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Emotion Modulation in PTSD: Clinical and Neurobiological Evidence for a Dissociative Subtype
Open accessAbstract
In this article, the authors present evidence regarding a dissociative subtype of PTSD, with clinical and neurobiological features that can be distinguished from nondissociative PTSD. The dissociative subtype is characterized by overmodulation of affect, while the more common undermodulated type involves the predominance of reexperiencing and hyperarousal symptoms. This article focuses on the neural manifestations of the dissociative subtype in PTSD and compares it to those underlying the reexperiencing/hyperaroused subtype. A model that includes these two types of emotion dysregulation in PTSD is described. In this model, reexperiencing/hyperarousal reactivity is viewed as a form of emotion dysregulation that involves emotional undermodulation, mediated by failure of prefrontal inhibition of limbic regions. In contrast, the dissociative subtype of PTSD is described as a form of emotion dysregulation that involves emotional overmodulation mediated by midline prefrontal inhibition of the same limbic regions. Both types of modulation are involved in a dynamic interplay and lead to alternating symptom profiles in PTSD. These findings have important implications for treatment of PTSD, including the need to assess patients with PTSD for dissociative symptoms and to incorporate the treatment of dissociative symptoms into stage-oriented trauma treatment.
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“Specifically, when the prefrontal cortex is shutdown among individuals with classic PTSD, it can propagate an emotion under-modulation symptom profile, which includes hypervigilance and hyperarousal symptoms.”
From How Processing of Sensory Information From the Internal and External Worlds Shape the Perception and Engagement With the World in the Aftermath of Trauma: Implications for PTSD (2021) · cites this paper as Lanius et al., 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“In response to trauma scripts, patients with the reexperiencing/hyperarousal response—as in PTSD—show decreased activation in anterior brain regions implicated in regulating arousal and emotion (ventromedial prefrontal cortex and rostral anterior cingulate cortex), decreased activation in the thalamus and occipital cortices, and increased activity in the amygdala and insula.53–58”
From Fear and the Defense Cascade (2015) · cites this paper as [56]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Building on this seminal work, Lanius et al. (2010) proposed a neurobiological model of PTSD-DS, characterized primarily by symptoms of derealization, depersonalization, and tonic hypoarousal that contrasted with the more typical symptoms of re-experiencing and hyperarousal that feature predominately in the majority of cases of PTSD.”
From A review of the relation between dissociation, memory, executive functioning and social cognition in military members and civilians with neuropsychiatric conditions (2016) · cites this paper as Lanius et al., 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Ultimately, this undermines the proposed neurobiological basis (e.g. Lanius et al., 2010; Terpou et al., 2019) of the defense cascade model and the dissociative subtype as a whole.”
From Trauma-related dissociation and the autonomic nervous system: a systematic literature review of psychophysiological correlates of dissociative experiencing in PTSD patients (2022) · cites this paper as Lanius et al., 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“In addition to these core cognitive and affective symptoms, individuals with PTSD have shown unique neural signatures that overlap with key brain regions involved in the sensory transmission of incoming interoceptive and exteroceptive sensations, including the brainstem, the insula, and the prefrontal cortex (Lanius et al., 2010; Nicholson et al., 2015, 2017; Daniels et al., 2016; Sierk et al., 2”
From How Processing of Sensory Information From the Internal and External Worlds Shape the Perception and Engagement With the World in the Aftermath of Trauma: Implications for PTSD (2021) · cites this paper as Lanius et al., 2010
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“Moreover, in patients with the PTSD dissociative subtype, the prefrontal cortex is thought to play an inhibitory role on subcortical structures identified in the innate alarm system, including the amygdala and the periaqueductal gray, which contributes to an emotion over-modulation symptom profile, including depersonalization/derealization and emotional detachment behaviors (Lanius et al., 2010; N”
From How Processing of Sensory Information From the Internal and External Worlds Shape the Perception and Engagement With the World in the Aftermath of Trauma: Implications for PTSD (2021) · cites this paper as Lanius et al., 2010
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“Here, we propose that sensory-based treatments may be an alternative mechanism that can bring online the prefrontal cortex, a key brain region for multisensory integration, emotion regulation and social cognition, which may be offline under certain conditions (Lanius et al., 2010; Aupperle et al., 2013).”
From How Processing of Sensory Information From the Internal and External Worlds Shape the Perception and Engagement With the World in the Aftermath of Trauma: Implications for PTSD (2021) · cites this paper as Lanius et al., 2010
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“Lanius and colleagues have proposed a model of heightened prefrontal recruitment with associated dampening of amygdala-based threat responding [64].”
From Trauma, PTSD, and the Developing Brain (2017) · cites this paper as [64]
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“Similarly, greater activity in prefrontal cortex was associated with subjective feelings of dissociation (e.g., depersonalization/derealization) across various emotionally provocative tasks [147–149].”
From Treatment of dissociative identity disorder: leveraging neurobiology to optimize success (2024) · cites this paper as [147]
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“prior work indicates that individuals with the dissociative subtype of PTSD have greater activity in regions associated with “top-down” regulation (e.g., prefrontal cortex) and diminished activity in limbic regions (e.g., amygdala) when presented with emotionally provocative autobiographical trauma-related scripts [147,148].”
From Treatment of dissociative identity disorder: leveraging neurobiology to optimize success (2024) · cites this paper as [147]
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“Thereby, dissociation can become maladaptive [10] and possibly interfere with treatment [46–50].”
From Dissociation and Alterations in Brain Function and Structure: Implications for Borderline Personality Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [10]
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“Dissociation can also develop in the aftermath of trauma and generalize across situations”
From Dissociation and Alterations in Brain Function and Structure: Implications for Borderline Personality Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [10]
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“Based on more recent neuroimaging findings in PTSD [10], Lanius and colleagues (2010) proposed a neurobiological model that distinguishes between two types of responses to traumatic reminders or other stressors: patients with a dissociative response type (D-PTSD) are thought to “over-modulate” their emotions, as opposed to patients who primarily suffer from re-experiencing symptoms”
From Dissociation and Alterations in Brain Function and Structure: Implications for Borderline Personality Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [10]
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“Patients who reported a stronger increase of state dissociation (DSS) showed significantly lower amygdala reactivity to negative distractors [139], in line with aforementioned findings by Hazlett and colleagues [135] and theoretical models [10].”
From Dissociation and Alterations in Brain Function and Structure: Implications for Borderline Personality Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [10]
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“Dissociation may be a protective strategy to cope with overwhelming emotions in traumatic/stressful situations [1, 3, 10].”
From Dissociation and Alterations in Brain Function and Structure: Implications for Borderline Personality Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [10]
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“Pathological dissociation is a complex and heterogeneous phenomenon [2–4, 153], which has been closely linked to traumatic stress [1, 10].”
From Dissociation and Alterations in Brain Function and Structure: Implications for Borderline Personality Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [10]
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“Neurobiological studies of PTSD-DS continue to underscore the observation that depersonalization and derealization represent distinct responses from re-experiencing/hyperarousal reactivity in persons with PTSD (Lanius et al., 2010(Lanius et al., , 2012(Lanius et al., , 2006;;Nicholson et al., 2015).”
From A review of the relation between dissociation, memory, executive functioning and social cognition in military members and civilians with neuropsychiatric conditions (2016) · cites this paper as Lanius et al., 2010
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Specifically, whereas reliving responses are thought to be mediated by a failure of prefrontal inhibition or top-down control of limbic regions, depersonalization and derealization responses are thought to be mediated by increased prefrontal inhibition of limbic regions.”
From A review of the relation between dissociation, memory, executive functioning and social cognition in military members and civilians with neuropsychiatric conditions (2016) · cites this paper as Lanius et al., 2010
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“this pattern of brain activity is similar to that seen in patients with the PTSD-DS during presentation of trauma-related scripts (Lanius et al., 2010(Lanius et al., , 2012(Lanius et al., , 2006)).”
From A review of the relation between dissociation, memory, executive functioning and social cognition in military members and civilians with neuropsychiatric conditions (2016) · cites this paper as Lanius et al., 2010
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
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“Evidence of distinct patterns of neural activity (Frewen and Lanius, 2006;Lanius et al., 2010Lanius et al., , 2012) )”
From A review of the relation between dissociation, memory, executive functioning and social cognition in military members and civilians with neuropsychiatric conditions (2016) · cites this paper as Lanius et al., 2010
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
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“Lanius et al. (2010) postulated that among individuals with the PTSD dissociative subtype, overactivation in the prefrontal cortex exerts top-down inhibitory effects on the amygdala, which is a key structure for emotion processing.”
From How Processing of Sensory Information From the Internal and External Worlds Shape the Perception and Engagement With the World in the Aftermath of Trauma: Implications for PTSD (2021) · cites this paper as Lanius et al. (2010)
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
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“Interestingly, these patterns differ from previous studies conducted by our research group that suggest among individuals with the PTSD dissociative subtype, the prefrontal cortex exerts top-down inhibitory effects on emotional reactivity structures (Lanius et al., 2010; Nicholson et al., 2017).”
From How Processing of Sensory Information From the Internal and External Worlds Shape the Perception and Engagement With the World in the Aftermath of Trauma: Implications for PTSD (2021) · cites this paper as Lanius et al., 2010
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Citations
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Items 501–600 of 1,000
Kim, D., Kim, D., Lee, H., Cho, Y., Min, J. Y., & Kim, S. H. (2019) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1657372 · Cited by 21
“Finally, it has been suggested that these individuals need phased treatments emphasizing stabilization and affect regulation because of their different response to conventional exposure-based psychotherapy (Lanius et al., 2010).”
BackgroundResultEmpathy and Alexithymia in Borderline Personality Disorder: Clinical and Laboratory Measures
New, A. S., Rot, M. A. H., Ripoll, L. H., Pérez-Rodríguez, M. M., Lazarus, S. A., Zipursky, E., Weinstein, S. R., Koenigsberg, H. W., Hazlett, E. A., Goodman, M. S., et al. (2012) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2012_26_037 · Cited by 17
DIVIDED CONSCIOUSNESS: DISSOCIATION IN DSM-5
Spiegel, D. (2012) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.21984 · Cited by 17
“Typically, hyperarousal is associated with hypofrontality and limbic activation, whereas the dissociative subtype is characterized by increased frontal and decreased limbic activity[11] typical of suppression of emotion and memory.”
BackgroundSelf-citationCardeña, E., Butler, L. D., Reijman, S., & Spiegel, D. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop208008 · Cited by 17
Self-citationDissociation mediates the relationship between sexual abuse and child psychological difficulties
Ensink, K., Berthelot, N., Bégin, M., Maheux, J., & Normandin, L. (2017) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.04.017 · Cited by 16
“Lanius and colleagues (Lanius, Brand, Vermetten, Frewen, & Spiegel, 2012; Lanius et al., 2010) suggest that dissociation and derealisation are associated with a high level of prefrontal activity and a lack of responsiveness in the emotional/limbic areas of the brain in response to trauma-related…”
BackgroundCastro-Chapman, P. L., Orr, S. P., Berg, J., Pineles, S. L., Yanson, J., & Salomon, K. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.01.024 · Cited by 17
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Dissociation Links Maternal History Of Childhood Abuse To Impaired parenting
Williams, K., Möhler, E., Kaess, M., Resch, F., & Fuchs, A. (2021) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2021.1934938 · Cited by 16
“Dissociation can be defined as a dysfunctional emotion regulation strategy, an “over-regulation of emotions” (Lanius et al., 2010), that occurs when no adaptive emotion regulation strategies are available (Banyard et al.”
BackgroundSpecial Attention to the Self: a Mechanistic Model of Patient RB’s Lost Feeling of Ownership
Gentry, H. (2021) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-021-00574-1 · Cited by 16
“These results are consistent with Sierra and Berrios’ cortico-limbic disconnection model (for a review see Lanius et al. 2010).”
ResultVisser, E., Oudsten, B. L. D., Lodder, P., Gosens, T., & Vries, J. D. (2022) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.2006502 · Cited by 16
“…(Flory & Yehuda, 2015) Another reason for presence of anxiety, depression (Mergler et al., 2017), and neuroticism (Spindler & Elklit, 2003) could be found in an abnormal high activation in brain regions that are involved in arousal modulation and emotional regulation (Lanius et al., 2010).”
BackgroundStopyra, M. A., Simon, J. J., Rheude, C., & Nikendei, C. (2022) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2022-0014 · Cited by 17
Defrin, R., Sagy, N. C., Biran, I., Goor‐Aryeh, I., Shai, R., & Ginzburg, K. (2019) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1504 · Cited by 16
“Increased PFC activation in BPD and in posttraumatic stress disorder has been suggested to lead to alterations in the amygdala, and in turn, to alterations in salience detection and emotion processing (Krause-Utz, Frost, Winter, & Elzinga, 2017; Lanius et al., 2010; Schmahl et al., 2014) the consequence of which may b…”
BackgroundBryant, R. A., Erlinger, M., Felmingham, K. L., Malhi, G. S., O'Donnell, M. L., Williams, L. M., & Korgaonkar, M. S. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23061 · Cited by 16
“For example, PTSD patients with more dissociative responses tend to overmodulate emotions, involving prefrontal inhibition of limbic regions, relative to those with more fear and hyperarousal responses (K. Felmingham et al., 2008; Lanius et al., 2010).”
BackgroundZoet, H. A., de Jongh, A., & van Minnen, A. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10081553 · Cited by 17
“Emotional overmodulation, and the expected co-occurring difficulties with fear activation, might be less present among those with somatoform dissociative symptoms than assumed [14,15].”
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Auxéméry, Y. (2013) · L information psychiatrique · doi:10.1684/ipe.2013.1104 · Cited by 16
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“Specifically, the dissociative subtype of PTSD was found to have a unique neural manifestation, as indicated by the overmodulation of midline prefrontal, dACC, and limbic regions of the brain.(14) The traditional FNM has served as a crucial first step in understanding the neurobiology sub-serving anomalous affective p…”
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Brand, B. L., Loewenstein, R. J., & Spiegel, D. (2013) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e318288d2ee · Cited by 16
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“Indeed, previous neuroimaging studies suggest alternations within the DMN in PTSD, mainly in the form of decreased activity and connectivity within key components of this network (Bluhm et al., 2009; DiGangi et al., 2016; Frewen et al., 2010; Lanius et al., 2010a; Sheynin et al., 2020).”
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“The latter includes script driven imagery [13] or exposure to emotionally evocative pictures [14-19].”
BackgroundDorrepaal, E., Thomaes, K., Smit, J. H., Hoogendoorn, A. W., Veltman, D. J., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., & Draijer, N. (2012) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2011.641496 · Cited by 15
“Empirical studies (Ford, 1999; van der Kolk, Roth, Pelcovitz, Sunday, & Spinazzola, 2005; Zlotnick et al., 1996) as well as neurobiological findings (Lanius et al., 2010; Thomaes et al., in press) have supported the concept of Complex PTSD and observed a prevalence of 1% (Ford, Stockton, Kaltman, &…”
BackgroundPsychiatric Disorders - Worldwide Advances
Uehara, T. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/1289 · Cited by 16
Mind, brain and body. Healing trauma: the way forward
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“…co-morbidities or with dysregulated emotions or cognitions, individuals who experience dissociative symptoms may have difficulty benefitting from trauma-focused treatment modalities if the dissociation interferes with the crucial stage of processing traumatic memories (Lanius et al., 2010).”
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Şar, V. (2023) · Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/02668734.2023.2254824 · Cited by 15
“Indeed, borderline phenomena seem to describe the bimodal quality of several psychological functions (e.g., emotions, interpersonal attachment, cognition, behavior) with either ‘on’ or ‘off’ status as represented in ‘undermodulation’ and ‘overmodulation’ of emotions in PTSD (Lanius et al., 2010).”
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“Dissociation also involves a signi fi cant distortion of attention by shutting down perceptual information processing, which top-down cortical-subcortical processes can mediate at the level of functional neural activity (25).”
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Frewen, P., Kleindienst, N., Lanius, R. A., & Schmahl, C. G. (2014) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v5.24863 · Cited by 16
“…correlated with arousal and positively correlated with medial prefrontal response during neuroimaging studies of emotional processing, including response to personal trauma reminders (reviewed by Lanius et al., 2010; Lanius, Brand, Vermetten, Frewen, & Spiegel, 2012; Lanius et al., 2014).”
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Longitudinal Assessment of Amygdala Activity in Mice Susceptible to Trauma
Dirven, B. C. J., Botan, A., van der Geugten, D., Kraakman, B., van Melis, L. V. J., Merjenburgh, S., van Rijn, R., Waajen, L., Homberg, J. R., Kozicz, T., et al. (2022) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105912 · Cited by 14
Sex-dependent risk factors for PTSD: a prospective structural MRI study
Roeckner, A. R., Sogani, S., Michopoulos, V., Hinrichs, R. C., van Rooij, S. J. H., ROTHBAUM, B. O., Jovanović, T., Ressler, K. J., & Stevens, J. S. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-022-01452-9 · Cited by 16
“This is in contrast to traditional PTSD models, in which under-modulation of prefrontal areas over the amygdala leads to hyperactive fear response [66, 67].”
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Dégeilh, F., Viard, A., Dayan, J., Guenolé, F., Egler, P., Baleyte, J., Eustache, F., & Guillery‐Girard, B. (2013) · Revue de neuropsychologie · doi:10.3917/rne.051.0045 · Cited by 38
Dreams and Dissociation—Commonalities as a Basis for Future Research and Clinical Innovations
der Kloet, D. V. H., & Lynn, S. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00745 · Cited by 16
Granner, J. R., & Seng, J. S. (2021) · Journal of Midwifery & Women s Health · doi:10.1111/jmwh.13287 · Cited by 13
Chandra, P., Kozlowska, K., Cruz, C., Baslet, G. C., Perez, D. L., & Garralda, M. E. (2017) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000131 · Cited by 13
Ayahuasca and Childhood Trauma: Potential Therapeutic Applications
Perkins, D., & Sarris, J. J. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-55688-4_6 · Cited by 13
Ahrenholtz, R., Hiser, J., Ross, M. C., Privratsky, A. A., Sartin‐Tarm, A., James, G. A., & Cisler, J. M. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.07.007 · Cited by 13
Families With Violence Exposure and the Intergenerational Transmission of Somatization
Glaus, J., Moser, D., Serpa, S. R., Jouabli, S., Turri, F., Plessen, K. J., & Schechter, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820652 · Cited by 12
Causal connection between dissociation and ongoing interpersonal violence: A systematic review
Tschoeke, S., Steinert, T., & Bichescu-Burian, D. M. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.030 · Cited by 15
The impact of torture on interpersonal threat and reward neurocircuitry
Liddell, B. J., Malhi, G. S., Felmingham, K. L., Cheung, J., Outhred, T., Das, P., Nickerson, A., Den, M. L., Askovic, M., Coello, M., et al. (2020) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867420950819 · Cited by 17
“Our ROI analysis focused on threat processing regions previously observed in PTSD and trauma-focused fMRI studies (Lanius et al., 2010; Patel et al., 2012; Pitman et al., 2012; Shalev et al., 2017): bilateral amygdala, insula, hippocampus, anterior cingulate cortex and medial prefrontal cortex (combining frontal super…”
BackgroundMethodTrauma- und stressorbezogene Störungen
Kapfhammer, H. P. (2014) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-013-3988-0 · Cited by 13
Psychoform and Somatoform Dissociation and PTSD in Deaf Adults
Schild, S., & Dalenberg, C. J. (2012) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2011.641711 · Cited by 14
“In keeping with the hypothesis of a dissociative subtype of PTSD (Lanius et al., 2010), it was predicted that dissociation would be associated with higher levels of PTSD symptoms and that those with both psychoform dissociation and PTSD would show higher levels of depression, impaired…”
BackgroundResultBelli, H., Akbudak, M., Ural, C., Solmaz, M., Bektas, Z. D., & Konkan, R. (2016) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2016.1218050 · Cited by 16
Friedman, M. J. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119998471.ch1 · Cited by 13
Psychiatric Illnesses as Disorders of Network Dynamics
Durstewitz, D., Huys, Q. J. M., & Koppe, G. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.01.001 · Cited by 84
Danböck, S. K., Franke, L. K., Miedl, S. F., Liedlgruber, M., Bürkner, P., & Wilhelm, F. H. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104289 · Cited by 12
“…has been undertaken to understand psychological and neurobiological processes underlying posttraumatic dissociative states (Harnett & Lebois, 2022; Lanius et al., 2010, 2018; Lebois, Harnett, et al., 2022; Lebois, Kumar, et al., 2022; Mertens et al., 2022; Nicholson et al., 2020; Roydeva &…”
Animal models for the discovery of novel drugs for post-traumatic stress disorder
Zoladz, P. R. (2020) · Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery · doi:10.1080/17460441.2020.1820982 · Cited by 12
Sosnowski, D. W., Rojo‐Wissar, D. M., Smail, E. J., Musci, R. J., Wilcox, H. C., & Johnson, S. B. (2022) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968221114260 · Cited by 14
“For example, betrayal trauma may be more likely to result in emotional overmodulation and dissociation, and non-betrayal trauma may be more likely to result in emotional under modulation and hyperarousal/reexperiencing (Lanius et al., 2010).”
BackgroundFosha, D. (2013) · Psychoanalytic Inquiry · doi:10.1080/07351690.2013.815067 · Cited by 14
White cell and platelet trapping in patients with chronic venous insufficiency.
Thomas, P. R. S., & Dormandy, J. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 12
Stevens, J. M., Arzoumanian, M. A., Greenbaum, B., Schwab, B. M., & Dalenberg, C. J. (2018) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000421 · Cited by 13
A Protective Mechanism against Illusory Perceptions Is Amygdala-Dependent
Spengler, F. B., Scheele, D., Kaiser, S., Heinrichs, M., & Hurlemann, R. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2577-18.2019 · Cited by 13
“, 2016, 2018), which is characterized by hyper-inhibition of the amygdala (Lanius et al., 2010).”
BackgroundLarkin, M. B., McGinnis, J. P., Snyder, R. I., Storch, E. A., Goodman, W. K., Viswanathan, A., & Sheth, S. A. (2020) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/2020.4.jns2061 · Cited by 12
Clinician's Guide to Medications for PTSD
(2009) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e568712010-001 · Cited by 12
Cannabidiol and the corticoraphe circuit in post-traumatic stress disorder
Alexander, C., & Vasefi, M. (2021) · IBRO Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.08.001 · Cited by 12
“…the basolateral amygdala also participates in acquisition of associative fear memory (Harnett et al., 2020; Campeau and Davis, 1995; Fanselow and Kim, 1994; LeDoux et al., 1990), thus CBD could also acutely reverse associative fear memory generation by silencing DRN-basolateral amygdala circuitry.”
BackgroundTrauma and the default mode network: review and exploratory study
Chan, A., Harvey, P. D., Hernandez-Cardenache, R., Alperin, N. J., Lee, S. H., Hunt, C., Petersen, N., Northoff, G., Robertson, N., Ouyang, J., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1499408 · Cited by 13
Assessment and Management of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Ellis, J., & Zaretsky, A. E. (2018) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/con.0000000000000610 · Cited by 12
Blades, R. B., Jordan, S., Becerra, S. A., Eusebio, B., Heatwole, M., Iovine, J., Mahdavi, K. D., Mamoun, M. S., Nicodemus, N., Packham, H., et al. (2020) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-020-04433-2 · Cited by 11
The predictive role of hair cortisol concentrations for treatment outcome in PTSD inpatients
Hummel, K. V., Schellong, J., Trautmann, S., Kummer, S., Hürrig, S., Klose, M., Croy, I., Weidner, K., Kirschbaum, C., & Steudte‐Schmiedgen, S. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105326 · Cited by 11
Exploring Dissociation and Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Roundtable Discussion
Itzkowitz, S., Chefetz, R. A., Hainer, M. L., Hopenwasser, K., & Howell, E. F. (2015) · Psychoanalytic Perspectives · doi:10.1080/1551806x.2015.979467 · Cited by 11
Identification of neuronal loci involved with displays of affective aggression in NC900 mice
Nehrenberg, D. L., Sheikh, A., & Ghashghaei, H. T. (2012) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-012-0445-y · Cited by 12
“…loci has led to theoretical pathways which likely function as key regulators of emotional expression (Barbas and Zikopoulos 2007; Dolan 2007; Koenigs and Grafman 2009; Rodrigues et al. 2009; Lanius et al. 2010; SotresBayon and Quirk 2010; Murray and Wise 2010; Adolphs 2010; Shin and Liberzon 2010).”
BackgroundSexual abuse and intellectual disability: Awareness for a better intervention
Martinet, M., & Legry, C. (2014) · Sexologies · doi:10.1016/j.sexol.2014.03.001 · Cited by 11
Biology Not Culture Explains Dissociation in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
McFARLANE, A. C. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.11.026 · Cited by 11
“Recent neuroimaging studies (5) have provided substantial validity to the centrality of dissociation to the importance on the deficits of affect regulation in PTSD (6).”
Marr, T. J. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 11
Dimensione dissociativa e trauma dello sviluppo
Farina, B., & Liotti, G. (2018) · PSICOBIETTIVO · doi:10.3280/psob2018-003018 · Cited by 11
Bigras, N., & Godbout, N. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/cbs0000177 · Cited by 18
“…chez les gens souffrant de trouble de stress post-traumatique, dont l’une qui correspond à un patron d’activation accrue de l’amygdale et une réduction de l’activation inhibitrice préfrontale qui peuvent mener à divers symptômes, tels qu’une hyperactivation ou une dysphorie (Lanius et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMemory Development, Emotion Regulation, and Trauma‐Related Psychopathology
Goodman, G. S., Goldfarb, D., Quas, J. A., Narr, R. K., Milojevich, H. M., & Cordòn, I. M. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy313 · Cited by 11
The Dialectical Dynamic Therapy of Trauma
Şar, V. (2022) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2022.2079110 · Cited by 13
Killeen, T. K., & Brewerton, T. D. (2022) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2022.2136327 · Cited by 10
“Although DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) now includes D-PTSD, previous PTSD diagnostic criteria focused on undermodulation of trauma-related emotions and emphasized reexperiencing and hyperarousal symptoms, e.g., hypervigilance and exaggerated startle (Lanius et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRenner, E., Wimmer, R., Zipper, Z., Brössler, H., Brouschek, J., Fuchshuber, J., Beiglböck, W., & Unterrainer, . (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.11.031 · Cited by 10
Seitz, K. I., Sicorello, M., Schmitz, M., Valencia, N., Herpertz, S. C., Bertsch, K., & Neukel, C. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.01.003 · Cited by 11
Kandemir, S. B., Bayazıt, H., Selek, S., Kılıçaslan, N., Kandemır, H., Karababa, İ. F., Katı, M., & Çeçe, H. (2015) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2015.1111282 · Cited by 10
“The ACR is part of the limbic–thalamic–cortical circuitry (Catani, Howard, Pajevic, & Jones, 2002), and the dissociative pattern of trauma response is characterized by a hypoactive limbic region (Lanius et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialBehavioral effects of buspirone in a mouse model of posttraumatic stress disorder
Malikowska‐Racia, N., Popik, P., & Sałat, K. (2019) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112380 · Cited by 9
Uldall, S. W., Madsen, K. H., Siebner, H. R., Lanius, R. A., Frewen, P., Fischer, E., Madsen, C. G., Leffers, A.-M., Rostrup, E., Carlsson, J. M., et al. (2020) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/2470547020917623 · Cited by 10
“On a neural level, the dissociative response has been found characterized by increased activity in prefrontal cortices and decreased activity in limbic regions such as insula.(14,15) The aim of this study was to investigate anhedonia in PTSD using fMRI while presenting positive pictures before and after symptom provoc…”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationMalta, L. S., Giosan, C., Szkodny, L. E., Altemus, M. M., Rizzo, A., Silbersweig, D., & Difede, J. (2020) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2020.1770289 · Cited by 11
“We also do not know whether this also happens with other symptom challenge paradigms, which have not reported on any symptoms changes after the study is completed (Lanius et al., 2010; Liberzon et al., 1999; Pitman et al., 1987; Shipherd & Beck, 1999).”
BackgroundSilveira, K., García-Barrera, M. A., & Smart, C. M. (2020) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-020-09444-6 · Cited by 13
“In an alternate model of frontal-limbic changes in the context of dissociation and childhood trauma, it has been speculated that amygdala activity is dampened and mPFC activity actually increases (Lanius et al., 2010; Van Der Kolk, 2015).”
BackgroundTanaka, S. (2018) · Journal of Consciousness Studies · Cited by 10
Gilboa, A. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-7522-5_10 · Cited by 10
Normal amygdala morphology in dissociative identity disorder
Reinders, A. A. T. S., Dimitrova, L. I., Schlumpf, Y. R., Vissia, E. M., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Jäncke, L., Chalavi, S., & Veltman, D. J. (2022) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2022.36 · Cited by 10
Trauma focused psychotherapy in patients with suicidal ideation: A scoping review
Burback, L., Dhaliwal, R., Reeson, M., Erick, T., Hartle, K. D., Chow, E., Vouronikos, G., Antunes, N., Marshall, T., Kennedy, M., et al. (2023) · Current Research in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.crbeha.2023.100102 · Cited by 12
Strachan, L. P., Paulik, G., Preece, D. A., & McEvoy, P. M. (2023) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12486 · Cited by 13
Ferdinand, L. G., Kelly, U., Skelton, K. H., Stephens, K. J., & Bradley, B. (2011) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.3109/01612840.2011.582228 · Cited by 12
“Regardless of its official diagnostic status, Complex PTSD/DESNOS is the subject of a significant and growing body of research and clinical discussion (Cloitre et al., 2009; Lanius et al., 2010; Thomaes et al., 2009; Thomaes et al., 2010).”
BackgroundReinders, A. A. T. S., Young, A. H., & Veltman, D. J. (2023) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2023.511 · Cited by 10
Garofalo, C., Velotti, P., & Zavattini, G. C. (2022) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2022.102006 · Cited by 9
Toward a definition of Attachment Trauma: integrating attachment and trauma studies
Zagaria, A., Baggio, T., Rodella, L., & Leto, K. (2024) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100416 · Cited by 22
Vatanparast, A., Shakiba, S., Momeni, F., & Kamrani, A. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2378642 · Cited by 10
“PTSD and dissociative symptoms are similar to some extent, and many people with a PTSD diagnosis also show symptoms of dissociation such as depersonalization and derealizations, a fact that has been supported by neurobiological and meta-analysis studies (Lanius et al., 2010; Stein et al., 2013).”
ResultAssociations Between Dissociation and Post-Traumatic Stress Response
Boysan, M. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08613-2_13-1 · Cited by 9
Functional neuro-anatomy of social cognition in posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review
Couette, M., Mouchabac, S., Adrien, V., Cagnone, V., Bourla, A., & Ferreri, F. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114729 · Cited by 9
The role of dissociation-related beliefs about memory in trauma-focused treatment
van der Linde, R. P. A., Huntjens, R. J. C., Bachrach, N., Rijkeboer, M. M., de Jongh, A., & van Minnen, A. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2265182 · Cited by 12
“…that dissociative symptoms, such as numbness, depersonalization, and derealization, may be linked to brain activity that hampers emotional regulation, impeding the activation of fear necessary for e ff ective trauma-focused therapy (Ehlers & Clark, 2000; Lanius et al., 2010; Schnyder et al., 2015).”
BackgroundDanböck, S. K., Duek, O. A., Ben‐Zion, Z., Korem, N., Amen, S. L., Kelmendi, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Levy, I., & Harpaz‐Rotem, I. (2023) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-023-06479-4 · Cited by 10
“As the fronto-limbic system has been deemed important for trauma-related dissociation during symptom provocation and at rest (Lanius et al. 2010; Nicholson et al. 2015, 2017), we a priori restricted our analyses to the link between amygdala and mPFC (see our pre-registration: https:// doi. org/ 10.”
InfluentialAndrews, K., Lloyd, C., Densmore, M., Kearney, B. E., Harricharan, S., McKinnon, M. C., Théberge, J., Jetly, R., & Lanius, R. A. (2023) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsad053 · Cited by 11
Self-citationPosttraumatic Stress Disorder and Somatization among U.S. Service Members and Military Veterans
Rice, V. J. B., Tree, R., & Boykin, G. L. (2015) · Procedia Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.643 · Cited by 9
Winkler, O., Dhaliwal, R., Greenshaw, A. J., O’Shea, K., Abba‐Aji, A., Chima, C., Purdon, S. E., & Burback, L. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/30711 · Cited by 9
Bhuvaneswar, C., & Spiegel, D. (2013) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00207144.2013.784115 · Cited by 9
“[DSM–5]; American Psychiatric Association, 2013), which will include full PTSD symptoms plus depersonalization and/or derealization (Ginzburg et al., 2006; Lanius, Brand, Vermetten, Frewen, & Spiegel, 2012; Lanius et al., 2010; Stein et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Lanius, R. A., Vermetten, E., Loewenstein, R. J., Brand, B., Schmahl, C., Bremner, J. D., & Spiegel, D.
- Affiliations
- Western University (CA)
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2010-06-01
- Volume
- 167
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 640-647
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- PMC
- PMC3226703
- OpenAlex
- W2124556602
- Cited by
- 1,123
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 74 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 84 · 2017: 84 · 2016: 71 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 86 · 2013: 57 · 2012: 74
- FWCI
- 8.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- AstraZeneca
- H. Lundbeck A/S
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000454)
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG018784)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL088726)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R21MH080208, R01MH056120, R01MH047226, K24MH076955, T32MH067547, R01MH060556)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA118567, R01CA061309, U01CA197282)
- National Center for Research Resources (S10RR016917)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (RC1AT005733, P30AT005886)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, emotional dysregulation, re-experiencing, hyperarousal, limbic regions, dissociation, trauma treatment, symptom profiles
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Amygdala, Cerebral Cortex, Chronic Disease, Dissociative Disorders, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Memory Disorders, Neural Inhibition, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
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