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Emotion Modulation in PTSD: Clinical and Neurobiological Evidence for a Dissociative Subtype
Open accessAbstract
In this article, the authors present evidence regarding a dissociative subtype of PTSD, with clinical and neurobiological features that can be distinguished from nondissociative PTSD. The dissociative subtype is characterized by overmodulation of affect, while the more common undermodulated type involves the predominance of reexperiencing and hyperarousal symptoms. This article focuses on the neural manifestations of the dissociative subtype in PTSD and compares it to those underlying the reexperiencing/hyperaroused subtype. A model that includes these two types of emotion dysregulation in PTSD is described. In this model, reexperiencing/hyperarousal reactivity is viewed as a form of emotion dysregulation that involves emotional undermodulation, mediated by failure of prefrontal inhibition of limbic regions. In contrast, the dissociative subtype of PTSD is described as a form of emotion dysregulation that involves emotional overmodulation mediated by midline prefrontal inhibition of the same limbic regions. Both types of modulation are involved in a dynamic interplay and lead to alternating symptom profiles in PTSD. These findings have important implications for treatment of PTSD, including the need to assess patients with PTSD for dissociative symptoms and to incorporate the treatment of dissociative symptoms into stage-oriented trauma treatment.
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“Specifically, when the prefrontal cortex is shutdown among individuals with classic PTSD, it can propagate an emotion under-modulation symptom profile, which includes hypervigilance and hyperarousal symptoms.”
From How Processing of Sensory Information From the Internal and External Worlds Shape the Perception and Engagement With the World in the Aftermath of Trauma: Implications for PTSD (2021) · cites this paper as Lanius et al., 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“In response to trauma scripts, patients with the reexperiencing/hyperarousal response—as in PTSD—show decreased activation in anterior brain regions implicated in regulating arousal and emotion (ventromedial prefrontal cortex and rostral anterior cingulate cortex), decreased activation in the thalamus and occipital cortices, and increased activity in the amygdala and insula.53–58”
From Fear and the Defense Cascade (2015) · cites this paper as [56]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Building on this seminal work, Lanius et al. (2010) proposed a neurobiological model of PTSD-DS, characterized primarily by symptoms of derealization, depersonalization, and tonic hypoarousal that contrasted with the more typical symptoms of re-experiencing and hyperarousal that feature predominately in the majority of cases of PTSD.”
From A review of the relation between dissociation, memory, executive functioning and social cognition in military members and civilians with neuropsychiatric conditions (2016) · cites this paper as Lanius et al., 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Ultimately, this undermines the proposed neurobiological basis (e.g. Lanius et al., 2010; Terpou et al., 2019) of the defense cascade model and the dissociative subtype as a whole.”
From Trauma-related dissociation and the autonomic nervous system: a systematic literature review of psychophysiological correlates of dissociative experiencing in PTSD patients (2022) · cites this paper as Lanius et al., 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“In addition to these core cognitive and affective symptoms, individuals with PTSD have shown unique neural signatures that overlap with key brain regions involved in the sensory transmission of incoming interoceptive and exteroceptive sensations, including the brainstem, the insula, and the prefrontal cortex (Lanius et al., 2010; Nicholson et al., 2015, 2017; Daniels et al., 2016; Sierk et al., 2”
From How Processing of Sensory Information From the Internal and External Worlds Shape the Perception and Engagement With the World in the Aftermath of Trauma: Implications for PTSD (2021) · cites this paper as Lanius et al., 2010
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“Moreover, in patients with the PTSD dissociative subtype, the prefrontal cortex is thought to play an inhibitory role on subcortical structures identified in the innate alarm system, including the amygdala and the periaqueductal gray, which contributes to an emotion over-modulation symptom profile, including depersonalization/derealization and emotional detachment behaviors (Lanius et al., 2010; N”
From How Processing of Sensory Information From the Internal and External Worlds Shape the Perception and Engagement With the World in the Aftermath of Trauma: Implications for PTSD (2021) · cites this paper as Lanius et al., 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Here, we propose that sensory-based treatments may be an alternative mechanism that can bring online the prefrontal cortex, a key brain region for multisensory integration, emotion regulation and social cognition, which may be offline under certain conditions (Lanius et al., 2010; Aupperle et al., 2013).”
From How Processing of Sensory Information From the Internal and External Worlds Shape the Perception and Engagement With the World in the Aftermath of Trauma: Implications for PTSD (2021) · cites this paper as Lanius et al., 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
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“Lanius and colleagues have proposed a model of heightened prefrontal recruitment with associated dampening of amygdala-based threat responding [64].”
From Trauma, PTSD, and the Developing Brain (2017) · cites this paper as [64]
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In the citing paper
“Similarly, greater activity in prefrontal cortex was associated with subjective feelings of dissociation (e.g., depersonalization/derealization) across various emotionally provocative tasks [147–149].”
From Treatment of dissociative identity disorder: leveraging neurobiology to optimize success (2024) · cites this paper as [147]
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“prior work indicates that individuals with the dissociative subtype of PTSD have greater activity in regions associated with “top-down” regulation (e.g., prefrontal cortex) and diminished activity in limbic regions (e.g., amygdala) when presented with emotionally provocative autobiographical trauma-related scripts [147,148].”
From Treatment of dissociative identity disorder: leveraging neurobiology to optimize success (2024) · cites this paper as [147]
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In the citing paper
“Thereby, dissociation can become maladaptive [10] and possibly interfere with treatment [46–50].”
From Dissociation and Alterations in Brain Function and Structure: Implications for Borderline Personality Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [10]
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“Dissociation can also develop in the aftermath of trauma and generalize across situations”
From Dissociation and Alterations in Brain Function and Structure: Implications for Borderline Personality Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [10]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Based on more recent neuroimaging findings in PTSD [10], Lanius and colleagues (2010) proposed a neurobiological model that distinguishes between two types of responses to traumatic reminders or other stressors: patients with a dissociative response type (D-PTSD) are thought to “over-modulate” their emotions, as opposed to patients who primarily suffer from re-experiencing symptoms”
From Dissociation and Alterations in Brain Function and Structure: Implications for Borderline Personality Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [10]
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In the citing paper
“Patients who reported a stronger increase of state dissociation (DSS) showed significantly lower amygdala reactivity to negative distractors [139], in line with aforementioned findings by Hazlett and colleagues [135] and theoretical models [10].”
From Dissociation and Alterations in Brain Function and Structure: Implications for Borderline Personality Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [10]
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In the citing paper
“Dissociation may be a protective strategy to cope with overwhelming emotions in traumatic/stressful situations [1, 3, 10].”
From Dissociation and Alterations in Brain Function and Structure: Implications for Borderline Personality Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [10]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Pathological dissociation is a complex and heterogeneous phenomenon [2–4, 153], which has been closely linked to traumatic stress [1, 10].”
From Dissociation and Alterations in Brain Function and Structure: Implications for Borderline Personality Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [10]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
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“Neurobiological studies of PTSD-DS continue to underscore the observation that depersonalization and derealization represent distinct responses from re-experiencing/hyperarousal reactivity in persons with PTSD (Lanius et al., 2010(Lanius et al., , 2012(Lanius et al., , 2006;;Nicholson et al., 2015).”
From A review of the relation between dissociation, memory, executive functioning and social cognition in military members and civilians with neuropsychiatric conditions (2016) · cites this paper as Lanius et al., 2010
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Specifically, whereas reliving responses are thought to be mediated by a failure of prefrontal inhibition or top-down control of limbic regions, depersonalization and derealization responses are thought to be mediated by increased prefrontal inhibition of limbic regions.”
From A review of the relation between dissociation, memory, executive functioning and social cognition in military members and civilians with neuropsychiatric conditions (2016) · cites this paper as Lanius et al., 2010
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“this pattern of brain activity is similar to that seen in patients with the PTSD-DS during presentation of trauma-related scripts (Lanius et al., 2010(Lanius et al., , 2012(Lanius et al., , 2006)).”
From A review of the relation between dissociation, memory, executive functioning and social cognition in military members and civilians with neuropsychiatric conditions (2016) · cites this paper as Lanius et al., 2010
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Evidence of distinct patterns of neural activity (Frewen and Lanius, 2006;Lanius et al., 2010Lanius et al., , 2012) )”
From A review of the relation between dissociation, memory, executive functioning and social cognition in military members and civilians with neuropsychiatric conditions (2016) · cites this paper as Lanius et al., 2010
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Lanius et al. (2010) postulated that among individuals with the PTSD dissociative subtype, overactivation in the prefrontal cortex exerts top-down inhibitory effects on the amygdala, which is a key structure for emotion processing.”
From How Processing of Sensory Information From the Internal and External Worlds Shape the Perception and Engagement With the World in the Aftermath of Trauma: Implications for PTSD (2021) · cites this paper as Lanius et al. (2010)
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Interestingly, these patterns differ from previous studies conducted by our research group that suggest among individuals with the PTSD dissociative subtype, the prefrontal cortex exerts top-down inhibitory effects on emotional reactivity structures (Lanius et al., 2010; Nicholson et al., 2017).”
From How Processing of Sensory Information From the Internal and External Worlds Shape the Perception and Engagement With the World in the Aftermath of Trauma: Implications for PTSD (2021) · cites this paper as Lanius et al., 2010
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“People with PTSD, however, can experience hyperarousal reactivity as a form of emotion dysregulation through the failure of prefrontal inhibition of medial temporal lobe structures implicated in threat and salience processing (Lanius et al., 2010).”
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InfluentialImpact of trauma type on neural mechanisms of threat conditioning and its extinction
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InfluentialSelf-citationJarkas, D., Robillard, R., Malenfant, C.-R., Richards, C., Lanthier, M., Beaurepaire, C., Nicholson, A. A., Jaworska, N., Cassidy, C., Shlik, J., et al. (2025) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107406 · Cited by 4
“…regions of individuals with the non-dissociative subtype and a concomitant reduction in frontal/regulatory regions (suggesting impaired top-down regulation of limbic structures); this appears not to be the case in the dissociative PTSD subtype (Lanius et al., 2010, 2018; Nicholson et al., 2019).”
Caselli, I., Ielmini, M., Gastaldello, G., Bellini, A., & Callegari, C. (2025) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2025.2481031 · Cited by 4
“While hippocampal volume is often reduced in dissociative disorders, findings remain inconsistent, with some studies reporting increases in specific PTSD populations (Lanius et al., 2010; Spiegel et al., 2011).”
Yuan, T., Wang, T., Li, S., Wei, P., Wang, L., Pan, B., Hu, J., Wu, S., Shen, Y., Yuan, Z., et al. (2025) · Fundamental Research · doi:10.1016/j.fmre.2025.08.013 · Cited by 3
“Conversely, emotional overmodulation involves excessive emotional restraint, manifesting as numbness, environmental disengagement, and analgesia [ 55 ].”
Therapeutic Change From the Perspective of Integrative Trauma Treatment
Shapiro, S. (2012) · Psychoanalytic Perspectives · doi:10.1080/1551806x.2012.662404 · Cited by 4
“…centers as behavioral memories, in sensory centers as perceptual memories, and as body memories (not presently neurologically localized) (Siegel, 2003), all separate from explicit narrative memories that are consolidated in the cortico-hippocampal system (R. Lanius et al., 2010; Siegel, 2003).”
BackgroundPosthypnotic State Changes and Flashbacks: Analogous Processes?
Lovern, J. D. (2012) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2012.678469 · Cited by 3
“Lanius and colleagues ( Lanius, et al, 2010 ) found two distinct patterns of reaction to their symptom provocation procedures, one that they termed “hyperaroused”—manifesting typical posttraumatic reexperiencing symptoms—and one that they termed “dissociative”—showing an opposite pattern characterized by emotional dis…”
BackgroundShabb, O. (2015) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2015.1053657 · Cited by 4
“This viewpoint is often echoed by practitioners and researchers working with dissociative patients (Kleindienst et al., 2011; Korzekwa, Dell, & Pain, 2009; Lanius et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialВус, В. (2019) · Scientific Studios on Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.33120/ssj.vi43(46).28 · Cited by 3
Neurobiology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Carletto, S., Panero, M., Cavallo, M., & Pagani, M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57231-0_11 · Cited by 3
Feeling of a presence and anomalous body perception
Hara, M., Blanke, O., & Kanayama, N. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198851721.003.0019 · Cited by 3
La clinica del trauma: una sintesi su trattamenti e tecniche
Cristini, C., Riva, E., Minelli, A., Cavagna, D., Spader, E., & Vedova, A. D. D. (2021) · Ricerche di Psicologia · doi:10.3280/rip2021oa12110 · Cited by 2
Anxiety-related Symptoms following the Sporadic Use of Ecstasy – A Case Study
Majić, T., Brandt, L., & Montag, C. (2021) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2021.2006372 · Cited by 3
“Given these aspects, we believe that dissociative symptoms should also be monitored in studies employing MDMA in patients, especially when a proneness to dissocative symptoms is suspected (e.g., patients belonging to the dissociative subtype of PTSD (Lanius et al. 2010)).”
BackgroundNeuropsychologische Grundlagen
Brunnauer, A., & Beblo, T. (2017) · Springer Reference Medizin · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45028-0_13-2 · Cited by 3
Murray, H., Wild, J., & Ehlers, A. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00229-6 · Cited by 3
Okan, A., Aydin, F., Erkent, A., Şar, V., Gülgöz, S., & Eser, H. Y. (2022) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.5152/pcp.2022.21285 · Cited by 3
“47 This “bimodal” character of trauma-related memory retrieval in dissociation would be a reason for the conflicting results in studies on dissociative disorders which do not consider the bimodal character of the condition.”
ResultJo, Y., & Choi, H. (2023) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2023.2181474 · Cited by 5
Heekerens, J. B., Gross, J. J., Kreibig, S. D., Wingenfeld, K., & Roepke, S. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01209-z · Cited by 3
“Trauma models explain that dissociation is one of several possible protective and evolutionarily beneficial responses in extremely dangerous situations, and that the dissociative reaction pattern can repeat itself after traumatic threats when associated threat networks are activated ([51, 66], see [29, 42] for a discu…”
BackgroundSeng, J. S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-33639-3_4 · Cited by 3
Recovery from Dissociative Identity Disorder
Şar, V. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-39854-4_32 · Cited by 3
Clarke, S. D., Riser, D. K., & Schmidt, M. S. (2024) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-024-00621-w · Cited by 8
“…findings on the association between mental illnesses and ERP responses to emotional images, as the magnitude of the amplitude seems to be moderated by such things as differences in PTSD and anxiety symp - tomatology (e.g., Cicchetti & Curtis, 2005 ; Klimova et al., 2013; Lanius et al., 2010 ).”
BackgroundErweiterte Diagnostik bei dissoziativen Anfällen
Schöne, C., Abourafia, K., & Pensel, M. C. (2024) · Clinical Epileptology · doi:10.1007/s10309-024-00683-8 · Cited by 3
Kerig, P. K., Mendez, L., & Mozley, M. M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-69734-0_5 · Cited by 3
Ford, J. D., Grasso, D. J., Elhai, J. D., & Courtois, C. A. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801288-8.00003-0 · Cited by 6
Psychobiological Effects of Sexual Abuse
Dorie, A., John, K., & Kimberly, A. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/31606 · Cited by 3
“Brain imaging studies confirm distinct neurological areas are activated in PTSD patients who show heightened peripheral SAM system reactivity (e.g., increased heart rate) versus those showing blunted reactivity (Lanius et al., 2010) with an explanatory proposal that there are two forms of PTSD.”
BackgroundFunctional Neuroimaging of Anxiety Disorders
Spoormaker, V. I., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., Czisch, M., & Wilhelm, F. H. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54542-9_15 · Cited by 3
Self-citationAllostasis: The emperor of all (trauma‐related) maladies.
Malta, L. S. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12003 · Cited by 4
Moving to Heal: Women's Experiences of Therapeutic Yoga after Complex Trauma
West, J. (2011) · Cited by 3
Howe, E. G. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Ethics · doi:10.1086/jce201021201 · Cited by 3
Rutka, R., Denis, A., Vercueil, L., & Hot, P. (2016) · Santé mentale au Québec · doi:10.7202/1036968ar · Cited by 3
Social-psychological adjustment of ex-servicemen to civilian life
Yablonska, T., Dembytska, N., & Вус, В. (2017) · SOCIAL WELFARE INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH · doi:10.21277/sw.v1i7.285 · Cited by 3
Soulful Approach to Dissociation Resulting From Trauma
Simington, J. A. (2018) · Religious Studies and Theology · doi:10.1558/rsth.35064 · Cited by 3
Dissociation, Dissociative Disorders, and PTSD
Myrick, A. C., & Brand, B. L. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08613-2_39-1 · Cited by 3
Self-citationMaldonado, J. R., & Spiegel, D. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615371501.lr16 · Cited by 3
Self-citationŞar, V. (2022) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2022.100307 · Cited by 3
Dissociative Symptoms in Adolescent Girls: Contextual Determinants and Behavioral Outcomes
Zona, K. (2014) · OpenCommons at University of Connecticut (University of Connecticut) · Cited by 3
Dissociation as a Distinct Peritraumatic Coping Response: A Preliminary Analysis
Kecala, N. M., Goodman, B. F., & Griffin, M. G. (2022) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2022.2117262 · Cited by 2
“Additionally, neuroimaging of the dissociative PTSD subtype suggests that dissociation results from emotional overmodulation through prefrontal cortex activation (Lanius et al., 2010), seemingly incompatible with cerebral hypoxia.”
BackgroundClients’ Experiences of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy
Hammond, M., Ryan, C., & Dwyer, A. (2023) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/emdr-2023-0018 · Cited by 2
qEEG Neuromarkers of Complex Childhood Trauma in Adolescents
Marcu, G. M., Szekely‐Copîndean, R. D., Dumbravă, A., Rogel, A., & Zăgrean, A. (2025) · Clinical EEG and Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/15500594241309456 · Cited by 2
“24 Therefore, focusing on this developmental period may hold important insights into how brain functionality is affected by more recent (and ongoing) traumatic exposures.”
Woodley, M. M. O., Zhao, Q., Goldston, D. B., Michael, A. M., Clark, D. B., Brown, S. A., & Nooner, K. B. (2025) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2025.2451799 · Cited by 2
“Some of the prior findings suggest that PTSD symptom influences on within-network rs-FC may differ based on PTSD symptom presentations (e.g., hyperarousal versus depersonalization/derealization symptoms (Lanius et al., 2010; Nicholson et al., 2020; Tursich et al., 2015).”
Schröter, F., Otto, A., Kandsperger, S., Brunner, R., & Jansen, P. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.03.061 · Cited by 1
“Highly dissociative states are related to increased brain activity in regions associated with arousal modulation and emotion regulation, reflecting emotional overregulation by limbic hyper-inhibition (Putnam, 1997; Lanius et al., 2010).”
Mohammadzadeh, A., Gholizadeh, S., & Sangestani, Z. H. (2025) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100594 · Cited by 2
Carbone, G. A., Farina, B., Presti, A. L., Imperatori, C., Rossi, E. D., Adenzato, M., & Ardito, R. B. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.10.016 · Cited by 2
Jin, Y., Zhang, Y., Zong, X., & Kwan, L. Y. ‐. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121381 · Cited by 2
Effects of novelty and reward-based fear extinction on memory generalization
Laing, P. A. F., & Dunsmoor, J. E. (2026) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2026.105023 · Cited by 3
Cavicchioli, M., Masoumi, S., Maffei, C., Galli, F., Scaini, S., Mucci, C., & Scalabrini, A. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.122034 · Cited by 1
Chefetz, R. A. (2019) · Psychodynamic Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/pdps.2019.47.1.53 · Cited by 3
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Intimate Partner Violence, and Trauma-Informed Intervention
Gilbar, O., Gnall, K. E., Cole, H. E., & Taft, C. T. (2019) · Comprehensive approach to psychiatry · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-33188-7_7 · Cited by 2
Pratique de la psychothérapie EMDR
van der Hart, O. (2019) · Dunod eBooks · doi:10.3917/dunod.tarqu.2019.02.0245 · Cited by 2
The impact of childhood trauma on the emergence and development of dissociative disorders
ČR, P. Ú. A., Schmidtová, J., Štěpánek, P., & Čermák, I. (2021) · Ceskoslovenska psychologie · doi:10.51561/cspsych.65.2.178 · Cited by 2
Scholl, J. L., Graack, E. T., Ahrenholtz, M. S., Bosch, T. J., & Baugh, L. A. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.102766 · Cited by 2
The Role of the Insula in Classical and Dissociative PTSD: A Double Case Study
Blades, R. B., Becerra, S. A., Jordan, S., Eusebio, B., Heatwole, M., Iovine, J., Mahdavi, K. D., Mamoun, M. S., Nicodemus, N., Packham, H., et al. (2022) · Neurocase · doi:10.1080/13554794.2021.1978502 · Cited by 2
“The Interventional Group; Los Angeles, California, (510)520-5780 © 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group in response to trauma reminders, suggesting hyper-filtration of emotional stimuli (Lanius et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialJafarian, A. A., Khatibi, A., Kiaei, M. M., Alebouyeh, M.-R., Alimian, M., Habibi, A., & Amniati, S. (2023) · Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine · doi:10.5812/aapm-134300 · Cited by 3
“In addition, the symptoms of dissociative disorders are similar to most psychiatric disorders, including PTSD and schizophrenia (11).”
BackgroundPsychodynamic techniques elicit emotional engagement in complex post-traumatic stress disorder
Henley, B. M. (2023) · Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/02668734.2023.2231059 · Cited by 2
“The effectiveness of these interventions is greatly reduced, however, when they are used to treat Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD) (Ehlers et al., 2013; Lanius et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialDissociazione e ipnosi: dalla teoria alla pratica clinica
Benedittis, G. D. (2024) · IPNOSI · doi:10.3280/ipn2023-002001 · Cited by 2
Williamson, D., Williamson, L. E., Vaccarino, V., & Bremner, J. D. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119632 · Cited by 2
Self-citationLieberman, J. M., Lanius, R. A., Théberge, J., Frey, B. N., Frewen, P., Scharnowski, F., Steyrl, D., Ros, T., Densmore, M., Tassinari, E., et al. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07050-5 · Cited by 2
Self-citationDissociative Disorders: Neuroimaging as a New Narrative
Modesti, M. N., & CASALE, A. D. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-73368-0_47 · Cited by 2
Demarble, J. B., Fortin, C. A., D’Antono, B., & Guay, S. (2017) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2017.1331942 · Cited by 4
“We believe future research might benefit from measuring physiological and neurobiological factors following exposure (Inslicht et al., 2013; Lanius et al., 2010), in emergency units for instance, where VVC may be treated soon after the event.”
BackgroundSchulze, L., & Roepke, S. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54542-9_17 · Cited by 2
Freyberger, H. J., & Stieglitz, R. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-22483-6.10016-6 · Cited by 2
Reinders, A. A. T. S., & Willemsen, A. T. M. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40384-2_16 · Cited by 2
“Our findings support the cortico-limbic inhibition model of trauma-related dissociative disorders (Lanius et al. 2010; Nijenhuis et al. 2002).”
ResultIl benessere nei vigili del fuoco volontari: la mindfulness come risorsa psicologica
Setti, I., & Argentero, P. (2015) · PSICOLOGIA DELLA SALUTE · doi:10.3280/pds2015-002006 · Cited by 4
Violences sexuelles et handicaps intellectuels : les (re)connaître pour mieux intervenir
Martinet, M., & Legry, C. (2014) · Sexologies · doi:10.1016/j.sexol.2014.03.002 · Cited by 2
The Neurobiology of Bipolar Disorder: Neuroimaging and Genetics Update
Mahon, K., Russo, M., Pérez-Rodríguez, M. M., & Burdick, K. E. (2015) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.130111 · Cited by 2
Understanding psychological trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Ford, J. D., Grasso, D. J., Elhai, J. D., & Courtois, C. A. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801288-8.00001-7 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Lanius, R. A., Vermetten, E., Loewenstein, R. J., Brand, B., Schmahl, C., Bremner, J. D., & Spiegel, D.
- Affiliations
- Western University (CA)
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2010-06-01
- Volume
- 167
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 640-647
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- PMC
- PMC3226703
- OpenAlex
- W2124556602
- Cited by
- 1,123
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 74 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 84 · 2017: 84 · 2016: 71 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 86 · 2013: 57 · 2012: 74
- FWCI
- 8.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- AstraZeneca
- H. Lundbeck A/S
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000454)
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG018784)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL088726)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R21MH080208, R01MH056120, R01MH047226, K24MH076955, T32MH067547, R01MH060556)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA118567, R01CA061309, U01CA197282)
- National Center for Research Resources (S10RR016917)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (RC1AT005733, P30AT005886)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, emotional dysregulation, re-experiencing, hyperarousal, limbic regions, dissociation, trauma treatment, symptom profiles
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Amygdala, Cerebral Cortex, Chronic Disease, Dissociative Disorders, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Memory Disorders, Neural Inhibition, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
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