnier, H. J. R. M., & Appels, A. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.04.023 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Two recent studies, also using the BDI to asses depressive symptomatology, have shown differential effects of somatic and cognitive symptoms of depression on medical comorbidity and prognosis in post-MI patients (De Jonge et al., 2006; Watkins et al., 2003).”
BackgroundResultSirri, L., Potena, L., Masetti, M., Tossani, E., Magelli, C., & Grandi, S. (2010) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/tp.0b013e3181ca9078 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“(51) has introduced the importance of evaluating the relationship between specific dimensions of the depressive spectrum and the clinical outcome of myocardial infarction.”
BackgroundLadwig, K., Baumert, J., Marten‐Mittag, B., Lukaschek, K., Johar, H., Fang, X., Ronel, J., Meisinger, C., & Peters, A. (2016) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.12.003 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“However, these somatic symptoms are necessary to capture the particular depressed cardiovascular disease phenotype [50].”
BackgroundPresence and predictors of pain in depression: Results from the FINDER study
Demyttenaere, K., Reed, C., Quail, D., Bauer, M., Dantchev, N., Montejo, A. L., Monz, B., Perahia, D., Tylee, A., & Grassi, L. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.02.106 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Wei, J., Pimple, P. M., Shah, A. J., Rooks, C. R., Bremner, J. D., Nye, J. A., Ibeanu, I., Murrah, N. V., Shallenberger, L. H., Raggi, P., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102986 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Michal, M., Wiltink, J., Kirschner, Y., Wild, P. S., Münzel, T. F., Ojeda, F., Zeller, T., Schnabel, R. B., Lackner, K. J., Blettner, M., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072014 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“feeling down, little interest) is specifically associated with an unfavorable prognosis of CHD [4,8–11].”
Fava, G. A., N., W. T., & Sonino, N. (2011) · Advances in psychosomatic medicine · doi:10.1159/isbn.978-3-8055-9854-5 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
de Voogd, J. N., Wempe, J. B., Postema, K., van Sonderen, E., Ranchor, A. V., Coyne, J. C., & Sanderman, R. (2009) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-009-9105-8 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Steptoe, A., Wikman, A., Molloy, G. J., & Kaski, J. C. (2012) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000551 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Roest, A. M., Carney, R. M., Freedland, K. E., Martens, E. J., Denollet, J., & de Jonge, P. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.02.008 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Several studies have shown that somatic depressive symptoms are related to measures of cardiac disease severity such as LVEF and Killip class (de Jonge et al., 2006; Martens, et al., 2010; Roest et al., 2011).”
InfluentialIs There a High-Risk Subtype of Depression in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease?
Carney, R. M., & Freedland, K. E. (2011) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-011-0247-6 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Molecular differentiation of schizoaffective disorder from schizophrenia using BDNF haplotypes
Lencz, T., Lipsky, R. H., DeRosse, P., Burdick, K. E., Kane, J. M., & Malhotra, A. K. (2009) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.050401 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Bekke-Hansen, S., Trockel, M., Burg, M. M., & Taylor, C. B. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711001000 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Our finding that baseline post-MI somatic depressive symptoms did not predict prognosis differs from the results of several prior studies (de Jonge et al. 2006a ; Linke et al. 2009 ; Schiffer et al. 2009 ; Smolderen et al. 2009 ; Hoen et al. 2010 ; Martens et al. 2010 ; Roest et al. 2011)…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialvon Känel, R., Bellingrath, S., & Kudielka, B. M. (2009) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.12.009 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Recent research suggests that somatic and cognitive symptoms of depression might affect the course of CAD differently, with somatic symptoms perhaps exerting greater impact [55].”
BackgroundLeptin and its Association with Somatic Depressive Symptoms in Patients with the Metabolic Syndrome
Chirinos, D. A., Goldberg, R. B., Gellman, M. D., Mendez, A. J., Gutt, M., McCalla, J. R., Llabre, M. M., & Schneiderman, N. (2013) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-013-9479-5 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Similarly, a study examining health status and prospective cardiovascular prognosis found that somatic depressive symptoms were associated with poor health status (left ventricular ejection fraction, previous myocardial infarction, among others) and prospectively predicted cardiovascular mortality and cardiac events,…”
BackgroundRedwine, L. S., Tsuang, M. T., Rusiewicz, A., Pandzic, I., Cammarata, S. M., Rutledge, T. R., Hong, S., Linke, S., & Mills, P. J. (2012) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2011.0314 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Depression and cardiovascular disease: the end of simple models
de Jonge, P., & Roest, A. M. (2012) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.110502 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Anhedonia as predictor of clinical events after acute coronary syndromes: a 3-year prospective study
Leroy, M., Loas, G., & Pérez-Díaz, F. (2009) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.01.011 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Fourthly, clinical outcome included only severe clinical events, whereas depression also has been shown to be predictive of other less severe events such as hospital readmission or heart failure (HF) in follow-up studies of patients presenting coronary artery disease [18-20].”
BackgroundMethodLv, J., Zhang, X., Ou, S., Gu, S., Su, Z., Tong, S., Liu, B., Song, Z., & Chi, L. (2016) · International Heart Journal · doi:10.1536/ihj.15-259 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“In the sequence of hospital admission, patients were allocated numbers, which decided the grouping: the first 38 patients (1-38) were assigned to the CBT group, and the remaining 37 patients (39-75) to the control group.”
MethodAssociation between metabolic syndrome and depressive symptom profiles—Sex-specific?
Marijnissen, R. M., Smits, J., Schoevers, R. A., van den Brink, R. H. S., Holewijn, S., Franke, B., Graaf, J. D., & Voshaar, R. C. O. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.07.029 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Doyle, F., McGee, H. M., Conroy, R. M., & Delaney, M. A. (2010) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870441003624398 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Moullec, G., Plourde, A., Lavoie, K., Suarthana, E., & Bacon, S. (2014) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487314527851 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“sleep disturbances, fatigue, lack of energy, difficulties concentrating).(14) Therefore, difficulties in distinguishing current MDD from CAD symptoms may lead to high false-positive rates, and thus to misdiagnosis,(15) unnecessary treatment(16) (e.”
BackgroundZuidersma, M., Ormel, J., Conradi, H. J., & de Jonge, P. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711001784 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“It may be that MI patients with depressive episodes with an onset after the MI are at increased risk of new cardiac events (de Jonge et al. 2006b ; Dickens et al. 2008), because these patients show a larger increase in depressive symptoms after MI.”
BackgroundResultSchouten, R. W., Harmse, V. J., Dekker, F. W., van Ballegooijen, W., Siegert, C. E. H., & Honig, A. (2019) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000723 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“The somatic/ affective dimension of depression was found to be associated with an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with heart disease (21,22,24,25).”
BackgroundTolmunen, T., Lehto, S. M., Julkunen, J., Hintikka, J., & Kauhanen, J. (2014) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.03.001 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
- Authors
- de Jonge, P., Ormel, J., van den Brink, R. H. S., van Melle, J. P., Spijkerman, T. A., Kuijper, A., van Veldhuisen, D. J., van den Berg, M. P., Honig, A., Crijns, H. J. G. M., & Schene, A. H.
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2006-01
- Volume
- 163
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 138-144
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W2148022279
- Cited by
- 250
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 16.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Acute Myocardial Infarction Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- post-myocardial infarction depression, cognitive-affective symptoms, cardiovascular prognosis, cardiovascular mortality, cardiac readmission, left ventricular ejection fraction, Charlson Comorbidity Index, Killip class, depression treatment
- MeSH terms
- Cause of Death, Cognition Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Health Status, Humans, Myocardial Infarction, Netherlands, Personality Inventory, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Recurrence, Risk Factors, Stroke Volume, Time Factors, Models, Statistical, Comorbidity, Survival Analysis, Death, Sudden, Cardiac
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