The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Early Risk Factors and Developmental Pathways to Chronic High Inhibition and Social Anxiety Disorder in Adolescence
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Evidence suggests that chronic high levels of behavioral inhibition are a precursor of social anxiety disorder. The authors sought to identify early risk factors for, and developmental pathways to, chronic high inhibition among school-age children and the association of chronic high inhibition with social anxiety disorder by adolescence. METHOD: A community sample of 238 children was followed from birth to grade 9. Mothers, teachers, and children reported on the children's behavioral inhibition from grades 1 to 9. Lifetime history of psychiatric disorders was available for the subset of 60 (25%) children who participated in an intensive laboratory assessment at grade 9. Four early risk factors were assessed: female gender; exposure to maternal stress during infancy and the preschool period; and at age 4.5 years, early manifestation of behavioral inhibition and elevated afternoon salivary cortisol levels. RESULTS: All four risk factors predicted greater and more chronic inhibition from grades 1 to 9, and together they defined two developmental pathways. The first pathway, in girls, was partially mediated by early evidence of behavioral inhibition and elevated cortisol levels at age 4.5 years. The second pathway began with exposure to early maternal stress and was also partially mediated by childhood cortisol levels. By grade 9, chronic high inhibition was associated with a lifetime history of social anxiety disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic high levels of behavioral inhibition are associated with social anxiety disorder by adolescence. The identification of two developmental pathways suggests the potential importance of considering both sets of risk factors in developing preventive interventions for social anxiety disorder.
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“Stronger associations have been observed in females (Essex et al., 2010), children with insecure attachment styles (Muris et al., 2011, Nachmias et al., 1996), high parental trait anxiety (Muris et al., 2011), domineering parenting style and high maternal intrusive control (Rubin et al., 2002, Williams et al., 2009), and significant exposure to maternal stress (Essex et al., 2010).”
From Gaining insight into adolescent vulnerability for social anxiety from developmental cognitive neuroscience (2014) · cites this paper as Essex et al., 2010
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Behavioral Inhibition and Risk for Developing Social Anxiety Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Study
Clauss, J. A., & Blackford, J. U. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.08.002 · Cited by 573
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Metadata
- Authors
- Essex, M. J., Klein, M. H., Slattery, M. J., Goldsmith, H. H., & Kalin, N. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2010-01-01
- Volume
- 167
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 40-46
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- PMC
- PMC2806488
- OpenAlex
- W2116296032
- Cited by
- 202
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 15.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH44340, P50-MH 52354, P50MH052354, P50MH069315, R01MH044340, P50MH084051, P50-MH69315, R01MH059785)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P30HD003352)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- behavioral inhibition, social anxiety disorder, developmental pathways, early risk factors, maternal stress, salivary cortisol, sex differences, childhood anxiety, adolescence, preventive interventions
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Child, Child Behavior, Child, Preschool, Chronic Disease, Circadian Rhythm, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Inhibition, Psychological, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Phobic Disorders, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk Factors, Saliva, Shyness, Temperament, Child of Impaired Parents, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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