Diet quality and depression risk: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies
Open accessAbstract
Background It has been claimed that the quality of a diet is associated with the incidence of depressive disorders. We sought to investigate the evidence for this claim.Methods Systematic searches were performed up to March 6th, 2017 in order to identify prospective cohort studies that reported on exposure to dietary patterns or food groups and the incidence of depression/depressive symptoms. Data from 24 independent cohorts (totalling 1,959,217 person-years) were pooled in random-effects meta-analyses.Results Adherence to a high-quality diet, regardless of type (i.e., healthy/prudent or Mediterranean), was associated with a lower risk of depressive symptoms over time (odds ratios ranged 0.64-0.78 in a linear dose-response fashion [P < 0.01]). A relatively low dietary inflammatory index was also associated with a somewhat lower incidence of depressive symptom (odds ratio = 0.81), although not in a dose-response fashion. Similar associations were found for the consumption of fish and vegetables (odds ratios 0.86 and 0.82 respectively) but not for other high quality food groups (e.g., fruit). Studies that controlled for depression severity at baseline or that used a formal diagnosis as outcome did not yield statistically significant findings. Adherence to low quality diets and food groups was not associated with higher depression incidence.Limitations Our ability to detect confounders was only limited.Conclusion There is evidence that a higher quality of a diet is associated with a lower risk for the onset of depressive symptoms, but not all available results are consistent with the hypothesis that diet influences depression risk. Prospective studies that control for relevant confounders such as obesity incidence and randomized controlled prevention trials are needed to increase the validity of findings in this field.
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Greater fish intake is associated with significantly lower prospective risk of depression (RR=0.86, 95% CI 0.78-0.95).
“fish (n=16, 0.86, 95% C.I: 0.78-0.95, I²=68.4%) 60”
From A meta-review of "lifestyle psychiatry": the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders (2020) · cites this paper as [60]
The food-group results table (p. 21) reports 16 fish associations, an estimate of 0.86 (95% CI 0.78–0.95), and I²=68.4%, supporting the stated association. The table labels the estimate an odds ratio, not a risk ratio (RR). (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHealthy food groups are associated with reduced prospective risk of depression (OR=0.89, 95% CI 0.83-0.95).
“Similar effects were observed in a pooled analysis of 'healthy food groups' such as fish, vegetables and fruits (n=18, N=147,011, OR=0.89, 95% CI: 0.83-0.95, I²=71.3%) 60 .”
From A meta-review of "lifestyle psychiatry": the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders (2020) · cites this paper as [60]
Healthy dietary patterns are associated with significantly reduced prospective risk of depression (OR=0.77, 95% CI 0.69-0.84).
“A meta-analysis pooling all 'healthy dietary patterns' from 17 comparisons (total N=127,973) found that these patterns were associated with significantly reduced prospective risk of depression (OR=0.77, 95% CI: 0.69-0.84, I²=88.3%) 60 .”
From A meta-review of "lifestyle psychiatry": the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders (2020) · cites this paper as [60]
Dietary glycaemic index, legumes/pulses, and nuts/seeds/soy are not significantly associated with prospective risk of depression.
“No significant prospective associations with depression were found for dietary glycaemic index (n=2, HR=1.05, 95% CI: 0.76-1.44, I²=86.1%) 69 , legumes/pulses (n=4, OR=0.93, 95% C.I: 0.79-1.10, I²= 43.1%) 60 , or nuts/seeds/soy (n=2, OR=0.92, 95% C.I: 0.84-1.02, I²= 0.1%) 60 .”
From A meta-review of "lifestyle psychiatry": the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders (2020) · cites this paper as [60]
Subgroup analyses using clinical diagnoses of depression did not find significant associations with dietary patterns.
“Small subgroup analyses of studies which used clinical diagnoses of depression as the outcome did not find significant associations with dietary patterns 60 .”
From A meta-review of "lifestyle psychiatry": the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders (2020) · cites this paper as [60]
Unhealthy dietary patterns, unhealthy food groups, and neutral food groups are not significantly associated with risk of depression.
“However, pooled analyses for all 'unhealthy dietary patterns', 'unhealthy food groups' and 'neutral food groups' found that none of these categories were significantly associated with the risk of depression 60 .”
From A meta-review of "lifestyle psychiatry": the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders (2020) · cites this paper as [60]
Subgroup analyses within a broader meta-analysis found no significant associations for depression with either fruit intake or meat intake.
“subgroup analyses within a broader meta-analysis found no significant associations for depression with either fruit intake or meat intake 60 .”
From A meta-review of "lifestyle psychiatry": the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders (2020) · cites this paper as [60]
A larger analysis from subgroups within another review found no associations for meat and depression.
“A larger analysis from subgroups within another review found no associations for meat and depression 60 .”
From A meta-review of "lifestyle psychiatry": the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders (2020) · cites this paper as [60]
Fish intake was associated with reduced risk of depression, which is consistent with a subsequent larger analysis.
“Fish intake was also associated with reduced risk of depression, which is consistent with a subsequent larger analysis 60 .”
From A meta-review of "lifestyle psychiatry": the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders (2020) · cites this paper as [60]
The observed associations between fruit and depression are inconsistent with other meta-analyses.
“However, the observed associations between fruit and depression are inconsistent with other meta-analyses 60 .”
From A meta-review of "lifestyle psychiatry": the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders (2020) · cites this paper as [60]
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- Authors
- Molendijk, M., Molero, P., Ortuño Sánchez-Pedreño, F., Van der Does, W., & Angel Martínez-González, M.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University (NL)
- Universidad de Navarra (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Molendijk, Marc
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-01
- Volume
- 226
- Pages
- 346-354
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2760711213
- Cited by
- 550
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 35
- FWCI
- 7.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- diet quality, depression, depressive symptoms, Mediterranean diet, prudent diet, Dietary Inflammatory Index, fish consumption, vegetable consumption, fruit consumption, dose-response relationship, depression risk
- MeSH terms
- Depressive Disorder, Diet, Female, Humans, Male, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Prospective Studies
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