Gaining insight into adolescent vulnerability for social anxiety from developmental cognitive neuroscience
Open accessAbstract
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) markedly impairs daily functioning. For adolescents, SAD can constrain typical development precisely when social experiences broaden, peers' opinions are highly salient, and social approval is actively sought. Individuals with extreme, impairing social anxiety fear evaluation from others, avoid social interactions, and interpret ambiguous social cues as threatening. Yet some degree of social anxiety can be normative and non-impairing. Furthermore, a temperament of behavioral inhibition increases risk for SAD for some, but not all adolescents with this temperament. One fruitful approach taken to understand the mechanisms of social anxiety has been to use neuroimaging to link affect and cognition with neural networks implicated in the neurodevelopmental social reorientation of adolescence. Although initial neuroimaging studies of adolescent SAD and risk for SAD underscored the role of fear-processing circuits (e.g., the amygdala and ventral prefrontal cortex), recent work has expanded these circuits to include reward-processing structures in the basal ganglia. A growing focus on reward-related neural circuitry holds promise for innovative translational research needed to differentiate impairing from normative social anxiety and for novel ways to treat adolescent SAD that focus on both social avoidance and social approach.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review proposes that adolescent vulnerability to social anxiety disorder (SAD) reflects an approach–avoidance conflict in which age-typical increases in social reward salience coincide with extreme fear of humiliation or embarrassment, moderated by early-life behavioral inhibition (BI). It integrates developmental cognitive neuroscience evidence implicating both fear-avoidance (amygdala, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex) and appetitive-motivational (striatum, ventromedial prefrontal cortex) circuitry.
Key findings
- SAD onset is disproportionately concentrated in late childhood and early adolescence: about 50% of SAD cases onset by age 13 and 90% by age 23, and a national epidemiological study found 8.6% of 13–18 year olds meet lifetime criteria for SAD.
- Early-life BI, found in about 15% of the population, is linked to later SAD; longitudinal maternal-reported and behavioral evidence suggests early-life BI increases the odds of adolescent SAD four-fold and doubles the chance for any anxiety disorder.
- Reviewed fMRI findings show adolescents with SAD or early-life BI have heightened striatal responses during reward/incentive anticipation—e.g., caudate and putamen response increasing with incentive magnitude in SAD but not healthy adolescents or those with GAD, and nucleus accumbens activation when reward is contingent on action in BI—alongside altered outcome processing such as caudate response to punishment in BI and vmPFC activity that does not distinguish reward from punishment.
- The paper’s conceptual model holds that adolescent SAD risk arises from conflict between increased social reward salience and fear of humiliation, mediated by amygdala/vlPFC and basal ganglia/vmPFC systems, and moderated by inhibited temperament.
Methods
- Narrative review of developmental cognitive neuroscience research on adolescent SAD and early-life BI; no new empirical data are collected.
- Synthesizes prior fMRI studies using tasks such as the Monetary Incentive Delay task, social evaluation/peer feedback tasks, and facial emotion or attention-bias paradigms, together with longitudinal temperament and epidemiological literature.
- Main analysis is conceptual integration into a model (Fig. 1) linking temperament, neural circuitry, cognitive processes, and social-environment changes.
Limitations
- The paper states the model is not comprehensive: many children who are not behaviorally inhibited develop SAD; pubertal status likely modulates social fears and motivations but is not included; and the focus on temperament reflects that much developmental cognitive neuroscience literature links adolescent SAD with BI.
- The paper notes unresolved causal questions: whether hyperactive fear-avoidance circuitry precedes adolescence is unknown, and whether muted vmPFC response to reward is a cause or consequence of enhanced caudate response is unknown.
- Evident from the text: as a review, it does not test the proposed model or report original effect sizes, so conclusions depend on the cited studies and their designs.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
0 of 96 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Premisecitation
Adolescents who are affected by SAD or at risk for SAD exhibit heightened neural activation in appetitive-motivational systems.
“A growing empirical base has shown that adolescents who are affected by SAD or at risk for SAD exhibit heightened neural activation in appetitive-motivational systems (Bar-Haim et al., 2009, Guyer et al., 2014, Guyer et al., 2012a, Guyer et al., 2006, Haber and Knutson, 2010, Hardin et al., 2006, Helfinstein et al., 2011, Helfinstein et al., 2012, Lahat et al., 2012, Perez-Edgar et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Early-life temperament of behavioral inhibition (BI) is a documented risk for SAD.
“Both retrospective and longitudinal characterizations of behaviorally inhibited temperament in early childhood have been linked to SAD in middle childhood and adolescence (Biederman et al., 2001, Chronis-Tuscano et al., 2009, Hirshfeld-Becker et al., 2007, Schwartz et al., 1999).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationnone given
Avoidance-related (i.e., amygdala) and approach-motivational (i.e., striatum) systems are associated with adolescent SAD and behavioral inhibition.
“Avoidance-related (i.e., amygdala) and approach-motivational (i.e., striatum) systems are associated with adolescent SAD and behavioral inhibition.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Adolescence brings heightened risk for social anxiety disorder (SAD) onset.
“Although SAD can be diagnosed in early and middle childhood, a disproportionately high prevalence of cases emerges in late childhood and early adolescence (Beesdo et al., 2010, Stein et al., 2001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationnone given
Socially anxious adolescents experience an approach-avoid conflict that arises from age-typical increased investment in peer evaluation coinciding with extreme fear of humiliation and embarrassment.
“We propose a conceptual model of adolescent vulnerability to SAD, central to which is the idea that socially anxious adolescents experience an approach-avoid conflict that arises from age-typical increased investment in peer evaluation coinciding with extreme fear of humiliation and embarrassment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Interpretationreasoning
SAD can constrain normative development in adolescence.
“Given its age-of-onset patterns and characterization, SAD can constrain normative development in a life stage typically marked by expanding social experiences, a strong need for social approval and high social status, and an increased investment in friendships and romantic relationships.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Historically, greater theoretical and research attention has been paid to the involvement of fear-avoidance neural systems in SAD and risk for SAD.
“This is an important consideration given that, historically, greater theoretical and research attention has been paid to the involvement of fear-avoidance neural systems, involving the amygdala for example, in SAD and risk for SAD (Davis, 1992, Kagan, 1996).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Davis, 1992 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Kagan, 1996
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The association between BI and later anxiety problems is especially strong when BI remains stable across development.
“The association between BI and later anxiety problems is especially strong when BI remains stable across development (Chronis-Tuscano et al., 2009, Hirshfeld et al., 1992).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Behaviorally inhibited and socially anxious adolescents have elevated neural activation in networks that coordinate motivated behavior and reward processing.
“Recent data from several studies show that behaviorally inhibited and socially anxious adolescents also have elevated neural activation in networks that coordinate motivated behavior and reward processing (Bar-Haim et al., 2009, Guyer et al., 2014, Guyer et al., 2012a, Guyer et al., 2006, Haber and Knutson, 2010, Hardin et al., 2006, Helfinstein et al., 2011, Helfinstein et al., 2012, Lahat et al.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
If SAD goes untreated in childhood or adolescence, then there is a high likelihood that it will persist into adulthood.
“Indeed, if SAD goes untreated in childhood or adolescence, then there is a high likelihood that it will persist into adulthood (Kessler, 2003).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kessler, 2003 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
A multitude of expected, stage-dependent changes in adolescence renders it a period when fears of social evaluation or humiliation that characterize SAD can become especially pronounced.
“A multitude of expected, stage-dependent changes that facilitate social and emotional development renders adolescence as a period when fears of social evaluation or humiliation that characterize SAD can become especially pronounced.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Amygdala hyperactivation has been shown in socially anxious versus healthy adolescents when anticipating being evaluated by unknown peers with whom participants expressed disinterest for a social interaction.
“Finally, work that leveraged the very social context that elicits fear in SAD has shown amygdala hyperactivation in socially anxious versus healthy adolescents when anticipating being evaluated by unknown peers with whom participants expressed disinterest for a social interaction (Guyer et al., 2008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Guyer et al., 2008 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Adolescents with early-life BI process reward stimuli differently than non-inhibited adolescents.
“The group difference in striatal response demonstrated that adolescents with early-life BI process reward stimuli differently than non-inhibited adolescents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Greater activation of the ventrolateral PFC (vlPFC) to angry compared to neutral faces has been found among anxious relative to non-anxious adolescents when threat cue presentations were prolonged.
“Greater activation of the ventrolateral PFC (vlPFC) to angry compared to neutral faces has been found among anxious relative to non-anxious adolescents when threat cue presentations were prolonged (Monk et al., 2006).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Monk et al., 2006 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The amygdala and regions of the ventral prefrontal cortex (vPFC) are key substrates underlying how the brain processes and responds to signals of danger.
“Considerable research drawing on cross-species models delineates the amygdala, located in the medial temporal lobe, and regions of the ventral prefrontal cortex (vPFC), as key substrates underlying how the brain processes and responds to signals of danger in one's surroundings (Adolphs et al., 1995).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Adolphs et al., 1995 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Normative anxiety resulting from a multitude of changes in adolescence may become especially pronounced in a subset of individuals with stable, early-life BI.
“Thus, in our conceptual model of risk for SAD, we stipulate that normative anxiety resulting from a multitude of changes in adolescence may become especially pronounced in a subset of individuals with stable, early-life BI (Fig. 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The cognitive mechanisms described in the fear-avoidance section mediate avoidance behaviors in SAD.
“As depicted in Fig. 1, we propose that the cognitive mechanisms described in this section mediate avoidance behaviors in SAD.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
vlPFC activity was negatively associated with anxiety severity, such that greater vlPFC response was associated with lower symptom severity.
“Although group differences in amygdala response to angry faces were not found during these longer threat cue durations, vlPFC activity was negatively associated with anxiety severity, such that greater vlPFC response was associated with lower symptom severity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Monk et al., 2006 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
The amygdala is a neurobiological mechanism underlying social-cognitive biases that may initiate or maintain SAD and BI.
“Overall, these findings implicate heightened amygdala response and vlPFC response to displays of social fear, social unfamiliarity, vigilance to social threat, and anticipation of social evaluation, underscoring the amygdala as a neurobiological mechanism underlying social-cognitive biases that may initiate or maintain SAD and BI.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Anxiety, and particularly SAD, in adolescence appears to involve heightened attention to social cues, both exogenous and endogenous, via avoidance neural circuitry.
“Thus, anxiety, and particularly SAD, in adolescence appears to involve heightened attention to social cues, both exogenous (e.g., threatening facial expressions) and endogenous (e.g., cues that indicate social rejection), via avoidance neural circuitry.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Behaviorally inhibited preschoolers who received non-maternal childcare were less likely to later exhibit anxious behaviors around peers.
“Indeed, evidence has demonstrated that behaviorally inhibited preschoolers who received non-maternal childcare were less likely to later exhibit anxious behaviors around peers (Almas et al., 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Almas et al., 2011 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Heightened motivation to respond to highly salient stimuli in BI may be fueled by a strong desire to avoid failure.
“Furthermore, the heightened motivation to respond to highly salient stimuli in BI may be fueled by a strong desire to avoid failure.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Hypervigilance and biased attentional allocation toward threat may lead socially anxious individuals to avoid situations in which they could potentially humiliate or embarrass themselves.
“Hypervigilance and biased attentional allocation toward threat may lead socially anxious individuals to avoid situations in which they could potentially humiliate or embarrass themselves.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Adolescents with but not without BI showed putamen hyperactivation during the anticipation of feedback in a social evaluation task.
“In this task, adolescents with but not without BI showed putamen hyperactivation during the anticipation of feedback”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Guyer et al., 2014 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Positive functional connectivity between the vlPFC and amygdala was found in socially anxious versus healthy adolescents when anticipating evaluation from undesirable peers.
“Interestingly, in the study of social evaluation anticipation, positive functional connectivity between the vlPFC and amygdala was found in socially anxious versus healthy adolescents when anticipating evaluation from undesirable peers, suggesting a possible role for the vlPFC in modulating avoidance of stimuli associated with the threat of social retaliation (Guyer et al., 2008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Guyer et al., 2008 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
A similar pattern of amygdala hyperactivation has been observed when adults who were behaviorally inhibited children viewed novel versus familiar faces.
“A similar pattern of amygdala hyperactivation has been observed when adults who were behaviorally inhibited children viewed novel versus familiar faces (Schwartz et al., 2003).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Schwartz et al., 2003 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisenone given
The basal ganglia and their projections from frontal cortical regions, the hippocampus, amygdala, and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) are networks that coordinate motivated behavior and reward processing.
“These networks include the basal ganglia and their projections from frontal cortical regions (e.g., the vPFC), the hippocampus, amygdala, and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Early-life BI may act as a diathesis for SAD.
“As such, early-life BI may act as a diathesis for SAD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Some children with BI in infancy and early childhood grow out of their inhibited, socially reticent behavior and become non-inhibited in middle childhood and adolescence.
“Some children with BI in infancy and early childhood grow out of their inhibited, socially reticent behavior and become non-inhibited in middle childhood and adolescence (Degnan and Fox, 2007, Fox et al., 2001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Degnan and Fox, 2007
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Fox et al., 2001 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Although these shifts are age-expectant and adaptive, in a subset of adolescents at high risk for anxiety the changes in reward processing that accompany adolescence may elicit hyperarousal and emotion regulation difficulties in the presence of performance-contingent rewards.
“Although these shifts are age-expectant and adaptive, in a subset of adolescents at high risk for anxiety the changes in reward processing that accompany adolescence may elicit hyperarousal and emotion regulation difficulties in the presence of performance-contingent rewards.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Other work has reported a U-shaped pattern of striatal activity across childhood, adolescence, and adulthood suggesting that adolescence marks a phase of development that is highly sensitive to reward cues relative to earlier and later developmental periods.
“Other work has reported a U-shaped pattern of striatal activity across childhood, adolescence, and adulthood suggesting that adolescence marks a phase of development that is highly sensitive to reward cues relative to earlier and later developmental periods (Van Leijenhorst et al., 2010b).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Van Leijenhorst et al., 2010b
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Adolescents with BI relative to adolescents without BI history showed increased nucleus accumbens activation when the reward outcome was contingent on their action.
“As expected, adolescents with BI relative to adolescents without BI history showed increased nucleus accumbens activation when the reward outcome was contingent on their action (Bar-Haim et al., 2009).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bar-Haim et al., 2009 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Adolescents with versus without BI history showed heightened caudate activation to punishment but not reward outcomes.
“As expected, adolescents with versus without BI history showed heightened caudate activation to punishment but not reward outcomes (Helfinstein et al., 2011).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Helfinstein et al., 2011 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
No group differences were observed for non-contingent or motor trials.
“No group differences were observed, however, for non-contingent or motor trials.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bar-Haim et al., 2009 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
A U-shaped trajectory also characterizes hormonal levels in striatal regions, with an adolescent peak in the transmission of dopaminergic signals that facilitate incentive motivation.
“Notably, a U-shaped trajectory also characterizes hormonal levels in striatal regions, with an adolescent peak in the transmission of dopaminergic signals that facilitate incentive motivation (Luciana et al., 2012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Luciana et al., 2012 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Some studies have reported decreased striatal recruitment in adolescents relative to children and/or adults during reward tasks.
“Some studies have reported evidence of decreased striatal recruitment in adolescents relative to children and/or adults during reward tasks (Bjork et al., 2004, Blum et al., 1996, Geier et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationcitation
Early childhood BI is associated with increased striatal activity in adolescence when agency is involved in anticipating rewards.
“These results highlight an association between early childhood BI and increased striatal activity in adolescence when agency is involved in anticipating rewards.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The caudate's role in behaviorally inhibited adolescents shifts away from reward responsiveness.
“further implicating a shift in the caudate's role away from reward responsiveness (Guyer et al., 2014).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Guyer et al., 2014 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Longitudinal evidence points to increased reward sensitivity from early to late adolescence.
“Longitudinal evidence points to increased reward sensitivity from early to late adolescence (Urosevic et al., 2012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Urosevic et al., 2012 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
A potential imbalance between the time courses of cortical and subcortical neural circuitry development is one hypothesized mechanism of adolescent vulnerability to disorders such as SAD.
“A potential imbalance between the time courses of cortical and subcortical neural circuitry development is one hypothesized mechanism of adolescent vulnerability to disorders such as SAD (Paus et al., 2008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Paus et al., 2008 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Changes in the social environment make an independent contribution to SAD risk in adolescence.
“We also propose that changes in the social environment make an independent contribution to SAD risk in adolescence (Fig. 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
These data suggest that increased risk-taking and approach behavior in adolescence is attributable to enhanced, rather than deficient reward processing in the brain.
“These data suggest that increased risk-taking and approach behavior in adolescence is attributable to enhanced, rather than deficient reward processing in the brain.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
In our model of adolescent vulnerability to SAD, neurobiological risk factors include both structural and functional changes in cortical regions (including the PFC) and in subcortical regions (including the striatum).
“In our model of adolescent vulnerability to SAD, we stipulate that neurobiological risk factors include both structural and functional changes in cortical regions (including the PFC) and in subcortical regions (including the striatum).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In adolescents with SAD, but not healthy adolescents or adolescents with GAD, increasing caudate and putamen response was observed as a function of increasing incentive magnitude (for gains and losses) during anticipation.
“As with the BI sample, increasing caudate and putamen response in adolescents with SAD, but not healthy adolescents or adolescents with GAD, was observed as a function of increasing incentive magnitude (for gains and losses) during anticipation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Guyer et al., 2012a
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationnone given
Vulnerability to SAD in adolescence is partially a function of age-expectant changes in a distributed network of brain regions that modulate reward motivation in normal adolescents and become altered in anxious youth.
“As depicted in Fig. 1, we propose that vulnerability to SAD in adolescence is partially a function of age-expectant changes in a distributed network of brain regions that modulate reward motivation in normal adolescents and become altered in anxious youth.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Adolescents with BI history may experience the motivation to avoid an aversive outcome to a greater extent than their non-inhibited peers.
“First, adolescents with BI history may experience the motivation to avoid an aversive outcome to a greater extent than their non-inhibited peers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Relative to their peer interactions earlier in development, adolescents spend significantly more time with peers than with family.
“Relative to their peer interactions earlier in development, adolescents spend significantly more time with peers than with family (Steinberg and Morris, 2001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Steinberg and Morris, 2001 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Caudate hypoactivation after the receipt of rewarding feedback (peer acceptance) was observed in behaviorally inhibited relative to non-inhibited adolescents.
“Here, caudate hypoactivation after the receipt of rewarding feedback (peer acceptance) was observed in behaviorally inhibited relative to non-inhibited adolescents”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Guyer et al., 2014 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
One study reported both striatal hypoactivity during response preparation in a reward task, followed by striatal hyperactivity when anticipating feedback about the reward in adolescents versus adults.
“One study reported both striatal hypoactivity during response preparation in a reward task, followed by striatal hyperactivity when anticipating feedback about the reward in adolescents versus adults (Geier et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Geier et al., 2010 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Adolescence is a period when interactions with peers are highly rewarding and influential, which increases the salience and impact of both positive and negative aspects of interacting with one's peers.
“Adolescence is also a period when interactions with peers are highly rewarding and influential, which increases the salience and impact of both positive and negative aspects of interacting with one's peers (Rubin et al., 2006).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Rubin et al., 2006
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
A complicated and dynamic cluster of changes-specifically, a history of behaviorally inhibited temperament interacting with changes in fear- and reward-related neural circuits, social information processing, and the social environment-may confer vulnerability for clinical social anxiety in adolescence.
“The preponderance of research points to a complicated and dynamic cluster of changes that may confer this vulnerability: a history of behaviorally inhibited temperament that interacts with changes in fear- and reward-related neural circuits, social information processing, and changes in the social environment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Adolescence is a period of heightened risk for a diagnosis of clinical social anxiety.
- Interpretationreasoning
Such conflict is likely driven by enhanced sensitivity in both approach and withdrawal motivation systems.
“Such conflict is likely driven by enhanced sensitivity in both approach and withdrawal motivation systems.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Increased social exposure can lead to timidity and fear of embarrassment and humiliation in the face of uncertain social status.
“This increased social exposure can lead to timidity and fear of embarrassment and humiliation in the face of uncertain social status.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Increased social exposure can lead to timidity and fear of embarrassment and humiliation in the face of uncertain social status.
- Interpretationreasoning
Our model for understanding adolescent vulnerability to SAD highlights the relationships among individual differences in temperament (namely BI), changes in cortical and subcortical neural circuitry during adolescence underlying social and non-social information processing, and changes in the social environment.
“Thus, our model for understanding adolescent vulnerability to SAD highlights the relationships among individual differences in temperament (namely BI), changes in cortical and subcortical neural circuitry during adolescence underlying social and non-social information processing, and changes in the social environment (Fig. 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Pubertal status is likely to modulate social fears and motivations, due to changing hormones and changing physical appearance.
“Furthermore, pubertal status is likely to modulate social fears and motivations, due to changing hormones and changing physical appearance (Forbes et al., 2010, Sisk and Zehr, 2005).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Forbes et al., 2010
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Sisk and Zehr, 2005 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
The conflict between approach and avoidance systems observed in youth with early-life BI and youth with SAD in a monetary incentive context may also underlie motivational conflicts in peer relations.
“The conflict between approach and avoidance systems observed in youth with early-life BI and youth with SAD in a monetary incentive context may also underlie motivational conflicts in peer relations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Socially anxious or at-risk adolescents may experience approach-avoid conflict in peer situations, as they anticipate rejection but are also highly invested in what their peers think of them.
“socially anxious or at-risk adolescents may experience approach-avoid conflict in this situation, as they anticipate rejection but are also highly invested in what their peers think of them (Lucock & Salkovskis, 1988).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lucock & Salkovskis, 1988
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
The model stipulates that heightened risk for SAD in adolescence is associated with approach-avoidance conflicts whereby the increased salience of social reward is offset by extreme fear of humiliation, embarrassment, or lowered social status.
“The model stipulates that heightened risk for SAD in adolescence is associated with approach-avoidance conflicts whereby the increased salience of social reward is offset by extreme fear of humiliation, embarrassment, or lowered social status.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 18
- May combine two claims. 34
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenVulnerability to SAD reflects heightened salience of social and non-social rewards.
“Vulnerability to SAD reflects heightened salience of social and non-social rewards.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationSAD in adolescence frequently co-occurs with other mental disorders, most commonly other anxiety disorders and mood disorders.
“Finally, SAD in adolescence also frequently co-occurs with other mental disorders. The most common disorders comorbid with SAD are other anxiety disorders and mood disorders (e.g., depression), and with more moderate frequency, Oppositional Defiant Disorder and later substance use (Lopes and Albano, 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lopes and Albano, 2013
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationTreatments for pediatric SAD with the most empirical support include CBT and pharmacotherapy (e.g., SSRIs).
“Treatments for pediatric SAD with the most empirical support include CBT and pharmacotherapy (e.g., selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; SSRIs) (Lopes and Albano, 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lopes and Albano, 2013
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThese changes in adolescence include brain maturation and puberty, broadened social opportunities and more exposure to unfamiliar peers, and new motivations for peer and romantic relationships.
“These changes in adolescence include but are not limited to brain maturation and puberty (Blakemore and Choudhury, 2006, Forbes and Dahl, 2010, Giedd, 2008, Nelson et al., 2005, Sisk and Zehr, 2005), broadened social opportunities and more exposure to unfamiliar peers (Graber and Brooks-Gunn, 1996, Smetana et al., 2006), and new motivations for peer and romantic relationships (Steinberg, 2008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Blakemore and Choudhury, 2006
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Graber and Brooks-Gunn, 1996
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Steinberg, 2008 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenAberrant processing of social threat and reward in SAD becomes pronounced in adolescence.
“Aberrant processing of social threat and reward in SAD becomes pronounced in adolescence.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationBI in toddlerhood predicts social avoidance during free play with unfamiliar peers at age four, and behaviorally inhibited children are quiet and socially avoidant in unfamiliar social situations at age seven.
“Work has shown that BI in toddlerhood predicts social avoidance during free play with unfamiliar peers at age four (Rubin et al., 2002) and behaviorally inhibited children are quiet and socially avoidant in unfamiliar social situations at age seven (Kagan et al., 1988a, Kagan et al., 1988b).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Rubin et al., 2002 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Kagan et al., 1988a
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Kagan et al., 1988b
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThis conflict is mediated by aberrant functioning in a network of brain regions (amygdala, basal ganglia, and prefrontal cortex) that motivate cautious approach.
“Moreover, we stipulate that this conflict is mediated by aberrant functioning in a network of brain regions (i.e., amygdala, basal ganglia, and prefrontal cortex) that motivate cautious approach, and is moderated by individual differences in inhibited temperament that are rooted in childhood.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation8.6% of 13-18 year olds meet lifetime criteria for SAD.
“A national epidemiological study documented that 8.6% of 13–18 year olds meet lifetime criteria for SAD (Burstein et al., 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Burstein et al., 2011 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe risk for developing SAD increases dramatically in late childhood and early adolescence, but the risk for SAD onset then decreases dramatically by age 25.
“The risk for developing SAD increases dramatically in late childhood and early adolescence, but the risk for SAD onset then decreases dramatically by age 25 (Wittchen et al., 1999).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Wittchen et al., 1999 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSSRIs improve functioning in youth with SAD, but CBT increases social skills and social competence to a greater extent.
“SSRIs also improve functioning in youth with SAD (Beidel et al., 2007), however, CBT increases social skills and social competence to a greater extent (Hayward et al., 2000).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThis conflict is moderated by individual differences in inhibited temperament rooted in childhood.
“Moreover, we stipulate that this conflict is mediated by aberrant functioning in a network of brain regions (i.e., amygdala, basal ganglia, and prefrontal cortex) that motivate cautious approach, and is moderated by individual differences in inhibited temperament that are rooted in childhood.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningVulnerability to SAD in adolescence is viewed as a result of conflict between increased salience of social reward and extreme fear of humiliation or embarrassment.
“Vulnerability to SAD in adolescence is viewed as a result of conflict between increased salience of social reward and extreme fear of humiliation or embarrassment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenTypically occurring changes in neural circuitry implicated in threat and reward processing coincide with changes in the social environment that afford greater opportunities for social reward from peers but also greater risk of humiliation and embarrassment in front of unfamiliar others.
“Typically occurring changes in neural circuitry implicated in threat and reward processing coincide with changes in the social environment that afford greater opportunities for social reward from peers but also greater risk of humiliation and embarrassment in front of unfamiliar others.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationSAD onset rates increase considerably at age ten and plateau in the early twenties, whereas onset rates for generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and specific phobias increase more steadily during this same period.
“SAD onset rates increase considerably at age ten and plateau in the early twenties, whereas onset rates for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, and specific phobias increase more steadily during this same period (Beesdo et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Beesdo et al., 2010 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationSAD is one of the most common mental disorders.
“SAD is one of the most common mental disorders (Kessler, 2003).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kessler, 2003 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningA dimensional perspective of SAD conceives of it as fueled by imbalances or conflicts between fear-avoidance and appetitive-motivational systems when responding to both social and non-social stimuli.
“We thus suggest a dimensional perspective of SAD that conceives of it as fueled by imbalances or conflicts between fear-avoidance and appetitive-motivational systems when responding to both social and non-social stimuli.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationBI is found in about 15% of the population and is characterized by heightened sensitivity to novelty and threat, fear of and wariness towards unfamiliar stimuli, and a tendency to withdraw from unfamiliar social situations.
“Found in about 15% of the population, BI is characterized by a heightened sensitivity to novelty and threat, fear of and wariness towards unfamiliar stimuli, and a tendency to withdraw from unfamiliar social situations (Fox et al., 2001, Perez-Edgar and Fox, 2005).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Fox et al., 2001 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Perez-Edgar and Fox, 2005
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationGroup CBT for adolescents with SAD has proven effective with methods such as social skills training, cognitive reframing, and problem-solving.
“Group CBT for adolescents with SAD has proven effective with methods, such as social skills training, cognitive reframing, and problem-solving (Albano et al., 1995).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Albano et al., 1995 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThese shifts can contribute to vulnerability for SAD and exacerbate its consequences.
“Not only can these shifts contribute to vulnerability for SAD, they can exacerbate its consequences, as in the case of adolescents who withdraw from peers and social situations at a time when establishing healthy peer relationships is important for well-being.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationEarly-life BI relates to heightened attentional vigilance toward and greater difficulty disengaging from socially threatening stimuli later in childhood and adolescence.
“Indeed, later in childhood and adolescence, early-life BI relates to heightened attentional vigilance toward and greater difficulty disengaging from socially threatening stimuli (Bar-Haim et al., 2007, Perez-Edgar et al., 2011).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationEarly-life BI increases the odds of having SAD in adolescence by four-fold, and doubles the chance for any anxiety disorder.
“For example, longitudinal maternal-reported and behavioral evidence suggests that early-life BI increases the odds of having SAD in adolescence by four-fold, and doubles the chance for any anxiety disorder (Chronis-Tuscano et al., 2009).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Chronis-Tuscano et al., 2009 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThis vulnerability is moderated in part by a history of inhibited temperament.
“This vulnerability is moderated in part by a history of inhibited temperament.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAbout 50% of SAD cases onset by age 13, with 90% reaching onset by age 23.
“About 50% of SAD cases onset by age 13, with 90% reaching onset by age 23 (Stein, 2006).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Stein, 2006
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe ventral striatum primarily contains the nucleus accumbens and projects to regions of the PFC implicated in emotion and motivation.
“The ventral striatum primarily contains the nucleus accumbens and projects to regions of the PFC implicated in emotion and motivation (Fareri et al., 2008).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fareri et al., 2008 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationEstablished, biologically based explanations for anxiety and BI involve the neural networks implicated in avoidance responses to feared stimuli.
“Although our primary focus here is on the link between appetitive-motivational systems and SAD, it is important to consider that established, biologically based explanations for anxiety (Davis, 1992, LeDoux, 2007) and BI (Kagan, 1996) involve the neural networks implicated in “avoidance” responses to feared stimuli.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAttentional bias to threat has been found in younger relative to older anxious individuals and in adolescents with a history of BI.
“Measured behaviorally, attentional bias to threat has been found in younger relative to older anxious individuals (Ladouceur et al., 2009) and in adolescents with a history of BI (Perez-Edgar et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe amygdala facilitates responses to salient stimuli either positive or negative in valence and mediates emotional responses.
“The amygdala facilitates responses to salient stimuli either positive or negative in valence and mediates emotional responses (Kim et al., 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kim et al., 2011 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationStudies of facial emotion encoding have found amygdala hyperactivation in adolescents with BI in early childhood and adolescents with GAD and/or SAD versus control groups when they attend to fearful relative to neutral faces.
“Studies of facial emotion encoding have found amygdala hyperactivation in adolescents with BI in early childhood (Perez-Edgar et al., 2007) and adolescents with GAD and/or SAD (Beesdo et al., 2009, McClure et al., 2007) versus control groups when they attend to fearful relative to neutral faces.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn behaviorally inhibited versus non-inhibited adolescents, greater activation across striatal structures (caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens) occurs during anticipation of monetary gains and losses, such that the more salient the outcome, the greater the striatal activation.
“Key findings showed greater activation across these striatal structures in behaviorally inhibited versus non-inhibited adolescents, such that the more salient the outcome (i.e., the more money to gain or lose), the greater the striatal activation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Guyer et al., 2006 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationStronger associations between early BI and later social anxiety problems have been observed in females, children with insecure attachment styles, high parental trait anxiety, domineering parenting style and high maternal intrusive control, and significant exposure to maternal stress.
“Stronger associations have been observed in females (Essex et al., 2010), children with insecure attachment styles (Muris et al., 2011, Nachmias et al., 1996), high parental trait anxiety (Muris et al., 2011), domineering parenting style and high maternal intrusive control (Rubin et al., 2002, Williams et al., 2009), and significant exposure to maternal stress (Essex et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationHyperactive striatal responses in BI and SAD may reflect anxiety during the anticipation of uncertain outcomes inclusive of both non-social incentives and social evaluation or interactions, and during social stress more generally.
“Hyperactive striatal responses in BI and SAD may reflect anxiety during the anticipation of uncertain outcomes inclusive of both non-social incentives and social evaluation or interactions, and during social stress more generally.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe salience of reward magnitude but not reward valence modulated striatal activity, suggesting the potential receipt of rewards and avoidance of losing rewards may be equally salient events for behaviorally inhibited adolescents.
“Additionally, that the salience of reward magnitude but not reward valence modulated striatal activity suggests the potential receipt of rewards and avoidance of losing rewards may be equally salient events for behaviorally inhibited adolescents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningBehaviorally inhibited adolescents may experience heightened reward sensitivity and heightened vigilance toward evaluating their reward-contingent performance.
“As such, behaviorally inhibited adolescents may experience not only heightened reward sensitivity, but also heightened vigilance toward evaluating their reward-contingent performance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenAberrant information processing of social reward cues may escalate the risk for SAD at a time when increased sensitivity to rewarding experiences such as peer acceptance typically occurs.
“aberrant information processing of social reward cues may escalate the risk for SAD at a time when increased sensitivity to rewarding experiences such as peer acceptance typically occurs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationSAD has been reported in adolescents characterized in childhood as non-inhibited, and BI has been associated with anxiety disorders more generally, not just with SAD.
“Nonetheless, as discussed earlier, the converse has been shown, as SAD has been reported in adolescents characterized in childhood as non-inhibited (Hirshfeld-Becker et al., 2007) and BI has been associated with anxiety disorders more generally, not just with SAD (Maack et al., 2012).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationWithin the vPFC, the lateral portion is involved in attention control and related processes and the medial portion is implicated in controlling flexible and adaptive motivational responses, such as acquisition of fearful responding, fear extinction, as well as approach and reward-driven behaviors.
“Within the vPFC, the lateral portion is involved in attention control and related processes and the medial portion is implicated in controlling flexible and adaptive motivational responses, such as acquisition of fearful responding, fear extinction, as well as approach and reward-driven behaviors (Dolan, 2007, Murray et al., 2007).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationValence of the potential outcome did not modulate striatal activation; both groups had similar activation levels to potential gains and losses.
“Additionally, valence of the potential outcome did not modulate striatal activation, as both groups had similar activation levels to potential gains and losses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Guyer et al., 2006 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationOther studies have reported increased recruitment of reward-related brain regions in adolescents relative to children and/or adults when anticipating or viewing reward cues.
“Other studies, in contrast, have reported evidence of increased recruitment of reward-related brain regions in adolescents relative to children and/or adults when anticipating or viewing reward cues (Ernst et al., 2005, Galvan et al., 2006, Geier et al., 2010, Van Leijenhorst et al., 2010a, Van Leijenhorst et al., 2010b).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningGiven that BI is a risk factor both for GAD and for SAD, the finding of similar activity in the caudate and putamen during reward anticipation in the BI and SAD samples suggests that heightened striatal response may be a key neurobiological property for SAD but not for other anxiety disorders among youth with BI.
“Given that BI is a risk factor both for GAD and for SAD, the finding of similar activity in the caudate and putamen during reward anticipation in the BI and SAD samples suggests that heightened striatal response may be a key neurobiological property for SAD but not for other anxiety disorders among youth with BI.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: BI is a risk factor for both GAD and SAD.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe preponderance of data support striatal hyperactivity versus hypoactivity in adolescence, and these neurobiological changes underlie behavioral change in reward valuation, goal-oriented performance monitoring, and cognitive regulation of motivation.
“There is general agreement that the preponderance of data support striatal hyperactivity versus hypoactivity in adolescence (Ernst et al., 2006, Galvan, 2010), and that these neurobiological changes underlie behavioral change in reward valuation, goal-oriented performance monitoring, and cognitive regulation of motivation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Ernst et al., 2006 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Galvan, 2010
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationNon-BI adolescents showed greater vmPFC activation to reward versus punishment outcomes, whereas for BI adolescents, vmPFC activity did not distinguish between these outcomes.
“Specifically, non-BI adolescents showed greater vmPFC activation to reward versus punishment outcomes, whereas for BI adolescents, vmPFC activity did not distinguish between these outcomes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Helfinstein et al., 2011 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationBecause the vmPFC modulates striatal responses, adolescents with BI may code aversive outcomes via reduced striatal response that contributes to the muted discrimination between positive and negative outcomes in the vmPFC.
“Because the vmPFC modulates striatal responses (Haber et al., 1995), adolescents with BI may code aversive outcomes via reduced striatal response that contributes to the muted discrimination between positive and negative outcomes in the vmPFC.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Haber et al., 1995 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThe putamen hyperactivation in BI during anticipation of social feedback is analogous to putamen hyperactivation for high-gain and high-loss trials in the MID task, suggesting a strong desire to avoid failure-in this case, social failure.
“a result we view as analogous to the putamen hyperactivation observed for high-gain and high-loss trials in the MID task, and which we also interpret as suggesting a strong desire to avoid failure—in this case, social failure.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationSAD involves heightened sensitivity to incentives relative to other forms of anxiety such as GAD, but similar to an early life risk factor, namely BI.
“These results suggest that SAD involves heightened sensitivity to incentives relative to other forms of anxiety such as GAD, but similar to an early life risk factor, namely BI (Guyer et al., 2006).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Guyer et al., 2006 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningRisk avoidance, emotion dysregulation, and impulsivity related to hyper-arousal are all indicators of SAD, and these processes may become exaggerated at a time when heightened reward responsiveness overrides the still-maturing regulatory mechanisms of the PFC.
“Risk avoidance, emotion dysregulation, and impulsivity related to hyper-arousal are all indicators of SAD, and these processes may become exaggerated at a time when heightened reward responsiveness overrides the still-maturing regulatory mechanisms of the PFC.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationImmaturity of the brain's cognitive control networks could contribute to negative attentional and interpretational biases among socially anxious adolescents, making it difficult for them to process positive and negative social information.
“Furthermore, immaturity of the brain's cognitive control networks could contribute to negative attentional and interpretational biases among socially anxious adolescents, making it difficult for them to process positive and negative social information (Weeks and Howell, 2012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Weeks and Howell, 2012
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningHeightened social anxiety in adolescence may not only be a function of age-typical increases in social motivation, but may also reflect difficulty in encoding the reward value of social cues that arises from cognitive biases typical of SAD.
“As such, heightened social anxiety in adolescence may not only be a function of age-typical increases in social motivation, but it may also reflect difficulty in encoding the reward value of social cues that arises from cognitive biases typical of SAD.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningFor some adolescents, the anxiety that comes with broadened social opportunities may be extreme enough to lead to SAD, particularly for those with a temperamentally based bias towards reticence in social situations.
“For some adolescents, the anxiety that comes with broadened social opportunities may be extreme enough to lead to SAD, particularly for those with a temperamentally based bias towards reticence in social situations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationSocially anxious individuals tend to expect rejection, show heightened concern for their own appearance of anxiety, and display overly negative interpretations of social outcomes.
“Such a view is consistent with behavioral evidence indicating that socially anxious individuals tend to expect rejection, show heightened concern for their own appearance of anxiety, and display overly negative interpretations of social outcomes (Heimberg et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Heimberg et al., 2010
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationSocially anxious adolescents are likely to interpret social information as overly threatening and to generate negative self-evaluations, and thus avoid social bids with uncertain outcomes.
“In these instances, socially anxious adolescents are likely to interpret social information as overly threatening and to generate negative self-evaluations, and thus, avoid social bids with uncertain outcomes (Heimberg et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Heimberg et al., 2010
Not checked in the free run.
The paper relies on this without support.
The brain is a clear mediator of individual differences in behavior.
“This motivation stems from an understanding that the brain is a clear mediator of individual differences in behavior and that neurodevelopment in adolescence has distinct characteristics relative to other developmental periods.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Neurodevelopment in adolescence has distinct characteristics relative to other developmental periods.
“This motivation stems from an understanding that the brain is a clear mediator of individual differences in behavior and that neurodevelopment in adolescence has distinct characteristics relative to other developmental periods.”
The paper relies on this without support.
SAD can be transient and not persist into adulthood for many adolescents.
“That said, as common as SAD is to emerge in adolescence, for many adolescents it can be transient and not persist into adulthood.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Another subset of children with BI does not develop impairing levels of anxiety.
“Another subset of children with BI does not develop impairing levels of anxiety.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Typical BIS scores and normative social anxiety serve similar purposes in assessing the risk involved in approaching a reward.
“However, typical BIS scores and normative social anxiety serve similar purposes in assessing the risk involved in approaching a reward.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The amygdala has been a key region of interest because of its role in perceiving salience and attending to and disengaging from threat cues, including those of a social nature.
“The amygdala has been a key region of interest in this line of work because of its role in perceiving salience and attending to and disengaging from threat cues, including those of a social nature.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The striatum has strong connections to cortical and limbic regions and its own functionally distinct structures.
“The striatum, in particular, has strong connections to cortical and limbic regions and its own functionally distinct structures.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The dorsal striatum encompasses the caudate and putamen, which connect mainly to motor and cognitive areas of the PFC.
“The dorsal striatum encompasses the caudate and putamen, which connect mainly to motor and cognitive areas of the PFC.”
The paper relies on this without support.
BI is a risk factor for both GAD and SAD.
“Given that BI is a risk factor both for GAD and for SAD”
The paper relies on this without support.
Increased social exposure can lead to timidity and fear of embarrassment and humiliation in the face of uncertain social status.
“This increased social exposure can lead to timidity and fear of embarrassment and humiliation in the face of uncertain social status.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Typically developing adolescents have enhanced sensitivity in reward-related neural networks that motivate approaching unfamiliar peers with a bid for social affiliation and acceptance.
“whereas typically developing adolescents have enhanced sensitivity in reward-related neural networks that motivate approaching unfamiliar peers with a bid for social affiliation and acceptance”
The paper relies on this without support.
Adolescence signals a time of increased exploration and risk-taking.
“Adolescence signals a time of increased exploration and risk-taking”
The paper relies on this without support.
Adolescence is a period of heightened risk for a diagnosis of clinical social anxiety.
“Why is adolescence a period of heightened risk for a diagnosis of clinical social anxiety?”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
High caudate activation to social reward could reflect high approach motivation in youth with a history of anxiety.
“Given the role of the caudate in motivational processes (Delgado et al., 2004), high caudate activation to social reward could reflect high approach motivation in youth with a history of anxiety (Caouette and Guyer, 2014).”
From Neural Activation to Parental Praise Interacts With Social Context to Predict Adolescent Depressive Symptoms (2019) · cites this paper as Caouette and Guyer, 2014
In “Alterations in approach circuitry” (page unavailable), the paper reports lower caudate activation after peer acceptance in adolescents with a history of behavioral inhibition, a risk factor for anxiety. It interprets altered caudate responses in these youth as potentially reflecting avoidance rather than approach motivation, contrary to the attributed interpretation of high caudate activation to social reward. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMost worry-related anxiety disorders have median ages of onset in mid-to-late adolescence; social anxiety, panic, general anxiety, and PTSD all increase from ages 13-18, and girls are diagnosed with these disorders 2-3 times more often than boys.
“Most worry-related anxiety disorders also have median age of onsets in mid-to-late adolescence; social anxiety, panic, general anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorders all increase from ages 13–18, and girls are also diagnosed with these disorders 2–3x more often than boys.(9–11)”
From Puberty Initiates Cascading Relationships Between Neurodevelopmental, Social, and Internalizing Processes Across Adolescence (2021) · cites this paper as [11]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Response to aversive outcomes is described as both heightened and reduced
MinorThe paper reports heightened caudate activation to punishment outcomes in adolescents with a BI history, then suggests that the same group codes aversive outcomes through reduced striatal response. The caudate is identified elsewhere in the paper as part of the striatum, so the stated directions conflict without a further distinction.
“adolescents with versus without BI history showed heightened caudate activation to punishment but not reward outcomes (Helfinstein et al., 2011).”
“adolescents with BI may code aversive outcomes via reduced striatal response”
The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet
References 141 · Cited by 108
- Authors
- Caouette, J. D., & Guyer, A. E.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Guyer, Amanda E.
- Venue
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-04
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 65-76
- ISSN
- 1878-9293 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3960349
- OpenAlex
- W2068061999
- Cited by
- 108
- References
- 141
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 1.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Institute of Health (R00-MH080076, T32-MH020006)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- social anxiety disorder, adolescents, behavioral inhibition, brain development, amygdala, ventral prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, reward processing, fear processing, social avoidance, social approach, social evaluation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Amygdala, Anxiety Disorders, Cognition, Disease Susceptibility, Humans, Motivation, Phobic Disorders, Reward, Adolescent Development
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
