Behavioral Inhibition as a risk factor for the development of childhood anxiety disorders: a longitudinal study
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This longitudinal study examined the additive and interactive effects of behavioral inhibition and a wide range of other vulnerability factors in the development of anxiety problems in youths. A sample of 261 children, aged 5 to 8 years, 124 behaviorally inhibited and 137 control children, were followed during a 3-year period. Assessments took place on three occasions to measure children's level of behavioral inhibition, anxiety disorder symptoms, other psychopathological symptoms, and a number of other vulnerability factors such as insecure attachment, negative parenting styles, adverse life events, and parental anxiety. Results obtained with Structural Equation Modeling indicated that behavioral inhibition primarily acted as a specific risk factor for the development of social anxiety symptoms. Furthermore, the longitudinal model showed additive as well as interactive effects for various vulnerability factors on the development of anxiety symptoms. That is, main effects of anxious rearing and parental trait anxiety were found, whereas behavioral inhibition and attachment had an interactive effect on anxiety symptomatology. Moreover, behavioral inhibition itself was also influenced by some of the vulnerability factors. These results provide support for dynamic, multifactorial models for the etiology of child anxiety problems.
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Stronger associations between early BI and later social anxiety problems have been observed in females, children with insecure attachment styles, high parental trait anxiety, domineering parenting style and high maternal intrusive control, and significant exposure to maternal stress.
“Stronger associations have been observed in females (Essex et al., 2010), children with insecure attachment styles (Muris et al., 2011, Nachmias et al., 1996), high parental trait anxiety (Muris et al., 2011), domineering parenting style and high maternal intrusive control (Rubin et al., 2002, Williams et al., 2009), and significant exposure to maternal stress (Essex et al., 2010).”
From Gaining insight into adolescent vulnerability for social anxiety from developmental cognitive neuroscience (2014) · cites this paper as Muris et al., 2011
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- Authors
- Muris, P., van Brakel, A. M. L., Arntz, A., & Schouten, E.
- Affiliations
- Erasmus University Rotterdam (NL)
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Muris, Peter
- Venue
- Journal of Child and Family Studies
- Published
- 2010-03-17
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 157-170
- ISSN
- 1062-1024 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2843
- PMC
- PMC3048305
- OpenAlex
- W2153007829
- Cited by
- 181
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 12.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Journal of Child and Family Studies (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- behavioral inhibition, childhood anxiety disorders, social anxiety, risk factors, vulnerability factors, insecure attachment, parenting styles, life events, parental anxiety, trait anxiety, interaction effects, early childhood
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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